Deck 39: Animal Form and Function

Question 1

Which of the following structural features of epithelial tissues are related to the function of these cells? Epithelial cells ________.

A) have polarity
B) have a long life span
C) have low rates of mitosis and cytokinesis
D) are loosely packed

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In a typical nerve cell, the nucleus is found in the ________.

A) cell body
B) synaptic terminals
C) axonal region
D) dendritic region
E) synapse

Answer 2

A

Question 3

With its abundance of collagen fibers, cartilage is an example of ________.

A) connective tissue
B) muscle tissue
C) nervous tissue
D) epithelial tissue
E) adipose tissue

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A stratified epithelium is composed of ________.

A) a single layer of cells of variable height
B) squamous cells overlying cuboidal cells
C) a tight layer of square cells attached to a basement membrane
D) alternating layers of thick and thin cells
E) multiple layers of cells, stacked from the basolateral side to the apical side

Question 5

You are looking through a microscope at a slide of animal tissue and see a single layer of flat, closely packed cells that cover a surface. This specific tissue is most likely ________.

A) cardiac muscle of the heart
B) adipose
C) a tendon
D) epithelial
E) a neuron

Question 6

You observe two female fish of the same species laying eggs. One female lays 100 eggs and the other female lays 1000 eggs. Which one of the following is LEAST likely given the limits of fitness trade-offs?

A) The female laying 100 eggs breeds more often than the female laying 1000 eggs.
B) The female laying 100 eggs lives longer than the female laying 1000 eggs.
C) The eggs from the female laying 1000 eggs have larger yolks than the yolks of the eggs from the female laying 100 eggs.
D) The female laying 1000 eggs is larger than the female laying 100 eggs.

Question 7

The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is ________.

A) epithelial tissue
B) connective tissue
C) skeletal muscle
D) smooth muscle
E) nervous tissue

Question 8

Connective tissues typically have ________.

A) little space between the membranes of adjacent cells
B) the ability to transmit electrochemical impulses
C) the ability to shorten upon stimulation
D) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix

Question 9

Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by ________.

A) cardiac muscle
B) smooth muscle
C) voluntary muscle
D) striated muscle
E) skeletal muscle

Question 10

Tissues functioning together make up ________.

A) organs
B) membranes
C) organ systems
D) organelles
E) organisms

Question 11

Most of the absorption surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with ________.

A) connective tissue
B) smooth muscle cells
C) neural tissue
D) epithelial tissue
E) adipose tissue

Question 12

The absorptive epithelia in the gut are considered "polarized" because ________.

A) thick and thin filaments are present
B) they pump wastes into the lumen while pumping nutrients toward the blood
C) the colors seen on the top and bottom of the cells are different
D) they must fire action potentials to absorb most nutrients
E) the apical surface is different from the basal surface

Question 13

The type of muscle that contains branched cells is ________.

A) skeletal muscle
B) cardiac muscle
C) striated muscle
D) smooth muscle
E) all muscle types

Question 14

In house sparrows (Passer domesticus) it is generally found that both males and females care for the eggs and young. However, some male house sparrows do not provide parental care. In addition, it is known that young that receive parental care from both the male and female are more likely to survive to fledging (leaving the nest). Which of the following activities by males that do not provide parental care would represent the most beneficial trade-off for the reduced survival of their offspring?

A) attacking the nests of neighboring males
B) mating with additional females and fathering more eggs
C) eating to build up energy stores for migration
D) grooming to eliminate parasites from their feathers

Question 15

Natural selection involves energetic trade-offs between ________.

A) choosing how many offspring to produce over the course of a lifetime and how long to live
B) producing large numbers of gametes when employing internal fertilization versus fewer numbers of gametes when employing external fertilization
C) the emigration of individuals when they are no longer reproductively capable or committing suicide
D) increasing the number of individuals produced during each reproductive episode and a corresponding decrease in parental care
E) high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of a connective tissue?

A) the surface of the skin
B) nerves
C) blood
D) cuboidal epithelium
E) smooth muscles

Question 17

Blood is best classified as connective tissue because ________.

A) its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix
B) it contains more than one type of cell
C) it is contained in vessels that "connect" different parts of an organism's body
D) its cells can move from place to place
E) it is found within all the organs of the body

Question 18

Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus ketA) are born in freshwater environments and then migrate to the sea. Near the end of their lives, they return to the freshwater stream where they were born to spawn. In freshwater, water constantly diffuses into the body and ions are lost from the body. In salt water, body water diffuses out of the body and excess ions are gained from the water. A salmon's gills have special cells to pump salt in or out of the body to maintain homeostasis. In response to the salmon's moves between freshwater and salt water, some cells in the gills are produced and others are destroyed. These changes made in the cells of the gills during the lifetime of an individual salmon are an example of which of the following?

A) evolution
B) trade-off
C) acclimatization
D) adaptation

Question 19

If you were to view a sample of animal tissue under a light microscope and notice an extensive extracellular matrix surrounding a tissue, which tissue type would you most suspect?

A) connective
B) cardiac muscle
C) epithelial
D) nervous
E) striated muscle

Question 20

The composition of connective tissue determines its physical properties. If you gently bend your ear, and then let go, the shape of your ear will return. This can best be explained by the presence of what tissue type in your ear?

A) loose connective tissue
B) cartilage with elastic fibers
C) a fluid connective tissue
D) bone
E) dense connective tissue

Question 21

You discover a new species of bacteria that grows in aquatic environments with high salt levels. While studying these bacteria, you note that their internal environment is similar to the salt concentrations in their surroundings. You also discover that the internal salt concentrations of the bacteria change as the salt concentration in their environment changes. The new species can tolerate small changes in this way but dies from large changes because it has no mechanism for altering its own internal salt levels. What type of homeostatic mechanism is this species using to regulate its internal salt levels?

A) conformation
B) regulation
C) integration
D) assimilation
E) all of the listed responses

Question 22

When the mammalian brain compares the actual temperature of the body to the preferred temperature of the body, which component of a homeostatic control system is being used?

A) sensor
B) sweat glands
C) integrator
D) blood vessels
E) effector

Question 23

The crucian carp (Carassius carassius) is a Northern European freshwater fish often inhabiting ponds that become hypoxic (have reduced oxygen levels) and even anoxic (have no oxygen) when the surface freezes during the winter. Surprisingly, when oxygen levels are normal, these fish lack the lamellae that provide a large surface area for gas exchange between water and blood: their gills are smooth. Yet when the level of oxygen in the water falls, the gill morphology undergoes a change: packing cells stop dividing and programmed cell death is induced, exposing gill lamellae that were buried in other tissue. With lamellae exposed, the gills have increased surface area for gas exchange. These changes in gill lamellar profile are reversible: investigators observed that the gills return to their normal structure within seven days after returning the fish to well-oxygenated water. (Jørund Sollid, Paula De Angelis, Kristian Gundersen, and Göran E. Nilsson. 2003. Hypoxia induces adaptive and reversible gross morphological changes in crucian carp gills. Journal of Experimental Biology 206:3667-73.)
Refer to the paragraph on crucian carp. Gills serve multiple functions in fish in addition to gas exchange. Given the large surface area of gills with lamellae, what is the most likely explanation for why crucian carp cover protruding lamellae in their gills when levels of oxygen are normal?

A) to prevent loss of heat to the surrounding water
B) to prevent loss of ions to the surrounding water
C) to prevent protein loss to the surrounding water
D) to prevent loss of oxygen to the surrounding water

Question 24

An elephant and a mouse are running in full sunlight, and both overheat by the same amount above their normal body temperatures. When they move into the shade and rest, which animal will cool down faster?

A) The elephant will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio.
B) The elephant will because it has the lower surface-area-to-volume ratio.
C) The mouse will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio.
D) The mouse will because it has the lower surface-area-to-volume ratio.
E) They will cool at the same rate because they overheated by the same amount.

Question 25

Which of the following is a TRUE statement about body size and physiology?

A) The amount of food and oxygen an animal requires and the amount of heat and waste it produces are inversely proportional to its mass.
B) The rate at which an animal uses nutrients and produces waste products is independent of its volume.
C) Small and large animals face different physiological challenges because an animal's body volume or mass increases as a function of its body length cubed while its surface area increases as a function of the body length squared.
D) The wastes produced by an animal double as its volume doubles and triple as its surface area triples.

Question 26

Panting by an overheated dog achieves cooling by ________.

A) acclimatization
B) torpor
C) evaporation
D) hibernation
E) shivering

Question 27

A moth preparing for flight on a cold morning may warm its flight muscles via ________.

A) adaptation
B) convection
C) evaporative
D) shivering

Question 28

The thin horizontal arrows in the accompanying figure show that the ________.

A) warmer arterial blood can bypass the legs as needed, when the legs are too cold to function well
B) warmer venous blood transfers heat to the cooler arterial blood
C) warmer arterial blood transfers heat to the cooler venous blood
D) arterial blood is always cooler in the abdomen, compared to the temperature of the venous blood in the feet of the goose
E) the goose's legs get progressively warmer as the blood moves away from the abdomen towards the feet

Question 29

What explains the ability of honeybees to use heat to kill invading hornets?

A) Hornets prefer higher temperatures than honeybees.
B) Honeybees are more sensitive to high temperatures than hornets.
C) Honeybees can use evaporative cooling to reduce their body temperature.
D) Hornets are ectotherms but honeybees are endotherms.
E) Honeybees are better adapted to high temperatures than hornets.

Question 30

The large surface area in the small intestine directly facilitates ________.

A) secretion
B) absorption
C) elimination
D) filtration
E) temperature regulation

Question 31

You have a cube of modeling clay in your hands. Which of the following changes to the shape of this cube of clay will decrease its surface area relative to its volume?

A) pinching the edges of the cube into small folds
B) flattening the cube into a pancake shape
C) rounding the clay up into a sphere
D) stretching the cube into a long, shoebox shape

Question 32

Blood is a type of connective tissue because blood ________.

A) has multiple cell types
B) has an extensive extracellular matrix
C) functions in transportation
D) can be both liquid and solid

Question 33

A behavioral physiologist is studying the homeostatic control of blood pH. In a trial, a lizard runs on a treadmill for a set amount of time and the blood pH is measured. The blood pH drops as carbon dioxide is released into the bloodstream. Which component of the homeostatic feedback system is responsible for determining if the blood pH is far enough from normal that a response is necessary?

A) effector
B) sensor
C) integrator
D) assimilator

Question 34

Environmental influences appear to contribute to cellular mutations that lead to tumor growth. For example, certain diets lead to higher incidence of colon cancers, and overexposure to sunlight leads to higher incidence of skin cancers. The tissues in closest contact with a carcinogen or mutagen (anything that causes genetic mutations) are obviously the ones most likely to develop tumors. Carcinomas and melanomas account for well over half of all cancers. Given this information, what type of tissue is most closely associated with the terms carcinoma and melanoma?

A) connective
B) muscle
C) epithelial
D) nervous

Question 35

Which of the following would be an example of an animal employing torpor to survive very cold weather?

A) maintaining homeothermy
B) a small mammal entering hibernation
C) an elephant employing evaporative cooling
D) nonshivering thermogenesis by humans
E) honeybees increasing hive temperature by contracting flight muscles

Question 36

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?

A) During birthing contractions, the hormone oxytocin is released and acts to stimulate further contractions.
B) When a baby is nursing, suckling leads to the production of more milk and a subsequent increase in the secretion of prolactin, which in turn stimulates lactation.
C) After a blood vessel is damaged, signals are released by the damaged tissues that activate platelets in the blood. These activated platelets release chemicals that activate more platelets.
D) When blood glucose concentration increases, the pancreas produces and releases the hormone insulin. Insulin acts to decrease blood glucose. As blood glucose decreases, the rate of production and release of insulin decreases.

Question 37

Some animals have no gills when young, but then develop gills that grow larger as the animal grows larger. What is the reason for this increase in gill size?

A) The young of these animals are much more active than the adult, which leads to a higher BMR (basal metabolic rate) and, therefore, a higher need for oxygen.
B) Relative to their volume, the young have sufficient skin surface area across which they can transport all the oxygen they need.
C) The older, larger animals have a lower basal metabolic rate.
D) Relative to their surface area, the young have more body volume in which they can store oxygen for long periods of time.

Question 38

Most mammals are strict homeotherms. Elephants allow their body temperature to vary during the hottest parts of the day, meaning they are ________.

A) endothermic
B) heat exchangers
C) hibernators
D) poikilothermic
E) ectothermic

Question 39

A researcher is setting up an experiment to measure basal metabolic rate in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster-a small rodent). Which of the following would be the best set of conditions for the voles immediately before and during the measurement?

A) House the animals in a cage with plenty of food and water to avoid stress; conduct measurements in a room warmer than the room where housed.
B) House the animals in a cage with plenty of food and water to avoid stress; conduct measurements in a room the same temperature as the room where housed.
C) House the animals in a cage with no food for a few hours before measurement; conduct measurements in a room colder than the room where housed, and exercise the voles.
D) House the animals in a cage with no food for a few hours before measurement; conduct measurements in a room the same temperature as the room where housed.

Question 40

Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has ________.

A) less surface area
B) less surface area per unit of volume
C) the same surface-area-to-volume ratio
D) a shorter average distance between its mitochondria and the external source of oxygen
E) a smaller cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio

Question 41

Compared to ectotherms, endothermic animals are likely to be at the greatest disadvantage in ________.

A) very cold environments
B) very hot environments
C) environments with a constant food source
D) environments with variable and limited food sources

Question 42

An animal's inputs of energy and materials would exceed its outputs if ________.

A) the animal is an endotherm, which must always take in more energy because of its high metabolic rate
B) it is actively foraging for food
C) it is hibernating
D) it is growing and increasing its mass

Question 43

Which of the following statements comparing endotherms and ectotherms is correct?

A) Mitochondrial density and enzyme activity are 3-4 times higher in the cells of ectotherms than in the cells of endotherms of similar size.
B) Endotherms can use more of their energy intake for reproduction than ectotherms can.
C) Endotherms and ectotherms have about the same mass-specific metabolic rate.
D) Both endotherms and ectotherms exchange heat with the environment through convection, conduction, radiation, and evaporation.

Question 44

You observe a lizard sitting on a log on a sunny day. If the lizard is attempting to raise its body temperature by basking in the sun, what mechanism of heat transfer is being employed?

A) conduction
B) convection
C) radiation
D) evaporation

Question 45

Which term best describes an animal that, although generating a significant amount of heat through metabolism, does NOT maintain a constant body temperature?

A) homeothermic endotherm
B) heterothermic ectotherm
C) homeothermic ectotherm
D) heterothermic endotherm

Question 46

Which principle of heat exchange is the most important explanation for why birds look larger in colder weather because they fluff their feathers?

A) Fluffing feathers results in less cooling by radiation because feathers emit less infrared radiation than other tissues do.
B) Fluffing decreases the amount of heat lost by conduction when the bird makes contact with cold objects in its environment.
C) Fluffing creates a pocket of air near the bird that acts as insulation.
D) Fluffing decreases the surface-area-to-volume ratio, thus decreasing the amount of heat lost to the environment.

Question 47

Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment?

A) feathers or fur
B) vasoconstriction
C) wind blowing across the body surface
D) countercurrent heat exchanger
E) blubber or fat layer

Question 48

You are studying a large tropical reptile that has a high and relatively stable body temperature. How would you determine whether this animal is an endotherm or an ectotherm?

A) You know from its high and stable body temperature that it must be an endotherm.
B) You know that it is an ectotherm because it is not a bird or mammal.
C) You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate follow the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an ectotherm.
D) You note that its environment has a high and stable temperature. Because its body temperature matches the environmental temperature, you conclude that it is an ectotherm.
E) You measure the metabolic rate of the reptile, and because it is higher than that of a related species that lives in temperate forests, you conclude that this reptile is an endotherm and its relative is an ectotherm.

Question 49

Countercurrent heat exchangers are more useful for ________.

A) ectotherms to permit them to maintain constant body temperature
B) ectotherms to allow their body temperature to match the environment
C) endotherms to allow the body's core temperature to remain stable
D) endotherms to allow their extremities to remain at an elevated body temperature in the cold
E) poikilotherms that need to have different body temperatures

Question 50

Examine the accompanying figure. Near a goose's abdomen, the countercurrent arrangement of the arterial and venous blood vessels causes the ________.

A) temperature difference between the blood within the two sets of vessels to be minimized
B) venous blood to be as cold near the abdomen as it is near the feet
C) blood in the feet to be as warm as the blood in the abdomen
D) temperature at the abdomen to be less than the temperature at the feet
E) loss of the maximum possible amount of heat to the environment

Question 51

Hummingbirds are small birds that require a regular food supply. When hummingbirds are faced with a situation that decreases their food supply, such as a storm, which of the following adaptations would be most useful for the bird to survive such an unpredictable and short-term absence of food resources?

A) shivering
B) torpor
C) hibernation
D) burrowing into soil

Question 52

What is the main reason that a person sitting on the beach with an air temperature of 15°C loses heat less rapidly than when immersed in lake water at 15°C?

A) Water conducts heat more efficiently than air does.
B) Water evaporates, and heat is lost to evaporation.
C) Metabolic heat production is greater in air than in water.
D) Air is a poor insulator.

Question 53

A woman standing and watching the stars on a cool, calm night will lose most of her body heat by ________.

A) radiation
B) convection
C) conduction
D) evaporation