Deck 11: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

David McClelland in his theory on the motivations for human behaviour.It is the desire to do things well and overcome obastacles. It is called

A) achievement
B) affiliation
C) hunger
D) thirst

Answer 1

achievement

Question 2

PATHS (Providing Alternative THinking Strategies), a program developed by Greenberg and Kusché (1998), gives teachers a detailed curriculum for improving children's emotional awareness and regulation skills and enhancing their social __________.

A) autonomy
B) balance
C) competence
D) homeostasis

Answer 2

competence

Question 3

Johann and Wilson work at the same company and have similar jobs. Johann volunteers for all sorts of projects and often stays late, because promotion is important to him. Wilson works the minimum number of hours required to stay employed, because making enough money to maintain his modest lifestyle is all that matters to him. The idea of promotion acts as an __________________ for Johann.

A) incentive
B) expectancy
C) instinct
D) aesthetic

Answer 3

incentive

Question 4

Siblings Jamison and Marina both graduated from an exclusive private high school. Marina works hard to complete her college degree and eventually wins a prestigious apprenticeship with a leading business guru. She later starts her own business and attains significant financial success. Jamison, by contrast, drops out of college after the first year and subsequently drifts from one odd job to the next, getting fired more often than not. Interestingly, Jamison has a higher IQ than Marina. Why is Marina more successful?

A) She kept herself motivated, chose areas that interested her, took advantage of opportunities she found, and worked hard to reach her goals.
B) Women usually have better opportunities in the corporate world than men.
C) She probably relied on her physical attributes to make up for intellectual deficits.
D) The firstborn are always significantly more successful than later-born children.

Question 5

Tom is interested in working for an intelligence branch of the government, and a polygraph test is part of the interview process. Though Tom intends to be honest, he is worried that the polygraph will say he is lying when he isn't. Tom's friend Cameron assures Tom that polygraph tests are infallible. Is he right?

A) Yes. Polygraphs pick up certain physiological responses associated with lying, and there's no way to change or hide those responses.
B) Yes. Though much of the research has not been made public, many government agencies rely on polygraphs, and they would not do so if the tests were fallible.
C) No. Anxiety may cause false positives and people can be coached to "beat" polygraphs.
D) No. Polygraph machines are just props and the person watching for cues that the subject is lying may make errors.

Question 6

When our physiological systems become out of balance or depleted, we are driven to reduce this depleted state (Hull, 1943; Weisinger et al., 1993; McKinley et al., 2004). Liang's body tells him he needs to do something to restore physiological equilibrium, which is also called

A) instinct.
B) metabolism.
C) homeostasis.
D) self-actualization.

Question 7

Though Nadine is not overweight according to the Body Mass Index (BMI), she would like to be significantly thinner than she is. She successfully loses 15 pounds on a low-carb diet, but returns to her original weight as soon as she goes back to eating normally. A few months later, she begins a new job and gains eight pounds, but once she settles into a routine, she returns to her original weight. Her body is determined to keep her at her natural

A) metabolic utilization.
B) set point.
C) intrinsic motivation.
D) physiology.

Question 8

Allison is feeling very aroused and excited. She is enjoying her sexual encounter. The part of the brain that is active for her is the __________.

A) thalamus
B) hypothalamus
C) cerebellum
D) corpus callosum

Question 9

James eats when he is stressed, sad, or angry and as a result struggles with his weight. His physician suggests that because he is using food to fill an emotional hole rather than a physiological need he no longer knows how to pay attention to his body's messages saying that it is full. The hormone that should be decreasing his appetite and increasing his energy expenditure is called

A) glucose.
B) cholecystokinin (CCK).
C) leptin.
D) insulin.

Question 10

Ruth recently started exercising with a personal trainer. The trainer tells her that weight-lifting sessions will build lean muscle and increase her body's calorie-burning efficiency, while cardio sessions burn fat. In other words, the trainer will help increase Ruth's

A) set point.
B) glucose.
C) cholecystokinin (CCK).
D) metabolism.

Question 11

Johann and Wilson work at the same company and have similar jobs. Johann volunteers for all sorts of projects and often stays late, because promotion is important to him. Wilson works the minimum number of hours required to stay employed, because making enough money to maintain his modest lifestyle is all that matters to him. Johann believes that the harder he works and the more time he commits to his job, the sooner he will be promoted. This is represented by three major factors:

A) motivation, self-actualization, and instinct.
B) motivation, set point, and value theory.
C) motivation, progression, and regression.
D) motivation, expectation of success, and incentive value.

Question 12

Tom is interested in working for an intelligence branch of the government, and a polygraph test is part of the interview process. Though Tom was honest, he was anxious throughout the test and failed it. This may have happened because polygraph tests are

A) extremely susceptible to human error.
B) only slightly more accurate than a chance guess about the person's honesty.
C) fairly accurate in identifying people who are lying, but also often suggest that people who are telling the truth are being dishonest.
D) designed to make everyone look guilty.

Question 13

Naliniis in France as an exchange student. While out for dinner with new friends she makes the "okay" gesture by touching her thumb and forefinger together and clearly offends Pierre, who is sitting across from her. Confused, Nalini asks what she has done wrong, and learns that this gesture is obscene in France. Nalini is horrified that her French classes never educated her on French

A) emotional appraisals.
B) upward comparisons.
C) instrumental behaviours.
D) cultural display rules.

Question 14

Ruth's personal trainer tells her not to walk so fast on the treadmill that she is uncomfortable. Discomfort is her body's signal that she is not getting enough oxygen to burn fat. Instead, it begins to burn the simple sugars that are immediately available in her blood, called

A) glucose.
B) cholecystokinin (CCK).
C) leptin.
D) insulin.

Question 15

Chaka and Zafira are at an amusement park. When Zafira sees the bumper cars, she tells Chaka that one of her treasured childhood memories is of riding in a bumper car with her father. Chaka does not want to ride the bumper cars, because when she was a child she put her hand outside the car and broke several fingers in a collision. Chaka and Zafira are reacting differently to the bumper cars because of

A) achievement.
B) reactions.
C) hunger.
D) appraisals.

Question 16

As a well-educated and highly esteemed businesswoman, Delores feels she has accomplished a great deal in her life. She decides that she would like to give back to the community, so she makes a sizable endowment to a local conservatory. She is also using her professional influence to draw the public's attention to the needs of children who have cancer. Abraham Maslow would probably say that Delores has reached the __________________ stage of his needs hierarchy.

A) esteem
B) cognitive
C) aesthetic
D) self-actualization

Question 17

Yvette has been struggling to decide which major she wants to declare. She has asked her friends and family for advice, but their answers have just confused her more. Finally, she decides to see a therapist. Rather than giving her more advice, her therapist says it's all right for her to struggle with these kinds of questions, and that all people have an internal force that moves us toward self-actualization. What does this mean?

A) Our behaviours are actually affected by what we have learned, and when we're stuck, it's time to learn something new.
B) We have an innate tendency to grow and reach our own individual potential; we each have to find our own meaning, and the therapist will support the process.
C) Our brains are a lot like computers, and the best way to see what's going on inside Yvette's mental computer is doing an actual scan of her brain.
D) We all started out as blank slates, but our environments have made us into who we actually are; if we pay attention, our environments will tell us what's best.

Question 18

Physiological needs are said to _____________ us to act a certain way, whereas environmental stimuli ________________ us toward particular goals.

A) pull; push
B) push; pull
C) drive; coerce
D) coerce; drive

Question 19

At age 20, Gilmer has had more male sexual partners than female and is attracted to men more often than women. When asked, however, he identifies himself as being straight (heterosexual). Is Gilmer straight (heterosexual) or gay (homosexual)?

A) Gilmer is gay because even one encounter with someone of the same sex is indicative of homosexuality.
B) Gilmer is straight because one's self-identity as gay, straight, or bisexual is always the best indicator of sexual orientation.
C) Gilmer would be considered gay or bisexual by many people, since he is sexually and emotionally attracted to men.
D) We would need information about Gilmer's upbringing to answer this question.

Question 20

Sheldon Cooper does not feel like he has to behave like other people. He is very independent and does not usually worry what other people think. Psychologists would say that

A) Sheldon has a low need for achievement.
B) Sheldon has a high need for achievement.
C) Sheldon has a high need for affiliation.
D) Sheldon has a low need for affiliation.

Question 21

Sherannhas struggled with her weight for most of her life. She knows that personality traits, environmental factors, and genetic factors can significantly influence an individual's eating habits. Both of Sherann's parents are overweight and she recognizes her tendency to binge eat whenever she is under stress. Given that Sherann is considered to be in high risk for developing an eating disorder, what is the probability that she can adopt a healthy lifestyle?

A) Low. The environmental and genetic factors are too great to overcome.
B) Low, due to readily available fatty foods and the impulse to overeat when under stress.
C) Moderate. There are a variety of healthy eating and exercise programs to help individuals lose weight, but maintaining weight loss is difficult as individuals typically fall back into unhealthy eating patterns.
D) High. By adhering to a strict eating plan, exercising regularly, and addressing the psychological factors that play a role in an unhealthy lifestyle, Sherann has a good chance at maintaining a healthy weight over time.

Question 22

Reactions of Japanese and American students to presentation of a graphic medical procedure both in the presence and absence of an authority figure differ. American students displayed disgust in both situations, but Japanese students masked their disgust in the presence of authority figures. This was the first empirical support for

A) egocentrism.
B) display rules.
C) subjective experience of emotion.
D) cognitive appraisals.

Question 23

Janice tends to trust faces that most people find to be untrustworthy, and have trouble recognizing facial expressions of fear, especially in the eyes. She may have damage to her

A) thalamus
B) cerebral cortex
C) amygdala
D) hippocampus

Question 24

Three-year-old Hakeem's parents disagree over whether to attend an event related to his mother's job, and as they get more frustrated with each other their voices grow louder. Unhappy and confused, Hakeem sticks his fingers in his ears. He is practicing

A) emotion regulation.
B) concrete operations.
C) conservation.
D) egocentrism.