Deck 4: The Cell

Question 1

Heart muscle works hard and therefore consumes much ATP. Which organelles would you expect to be especially numerous in the heart muscle cells?

A) nuclei
B) mitochondria
C) Golgi complexes
D) lysosomes

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A red blood cell has lost its nucleus to make more space for carrying oxygen. This is an example of ________.

A) a prokaryotic cell
B) a cell that is not living
C) the relationship between structure and function
D) a cell whose DNA is circular

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is a membranous organelle that chemically modifies and ships proteins to other organelles or out of the cell?

A) lysosome
B) chloroplast
C) mitochondria
D) Golgi complex

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A reddish chemical, lipofuscin, is found in greater quantities in cells of older people than in those from younger people. This chemical should be broken down in the cells. Which specific type of organelle is not working as well in the seniors?

A) lysosome
B) mitochondrion
C) nucleus
D) rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 5

Calcium ions are normally in higher concentrations outside most living cells than within cells. Which of the following processes is most likely responsible for this condition?

A) simple diffusion
B) facilitated diffusion
C) osmosis
D) active transport

Question 6

Which of these is most abundant in the plasma membrane?

A) proteins
B) carbohydrates
C) cholesterol
D) phospholipids

Question 7

The movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration until equilibrium is reached can be described as ________.

A) diffusion
B) active transport
C) osmosis
D) All of the above are true.

Question 8

You have a bacterial infection. Your immune system will be able to distinguish this foreign invader from other cells by ________.

A) recognizing cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
B) finding glycolipids on the plasma membrane
C) identifying glycoproteins on the plasma membrane
D) determining the presence or absence of a nucleus

Question 9

If a liver cell were to be placed in a beaker with a solution containing the same solute concentration as that found inside the cell, we would say that the beaker contained a(n) ________ solution.

A) heterotonic
B) hypertonic
C) isotonic
D) hypotonic

Question 10

Which of the following is found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A) ribosomes
B) endoplasmic reticulum
C) nucleus
D) mitochondria

Question 11

A form of diffusion in which the molecules pass through a protein instead of between the phospholipids is called ________.

A) facilitated diffusion
B) diffusion
C) osmosis
D) active transport

Question 12

The Mars rover Curiosity finds a living organism on the red planet. Scientists would know that it is eukaryotic and not prokaryotic if ________.

A) it has membrane-bound organelles
B) it has a cytoskeleton
C) its diameter is 10 μm
D) it has six internal membranes

Question 13

When bacteria appear in tissues, a type of large cell engulfs and destroys them. Which process are these cells using to engulf the bacteria?

A) exocytosis
B) active transport
C) pinocytosis
D) phagocytosis

Question 14

Which of these processes brings into the cell large macromolecules and particles by the formation of a vesicle in the outer membrane?

A) facilitated transport
B) endocytosis
C) pinocytosis
D) exocytosis

Question 15

You find a strange infection in your mouth and visit your dentist. The dentist said the new organism was prokaryotic because it had ________.

A) circular DNA
B) DNA in the nucleus
C) relatively large cells
D) membrane-bound organelles

Question 16

Which of the following is not a membrane-bound organelle?

A) mitochondrion
B) cytoskeleton
C) nucleus
D) endoplasmic reticulum

Question 17

Zara has worked for 40 years at a garden center, where she often potted plants. In the early days, she frequently worked with vermiculite, an asbestos-like material. Which organelles are most likely to have destabilized membranes as a result of exposure to vermiculite?

A) nuclei
B) mitochondria
C) Golgi complexes
D) lysosomes

Question 18

If natural selection would select against organisms with a nucleus, which one of the following organisms would survive and evolve?

A) plants
B) archaea
C) protists
D) fungi

Question 19

A cell is limited in its size by ________.

A) its ability to move waste material out
B) its ability to move nutrients in
C) its surface-to-volume ratio
D) All of the above are correct.

Question 20

Most of the energy used by the cell is converted to ATP in ________.

A) lysosomes
B) Golgi complexes
C) nuclei
D) mitochondria

Question 21

The virus that causes rabies travels up nerve cells to the brain and spinal cord. Which cell structures will allow the virus to move through the nerve cells?

A) Golgi complexes
B) nuclei
C) microtubules
D) pseudopods

Question 22

________ is the process by which large molecules and cell products leave the cell through the phospholipid membrane.

Question 23

Mitochondrial diseases ________.

A) are very rare; only a couple of people are diagnosed per year
B) are caused only by spontaneous mitochondrial DNA mutations
C) cannot be inherited from the mother
D) None of the above is true.

Question 24

Ricin is a potential chemical warfare agent that kills by disabling the ribosomes. With ricin poisoning, a cell would no longer be able to make ________.

Question 25

Some drugs used in chemotherapy stop cell division by affecting the cytoskeleton. The drugs would cause functional disabilities in which of the following?

A) flagella
B) cilia
C) neither flagella nor cilia
D) both flagella and cilia

Question 26

If substantial lactic acid were found in a person's bloodstream, which type of glucose breakdown is occurring?

A) cellular respiration
B) fermentation
C) electron transport
D) citric acid cycle

Question 27

________ is the ingestion of large molecules and foreign substances through the phospholipid membrane.

Question 28

Which of the following is true of both cilia and flagella?

A) They are commonly found on cells of the respiratory tract.
B) They are numerous and are short extensions.
C) They move in a back-and-forth manner.
D) They have a 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules.

Question 29

________ are microscopic prokaryotes inhabiting, among other hostile places, hot springs and very salty waters.

Question 30

Cilia and flagella are both made of ________.

A) actin
B) tubulin
C) intermediate proteins
D) phospholipids

Question 31

Certain molecules (called glycoproteins) are on the outer surface of the plasma membrane. They have the function of ________.

Question 32

Which of the following steps in normal cellular respiration ends with formation of water?

A) glycolysis
B) citric acid cycle
C) electron transport
D) fermentation

Question 33

From which of these phases of cellular respiration does the cell get the most ATP?

A) glycolysis
B) citric acid cycle
C) transition reaction
D) electron transport chain

Question 34

Proteins are processed and packaged in the organelle known as the ________.

Question 35

________ are membrane proteins that help cells to stick to each other.

Question 36

Microfilaments are made of ________.

A) actin
B) tubulin
C) intermediate proteins
D) phospholipids

Question 37

Random movement from a region with higher concentration to a region with lower concentration in the cell is called ________.

Question 38

During a 5-mile run in the high Alps, where oxygen concentration is lower, your body will produce less ATP per molecule of glucose than after the same run near sea level, where there is plenty of oxygen to supply your muscle cells. Approximately how many more molecules of ATP will your muscle cells produce per molecule of glucose at the lower elevation than at the oxygen-scarce high elevation?

A) 36
B) 34
C) 32
D) 2

Question 39

The first phase in normal cellular respiration and the only one occurring in the cytoplasm is called ________.

A) the citric acid cycle
B) glycolysis
C) electron transport
D) None of the above is correct.

Question 40

The three types of microscopes used to look at cells and parts of cells are the transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope, and ________.

Question 41

Compare and contrast isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions. What happens when a normal animal cell finds itself in any of the three kinds of solutions?

Question 42

What are lysosomes, and how do they work in the cell?

Question 43

Cellular structures that function in movement and consist of numerous short hairlike extensions from the cell are called ________.

Question 44

If a new anesthetic were developed that entered the nerve cells efficiently, why would it be important for the substance to be lipophilic (to dissolve in lipids)?

Question 45

The organelle known as the ________ makes phospholipids.

Question 46

________ is a metabolic process that creates ATP for the cell by the breakdown of glucose molecules. This process occurs in the cytoplasm.

Question 47

Compare and contrast passive and active transport mechanisms, and give an example of each.

Question 48

Why might the lungs of smokers look dirtier than those of nonsmokers, assuming all other aspects of their lives are similar? What organelle is involved?

Question 49

Mature red blood cells do not have a well-defined nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. What is the advantage of this characteristic?

Question 50

Certain organisms break down glucose in the absence of oxygen. This process is called ________.

Question 51

Maria, a volunteer firefighter in New Jersey, rushed along with the rest of her fire company to lower Manhattan on that awful morning of September 11, 2001. As they crossed over the Hudson into the city, they heard that the towers had collapsed, so they helped search through the rubble and dust from the buildings to find survivors. Maria has now developed serious health problems based on her exposure to the rubble and dust, which included asbestos and many other small particles. Which organ system and which organelle do you think are most likely failing in this brave woman's body?

Question 52

Compare the composition, structure, and function of cilia and flagella.

Question 53

We know that from their mother's milk, infants gain proteins called antibodies that protect them from specific germs. We also know that proteins will eventually be broken down by a person's digestive system. How is it that these antibodies can get into the bloodstream of the breast-feeding infant intact? Use only the information from this chapter.

Question 54

Briefly explain the differences between cellular respiration and fermentation. How do these processes differ in terms of energy output for the cell?