Exam 13: Personality: The Uniqueness of the Individual

Elka lends a friend some money but the friend doesn't pay her back when he said he would. Though Elka feels angry, her mother taught her that it is rude to yell or say anything that might upset someone else, so she pretends she isn't angry and asks the friend to pay her back in a month. Freud would say that Elka's __________________ told her she shouldn't show anger toward others.

Xerxes considers himself a cynical, temperamental person, an approach he feels is justified, since just about everyone he meets is unpleasant with him. What Xerxes doesn't realize is that most people greet him pleasantly enough; it is when he treats them rudely that they become rude in response. This is an example of

Tracy was involved in a study of open field behaviour in rats. She and two of her colleagues all had to score the movement of a rat in the open field to be sure they all got similar results. They are testing their

Octavia enjoys being around others and is well-known for her social grace. She is warm and engaging with everyone she meets, regardless of whether the setting is the classroom, her workplace, a restaurant, or her own home. Based on this information and relying on the five-factor model, we can say that she would be most likely to score high in

Alyssa loves her current job at Industry Canada. She does not want to climb the ladder because she does not want to become a supervisor. However, the culture in the government hierarchy is to train people that have been there longer to become supervisors. Based on what we know about congruence, when Alyssa is offered a promotion at the office, she is most likely to tell herself,

While Layne's friends enjoy her sense of humour and warmth, they are often frustrated by her inability to arrive at places on time. Worse, she rarely calls to say she will be late, and sometimes she doesn't show up at all. She hates to commit to anything beforehand and seems to make decisions based on her moods, regardless of how her behaviour might affect others. Based on this information and relying on the five-factor model, we can say that Layne would be most likely to score low in

Pablo enjoys work that involves finding a single right answer. He rarely sees any need to test an approach that works and is uncomfortable when asked to do something that is not already in his intellectual or emotional repertoires. He prefers simplicity in his everyday life and doesn't understand why anyone would invest large amounts of time or money in art or music, because to him neither serves any true purpose. Based on this information and relying on the five-factor model, we can say that Pablo would be most likely to score low in

Dr. Drust asks his client Nairi to complete a test that will help him pinpoint the type of depression she has and which personality characteristics may be contributing to her problem. The test, which consists of 567 true-false questions, addresses attitudes and emotions, behaviours and symptoms, and life history. Dr. Drust has given Nairi the

Elijah often worries about his future. He almost always lies awake the night before a test, concerned that he will fail. On the rare occasion that he does receive a grade that is lower than the one for which he had hoped, he becomes depressed and irritable. His friends tease him that he takes everything far too seriously or is going to have a nervous breakdown before he reaches 20. Based on this information and relying on the five-factor model, we can say that Elijah would be most likely to score high in

Marco enjoys meeting new people and learning all about them. He is patient and good at seeing the world from others' viewpoints. Because he loves children's enthusiasm and energy, he decides to major in elementary education. Like all extroverts, Marco seeks ______________ situations because they tend to ____________ him.

Theory suggests that several personality traits are found in all humans, because they have adaptive functions. These traits are collectively referred to as the

One method used to study behavioural genetics is twin studies. This allows researchers to obtain estimates of how heritable personality traits are. If a trait is genetically influenced,

Cailean has been reading a book on dream symbolism. The book's author states that certain dream images always mean certain things. For example, if Cailean were to dream that her teeth were falling out, this would mean that she was afraid of losing face. Cailean wonders how it is possible for humans to know about the universal dream symbols until she learns about the ideas of

Since her physician told Fabienne that she needs to lose weight to improve her health, she has been trying to eat healthfully. But every time she goes out to a restaurant, she can't resist ordering several unhealthy desserts. Her friends suggest that she should try to eat the foods she craves in moderation, but she tells them that when she sees the sweets she's not supposed to eat, she can focus on nothing but how badly she wants them. Freud would say that Fabienne's _____________ is encouraging her to overeat certain foods.

Iona has been in trouble with the law several times for fighting with other people and has been court-ordered into anger management therapy. As part of the initial assessment, the therapist asks Iona to take a personality test. When the test is done, she and Iona sit down to look at the results. The therapist explains that Iona has high scores on depression, paranoia, psychopathic deviance, and hypomania. The therapist gave Iona the

After he receives his driver's license, Alan borrows the car from his parents and causes a minor accident. Though no one is hurt, both cars have sustained enough damage that the insurance companies will need to become involved, and Alan knows his parents will be furious with him. When he calls them, the first thing they ask is whether he and everyone else are all right. Alan's parents tell him that they are glad he's all right and that they love him no matter what, but that he is going to lose his driving privileges until he earns some money to help pay the increased insurance fees. Carl Rogers would say that Alan's parents are

Machiko recently started college. Her freshman orientation includes information on date rape and personal safety. Machiko realizes that she has few if any self-defense skills so, determined to become more competent, she joins a martial arts club at her university. After several months she is aware that her ability to take care of herself has improved dramatically. Machiko's feelings of ________________ regarding her personal safety have increased.

Cerys has read all the books on mythology in his school's library and is intrigued by how the stories all seem to have similar elements and themes. In each story there is a hero and a villain, a damsel in distress, a wise old man or woman to guide the hero, and a funny sidekick. Jung would tell Cerys that the hero, the villain, the wise mentor, the love interest, and the sidekick are all patterns of interpreting experience called

Octavia enjoys being around others and is well-known for her social grace. She is warm and engaging with everyone she meets, regardless of whether the setting is the classroom, her workplace, a restaurant, or her own home. Since Octavia has a fairly stable way of relating to other people, we can say that her behaviour is probably

Venice enjoys spending time by herself. As much as she values her friends, she is easily overwhelmed by crowds and noise. She particularly likes the peacefulness of nature trails and quiet beaches, and recently turned down a lucrative job offer because she would have had to live in a city. Hans Eysenck would say that