Deck 32: Deuterostome Animals

Question 1

A team of researchers developed a poison effective against lamprey larvae in freshwater cultures. The poison is ingested and causes paralysis by detaching segmental muscles from the skeletal elements. The team wants to test the poison's effectiveness in streams feeding Lake Michigan, but one critic worries about potential effects on lancelets, which are similar to lampreys in many ways. Why is this concern misplaced?

A) A chemical poisonous to lampreys could not also be toxic to organisms as ancestral as lancelets.
B) Lamprey larvae and lancelets have very different feeding mechanisms.
C) Lancelets do not have segmental muscles.
D) Lancelets live only in saltwater environments.
E) Lancelets and lamprey larvae eat different kinds of food.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which evolutionary innovation was most significant in helping tetrapods move to dry terrestrial environments?

A) the lung
B) the amniotic egg
C) bone
D) limb specialization
E) endothermy

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Echinoderms ________.

A) have an exoskeleton of hard calcareous plates
B) often use tube feet to move around in their environment
C) digest their food outside of the organism
D) circulate hemolymph in their water vascular system
E) are most often found in freshwater environments

Answer 3

B

Question 4

If a tunicate's pharyngeal gill slits were suddenly blocked, the animal would have trouble ________.

A) respiring
B) feeding
C) moving
D) respiring and feeding
E) feeding and moving

Question 5

The vertebrate spinal cord develops from the embryonic ________.

A) notochord
B) dorsal hollow nerve cord
C) pharyngeal pouch
D) coelom
E) podia

Question 6

Use the following information to answer the question below.
An elementary school science teacher decided to liven up the classroom with a saltwater aquarium. Knowing that saltwater aquaria can be quite a hassle, the teacher proceeded stepwise. First, the teacher conditioned the water. Next, the teacher decided to stock the tank with various marine invertebrates, including a polychaete, a siliceous sponge, several bivalves, a shrimp, several sea anemones of different types, a colonial hydra, a few coral species, an ectoproct, a sea star, and several herbivorous gastropod varieties. Lastly, she added some vertebrates-a parrotfish and a clownfish. She arranged for daily feedings of copepods and feeder fish.
The bivalves started to die one by one; only the undamaged shells remained. To keep the remaining bivalves alive, the teacher would most likely need to remove the ________.

A) sea anemones
B) sea star
C) gastropods
D) ectoprocts
E) parrotfish

Question 7

Which of the following classes is comprised of carnivorous predators that are able to extend their stomachs through their mouths to feed?

A) Ophiuroidea
B) Holothuroidea
C) Asteroidea
D) Crinoidea
E) Echinoidea

Question 8

If a kelp farmer wanted to maximize her harvest, which type of echinoderm would she be most concerned about in the habitat?

A) sand dollars
B) brittle stars
C) sea stars
D) sea urchins
E) sea cucumbers

Question 9

Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle?

A) jaws
B) post-anal tail
C) scales
D) four-chambered heart
E) vertebrae

Question 10

What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic egg?

A) Tetrapods were no longer tied to the water for reproduction.
B) Tetrapods could now function with just lungs.
C) It led to the evolution of the placenta.
D) Newborns are much less dependent on their parents.
E) Embryos are protected from predators.

Question 11

The water vascular system of echinoderms ________.

A) functions as a circulatory system that distributes nutrients to body cells
B) functions in locomotion and feeding
C) is bilateral in organization, even though the adult animal is not bilaterally symmetrical
D) moves water through the animal's body during suspension feeding
E) is analogous to the gastrovascular cavity of flatworms

Question 12

You believe that an adult animal you are examining is a vertebrate but concede that it may be an invertebrate chordate. Which of the following would ensure that you are indeed looking at a vertebrate?

A) It is able to swim.
B) It lacks a notochord.
C) Its notochord functions as an endoskeleton.
D) It uses its pharyngeal gill slits for respiration.
E) It has a dorsal hollow nerve cord.

Question 13

What unique characteristic do all deuterostomes have in common?

A) Adults are bilaterally symmetrical.
B) Embryos have pharyngeal pouches that may or may not form gill slits.
C) All have a spinal column.
D) All have specialized head and tail regions.
E) The pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus.

Question 14

Which of the following animal groups is entirely aquatic?

A) Mollusca
B) Crustacea
C) Echinodermata
D) Nematoda
E) Platyhelminthes

Question 15

Which structure of the amniotic egg most closely surrounds the embryo?

A) the chorion
B) the albumen
C) the yolk sac
D) the allantois
E) the amnion

Question 16

In what way are monotremes similar to more ancestral chordate lineages, as opposed to more recently evolved mammals?

A) Monotremes lay eggs; other mammals bear live young.
B) Monotremes perform little parental care; other mammals use lactation to feed offspring.
C) Monotremes do not have jaws; other mammals do.
D) Monotremes are ectothermic; other mammals are endothermic.
E) Monotremes perform external fertilization; other mammals perform internal fertilization.

Question 17

Adult tunicates (urochordates) lack notochords, however, larval urochordates have them and use them to ________.

A) aid in swimming; adults are sessile and thus no longer propel themselves.
B) stiffen their bodies; in adults, the notochord is replaced by a column of bone.
C) induce tissue differentiation; in adults, tissue is already differentiated.
D) organize their nervous systems; adults' nervous systems are fully developed and do not change.

Question 18

Which of the following is found in many tetrapods but not in fish?

A) extensive parental care
B) asexual reproduction
C) internal fertilization
D) viviparity
E) production of amniotic eggs

Question 19

Which of the following is a characteristic of larval echinoderms?

A) bilateral symmetry
B) spiral cleavage
C) gastrovascular cavity
D) exoskeleton
E) lophophore

Question 20

Vertebrates and tunicates share ________.

A) jaws adapted for feeding
B) a high degree of cephalization
C) the formation of structures from the neural crest
D) an endoskeleton that includes a skull
E) a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Question 21

Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Due to its system of air sacs connected to the lungs, the respiratory system of birds is arguably the most effective respiratory system of all air-breathers. Upon inhalation, air first flows into posterior air sacs, then into the lungs, and then into anterior air sacs on the way to being exhaled. Thus, there is one-way flow of air through the lungs, along thousands of tubules called parabronchi.
Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods?

A) a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates
B) an armored, jawed placoderm with two pairs of appendages
C) an early ray-finned fish that developed bony skeletal supports in its paired fins
D) a salamander that had legs supported by a bony skeleton but moved with the side-to-side bending typical of fishes
E) an early terrestrial caecilian whose legless condition had evolved secondarily

Question 22

Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Terry catches a ray-finned fish from the ocean and notices that attached to its side is an equally long, snakelike organism. The attached organism has no external segmentation, no scales, a round mouth surrounded by a sucker, and two small eyes. Terry thinks it might be a marine leech, a hagfish, or a lamprey.
Terry takes the body of the snakelike organism and slices it open along its dorsal side. If it is a hagfish, what should Terry see?

A) a well-developed series of bony vertebrae surrounding the spinal cord
B) a well-developed series of cartilaginous vertebrae surrounding the spinal cord
C) a tube of cartilage (surrounding the notochord) with dorsal projections on both sides of the spinal cord
D) a notochord, located underneath the spinal cord

Question 23

Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Due to its system of air sacs connected to the lungs, the respiratory system of birds is arguably the most effective respiratory system of all air-breathers. Upon inhalation, air first flows into posterior air sacs, then into the lungs, and then into anterior air sacs on the way to being exhaled. Thus, there is one-way flow of air through the lungs, along thousands of tubules called parabronchi.
Which type of bird is most likely to benefit from air sacs, which reduce its weight?

A) birds, such as geese, which migrate great distances
B) birds that chip away wood, such as woodpeckers
C) diving birds
D) birds that rip apart prey, such as hawks and eagles

Question 24

Use the accompanying figure and information to answer the question(s) below.
Which graph properly depicts the relationship between the amount of gas in the swim bladder and the density of the fish?

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

Graph with density on the x-axis and amount of gas in swim bladder on the y-axis. Both axes are unscaled, increasing. A line increases steeply from the origin and then flattens near the top of the y-axis.

Question 25

Which group's members have both lungs and gills during their adult lives?

A) sharks, skates, and rays
B) lungfishes
C) lancelets
D) turtles
E) alligators

Question 26

The evolution of similar insulating skin coverings such as fur, hair, and feathers in mammals and birds is a result of ________.

A) shared ancestry
B) convergent evolution
C) homology
D) evolutionary divergence

Question 27

Internal fertilization, a leathery amniotic egg, and skin that resists drying are characteristics of ________.

A) amphibians
B) nonbird reptiles
C) chondrichthyans
D) mammals
E) birds

Question 28

Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Terry catches a ray-finned fish from the ocean and notices that attached to its side is an equally long, snakelike organism. The attached organism has no external segmentation, no scales, a round mouth surrounded by a sucker, and two small eyes. Terry thinks it might be a marine leech, a hagfish, or a lamprey.
Which feature excludes the organism from possibly being a leech?

A) elongated shape
B) lack of scales
C) lack of external segmentation
D) round mouth
E) anterior sucker

Question 29

What group of mammals have (a) embryos that spend more time feeding through the placenta than the mother's nipples, (b) young that feed on milk, and (c) a prolonged period of maternal care after leaving the placenta?

A) Eutheria
B) Marsupiala
C) Monotremata

Question 30

Suppose, while out camping in a forest, you found a chordate with a long, slender, limbless body slithering across the ground near your tent. This critter could be ________.

A) a lamprey
B) a lungfish
C) a mammal
D) an amphibian
E) a skate

Question 31

How does a swim bladder help the ray-finned fishes maintain buoyancy?

A) It removes water from the digestive tract.
B) It removes oxygen from the water and stores it.
C) Gas is added to the bladder as the fish's depth increases.
D) Gas is removed from the bladder as the fish's depth increases.
E) It adds and removes salt from the water stored in the bladder, which changes its density and thus its buoyancy.

Question 32

Which of these are amniotes?

A) amphibians
B) fishes
C) turtles
D) lungfish

Question 33

If the midbrain of a fish became damaged it would harm its ability to ________.

A) swim
B) see
C) hear
D) smell
E) eat

Question 34

Use the accompanying figure and information to answer the question(s) below.
When a shark stops swimming, it ________.
1) sinks
2) quickly dies
3) oxygenates its blood less effectively

A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) 1 and 3
E) 1, 2, and 3

Question 35

Why do skates and rays have flattened bodies, while sharks are torpedo shaped?

A) Sharks have a strong cartilaginous skeleton that helps them maintain a tubular shape, whereas skates and rays lack such a skeleton.
B) Sharks are more closely related to the tubelike lampreys than skates and rays are.
C) Skates and rays need enlarged pectoral fins to help them stay level in turbulent water, whereas sharks do not.
D) Skates and rays exchange gases across their skin and thus require a high surface-area-to-volume ratio; sharks use gills to respire.
E) Sharks are streamlined for active swimming off the bottom; skates move about mostly on the ocean bed.

Question 36

Which of the following characteristics evolved independently in mammals and birds?

A) bilateral symmetry
B) amniotic eggs
C) jaws
D) bone
E) endothermy

Question 37

Mammals and birds eat more often than reptiles. Which of the following traits shared by mammals and birds best explains this habit?

A) endothermy
B) ectothermy
C) insulating body cover
D) amniotic egg
E) terrestrial living

Question 38

A new species of aquatic chordate is discovered that closely resembles an ancient form. It has the following characteristics: external armor of bony plates, no paired lateral fins, and a suspension-feeding mode of nutrition. In addition to these, it will probably have which of the following characteristics?

A) legs
B) no jaws
C) an amniotic egg
D) endothermy

Question 39

Suppose you traveled back in time and located the first animals to have evolved feathers. You found that these animals were tree-dwelling ectotherms, able to run quickly but unable to fly. You also noticed that only males had feathers. Which hypothesis of feather evolution would these data most support? Feathers initially evolved in a role associated with ________.

A) flight
B) insulation
C) sexual selection
D) gliding

Question 40

Which of the following characteristics are shared by hagfish and lamprey?

A) a rasping tongue
B) paired fins
C) jaws
D) a well-developed notochord

Question 41

As hominins diverged from other primates, which of the following appeared first?

A) reduced jawbones
B) language
C) bipedal locomotion
D) the making of stone tools
E) an enlarged brain

Question 42

Which of these species had members who moved out of Africa?

A) Homo erectus
B) Homo ergaster
C) Homo habilis
D) Homo sapiens
E) Homo sapiens and Homo erectus

Question 43

On the back of your skull you can feel a small bump, below which is an opening where the spinal cord enters the skull. The location of this opening toward the bottom of the skull is significant in evolutionary biology for what reason?

A) It allowed for the hominin brain to grow much larger than other primates.
B) It provided greater protection for the spinal cord.
C) It occurred as a result of the change to a bipedal stance.
D) This change was necessary for the increase in size from prosimian forms to anthropoid forms.

Question 44

Which of the following are considered apes?

A) lorises
B) New World monkeys
C) Old World monkeys
D) orangutans
E) tarsiers

Question 45

The oldest fossil remains of Homo sapiens found so far date from about ________.

A) 6 million years ago
B) 1.6 million years ago
C) 195,000 years ago
D) 60,000 years ago
E) 16,000 years ago

Question 46

What is the single unique characteristic that distinguishes extant birds from other extant vertebrates?

A) endothermy
B) feathers
C) an amniotic egg
D) flight
E) a four-chambered heart

Question 47

Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials ________.

A) lack nipples
B) have some embryonic development outside the uterus
C) lay eggs
D) are found in Australia and Africa
E) include only insectivores and herbivores

Question 48

When bone tissue first evolved in vertebrates, it was found within ________.

A) an endoskeleton
B) an exoskeleton
C) a vertebra
D) a skull
E) a jaw

Question 49

How did the evolution of the jaw contribute to diversification of early vertebrate lineages?

A) It allowed for smaller body size.
B) It was the first stage in the development of a bony skull.
C) It paved the way for the evolution of the pharyngeal jaw.
D) It made additional food sources available.
E) It increased the surface area for respiration and feeding.

Question 50

In what respect do hominins differ from all other anthropoids?

A) lack of a tail
B) eyes on the front of the face
C) bipedal posture
D) opposable thumbs
E) diurnal activity

Question 51

Which of the following groups is classified as Homo sapiens?

A) Neanderthals
B) Cro-Magnons
C) Paranthropus
D) Australopithecus
E) None of the above are classified as Homo sapiens.

Question 52

It is believed that the coelacanths and lungfish represent a crucial link between other fishes and tetrapods. What is the major feature in these fish in support of this hypothesis?

A) Like amphibians, they are tied to the water for reproduction.
B) Their fins have skeletal and muscular structures similar to amphibian limbs.
C) They have highly evolved nervous and circulatory systems.
D) They have lungs and are able to breathe air when water is scarce.
E) They enter a hibernative stage when food is scarce, as many tetrapods do.

Question 53

Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Brown et al. and Morwood et al. reported in 2004 that they had found skeletal remains of a previously unknown type of hominin, now dubbed Homo floresiensis, on the Indonesian island of Flores. These hominins were small (approximately 1 meter tall) with small braincases (approximately 380 cubic centimeters) as compared with other hominins. The remains of H. floresiensis were found alongside handmade stone tools and the remains of dwarf elephants that also inhabited the island, suggesting that H. floresiensis was able both to make tools and to coordinate the hunting of animals much larger than itself. H. floresiensis is estimated to have lived at the site where the remains were found from at least 38,000 years ago to 18,000 years ago.
Referring to the paragraph above, think about the most feasible method to evaluate which other hominin species H. floresiensis was most closely related. You could compare ________.

A) type of prey hunted by H. floresiensis to that hunted by each of the other hominin species
B) average body size of H. floresiensis to that of each of the other hominin species
C) skeletal morphology of H. floresiensis to that of each of the other hominin species
D) estimated life span of H. floresiensis to that of each of the other hominin species

Question 54

Considering the paragraph above, it is speculated that H. floresiensis and H. sapiens may have lived on Flores concurrently. Suppose researchers obtained mitochondrial DNA samples from the H. floresiensis remains, amplified a 1000-base-pair sequence via PCR, and compared it to that of several currently living H. sapiens native to Indonesia, North Africa, and North America. Also suppose H. floresiensis were found to differ from the average Indonesian H. sapiens in 28 base pairs, from the average North African H. sapiens in 51 base pairs, and from the average North American H. sapiens in 53 base pairs, while two randomly selected H. sapiens differed from each other in an average of 21 base pairs. What conclusions would you draw from these data?

A) H. floresiensis and H. sapiens probably did not live on Flores concurrently.
B) H. floresiensis and H. sapiens probably lived on Flores concurrently but did not interact.
C) H. floresiensis and H. sapiens probably lived on Flores concurrently, and H. sapiens killed and consumed H. floresiensis.
D) H. floresiensis and H. sapiens probably lived on Flores concurrently and interbred to some degree.

Question 55

Which of these statements about human evolution is correct?

A) The ancestors of Homo sapiens were chimpanzees.
B) Human evolution has proceeded in an orderly fashion from an ancestral anthropoid to Homo sapiens.
C) The evolution of upright posture and enlarged brain occurred simultaneously.
D) Different species of the genus Homo have coexisted at various times throughout hominin evolution.

Question 56

With which of the following statements would a biologist be most inclined to agree?

A) Humans and other apes represent divergent lines of evolution from a common ancestor.
B) Humans evolved from Old World monkeys.
C) Humans represent the pinnacle of evolution and have escaped from being affected by natural selection.
D) Humans evolved from chimpanzees.
E) Humans and other apes are the result of disruptive selection in a species of chimpanzee.

Question 57

Which of the following is consistent with the out-of-Africa hypothesis?

A) Modern Homo sapiens can trace their origin back to Neanderthals.
B) Modern Homo sapiens can trace their origin back to Homo erectus.
C) Interbreeding between early hominin species in Europe and Asia lead to the distinctive features of modern Homo sapiens.
D) Homo sapiens have a common ancestor with Neanderthals and Homo erectus from Africa.
E) Modern Homo sapiens and Neanderthals have no common ancestor more recent than the first mammals.

Question 58

Which of these species is currently thought to have coexisted for 35,000 years or more (at the same time and places) with H. neanderthalensis?

A) Homo erectus
B) Homo ergaster
C) Homo habilis
D) Homo sapiens

Question 59

Which of the following are the most abundant and diverse of the extant vertebrates?

A) ray-finned fishes
B) birds
C) amphibians
D) nonbird reptiles
E) mammals

Question 60

Primate evolution and behavior, such as hunting skills, have been directed in part by the development of depth perception. What anatomical change made depth perception possible?

A) a larger brain
B) formation of compound eyes
C) movement of eyes to the front of the head
D) diurnal activity