Deck 7: Section 2: Developmental Psychology

Question 1

Which statement about prenatal development is FALSE?

A) Identical twins originate from the same zygote.
B) Fraternal twins originate from the fertilization of two eggs at approximately the same time.
C) Fraternal twins can be of different sexes.
D) There are 4 million chromosome possibilities for each reproductive cell in each parent.

Answer 1

There are 4 million chromosome possibilities for each reproductive cell in each parent.

Question 2

Which statement about stages of development is FALSE?

A) The age at which individuals enter various stages of development is quite stable.
B) The age at which individuals move on to new stages of development may vary.
C) Transition across stages tends to be gradual rather than abrupt.
D) Cross-cultural definitions of developmental stages may vary.

Answer 2

The age at which individuals enter various stages of development is quite stable.

Question 3

Major structures and organs of the body complete development during the _____ stage of prenatal development.

A) placental
B) germinal
C) embryonic
D) fetal

Answer 3

fetal

Question 4

The stage of middle adulthood includes people who range in age from _____.

A) 30 to 40
B) 35 to 50
C) 40 to 55
D) 40 to 65

Question 5

The biological sex of a person is determined by which of the following?

A) the first pair of chromosomes
B) all the pairs of chromosomes
C) the chromosome contributed by the mother
D) the 23rd pair of chromosomes

Question 6

Identical twins are to _____ as fraternal twins are to _____.

A) monozygotic; dizygotic
B) dizygotic; monozygotic
C) XX chromosomes; XY chromosomes
D) XY chromosomes; XX chromosomes

Question 7

The fetal stage of prenatal development begins at approximately _____.

A) 1 month
B) 2 months
C) 3 months
D) 4 months

Question 8

The scientific study of how and why humans change as they get older is called _____.

A) social psychology
B) personality psychology
C) developmental psychology
D) life span psychology

Question 9

Which is the correct order of the stages of prenatal development?

A) embryonic, germinal, fetal
B) germinal, embryonic, fetal
C) fetal, germinal, embryonic
D) germinal, fetal, embryonic

Question 10

Molecules of DNA that hold the genetic instructions for every cell in the body are called _____.

A) zygotes
B) genes
C) chromosomes
D) germinals

Question 11

The germinal stage of development is completed approximately _____ following conception, and the embryonic stage is completed approximately _____ following conception.

A) 2 weeks; 2 months
B) 1 month; 3 months
C) 2 weeks; 12 weeks
D) 4 weeks; 8 weeks

Question 12

For a male fetus, the father contributes a(n) _____ chromosome and the mother contributes a(n) _____ chromosome.

A) X; X
B) Y; Y
C) X; Y
D) Y; X

Question 13

The embryonic stage of prenatal development begins at approximately _____.

A) 1 week
B) 2 weeks
C) 3 weeks
D) 1 month

Question 14

A _____ is the basic unit of genetic instruction.

A) zygote
B) gene
C) chromosome
D) teratogen

Question 15

Which statement about stage theories is FALSE?

A) Stage theories organize developmental change according to age ranges.
B) Psychologists agree that the transition from one stage to another is rather gradual.
C) The age at which individuals enter and leave stages can vary.
D) The definition of stage does not vary across cultures.

Question 16

To her amazement, Nora learns that her baby began to take on a human appearance during the _____ stage of prenatal development.

A) fetal
B) embryonic
C) placental
D) germinal

Question 17

Sperm cells contain _____ chromosomes, and egg cells contain _____ chromosomes.

A) 23; 23
B) 23; 46
C) 46; 23
D) 46; 46

Question 18

The _____ stage of prenatal development is to placental development as the _____ stage of prenatal development is to completion of major organ development.

A) fetal; germinal
B) germinal; fetal
C) fetal; embryonic
D) embryonic; fetal

Question 19

It is during the _____ stage of prenatal development that the developing organism begins to resemble a human being.

A) placental
B) germinal
C) embryonic
D) fetal

Question 20

Except for reproductive cells, every cell of a normally developing human has _____ chromosomes.

A) 23
B) 23 pairs of
C) 46 pairs of
D) between 23 and 46 pairs of

Question 21

Which statement about motor development is FALSE?

A) Learning to walk involves the unfolding of a genetic blueprint for motor behavior.
B) Infants learn perceptual information by interacting with their environments.
C) Through crawling, infants understand depth and develop a fear of heights and falling.
D) None of these.

Question 22

Infants often _____ before they _____.

A) sit without support; crawl
B) crawl; sit without support
C) stand without support; sit without support
D) stand without support; crawl

Question 23

Fetal alcohol syndrome contributes to which teratogenic effects?

A) mental retardation
B) limb abnormalities
C) speech impairments
D) hearing impairments

Question 24

When does color vision typically develop?

A) 2 to 3 months
B) 4 to 5 months
C) 6 to 7 months
D) 8 to 9 months

Question 25

Habituation procedures for studying infant competencies take advantage of the fact that infants _____.

A) show a preference for familiar stimuli with greater physiological response patterns
B) show a preference for familiar stimuli with decreased physiological response patterns
C) respond to novel stimuli with high levels of physiological response patterns that decline as the infants become familiar with the stimuli
D) respond to novel stimuli with increasing levels of physiological response patterns as the infants become familiar with the stimuli

Question 26

Which statement about factors that can affect prenatal development is FALSE?

A) The risks to prenatal development associated with alcohol increase with consumption.
B) The effects of teratogens vary depending on the time of exposure during development.
C) Teratogens can be environmental agents, diseases, or physical conditions that impair prenatal development.
D) Age of the mother is not related to health risks to the fetus.

Question 27

A newborn baby turns his toes upward when his mother touches the bottom of his feet. This is an example of which of the following?

A) Babinski reflex
B) curling reflex
C) grasping reflex
D) rooting reflex

Question 28

Sally, a 7-month-old infant, is shown a toy she has not seen previously. As the toy continues to be presented, which is LEAST likely to occur?

A) Sally will stare at the toy less and less.
B) Sally will suck less on her pacifier when looking at the toy.
C) Sally will become habituated to the toy.
D) Sally's heart rate will remain stable when looking at the toy.

Question 29

"Habituation" is the answer to which question?

A) What is an increase in the physiological response to a novel stimulus once the stimulus becomes familiar?
B) What is a decrease in the physiological response to a novel stimulus once the stimulus becomes familiar?
C) What is an increase in the physiological response to a novel stimulus when it is first presented?
D) What is a decrease in the physiological response to a novel stimulus when it is first presented?

Question 30

Which reflex does NOT appear to have survival value for the newborn infant?

A) the breathing reflex
B) the grasping reflex
C) the rooting reflex
D) the sucking reflex

Question 31

Given the option, Erica's infant is likely to show a visual preference for _____.

A) Erica's face
B) a female stranger's face
C) a black square
D) an orange circle

Question 32

At birth, which sense is the LEAST developed sense?

A) hearing
B) vision
C) smell
D) touch

Question 33

To reduce alcohol's negative effects on the developing fetus, pregnant women are advised to consume _____.

A) no more than one alcoholic beverage per day
B) no more than one alcoholic beverage per week
C) no more than one alcoholic beverage per week during the first 3 months of pregnancy
D) no alcohol at all during pregnancy

Question 34

Infant perceptual abilities have been assessed using all but which technique?

A) preferential looking
B) preferential sucking
C) preferential tasting
D) habituation

Question 35

Which is NOT a risk factor known to be associated with prematurity?

A) immature lungs
B) immature digestive and immune systems
C) blindness and deafness
D) neurological handicaps due to low birth weight

Question 36

Which reflex appears to have survival value for the newborn infant?

A) the grasping reflex
B) the Babinski reflex
C) the habituation reflex
D) the rooting reflex

Question 37

Which would be expected to have a teratogenic effect?

A) alcohol consumption
B) tobacco inhalation
C) malnutrition
D) All the answers are correct.

Question 38

Kenneth, a 7-month-old infant, is shown a novel, unfamiliar stimulus. Which is likely to occur?

A) Kenneth will spend more time staring at the novel stimulus than at a more familiar stimulus.
B) Kenneth will suck more intensely on his pacifier.
C) Kenneth will show habituation if the stimulus continues to be presented.
D) All the answers are correct.

Question 39

If an infant develops normally, you would expect his _____ to reach maturity later than his _____.

A) auditory abilities; visual acuity
B) visual acuity; auditory abilities
C) color vision; visual acuity
D) auditory abilities; color vision

Question 40

Newborn visual acuity is estimated to be about _____.

A) 20/100 to 20/200
B) 20/200 to 20/400
C) 20/300 to 20/600
D) 20/400 to 20/800

Question 41

In their investigation of infant auditory perception, DeCasper and Spence (1986) found that infants sucked on an artificial nipple to activate a tape playing _____.

A) their mother reading any book they had heard her reading in the first week following birth
B) their mother reading The Cat in the Hat, if she had read it to them during the last 16 weeks of prenatal development
C) their mother reading The Cat in the Hat, if she had read it to them during the first week following birth
D) anyone reading The Cat in the Hat, if it had been read to them during the last 16 weeks of prenatal development

Question 42

Which statement concerning infant sensory abilities is FALSE?

A) Vision is the least developed sense at birth.
B) Color vision is not fully developed until about 6 months.
C) Visual acuity at birth is between 20/400 and 20/800.
D) Infants have a visual preference for faces, especially their mothers' faces.

Question 43

An illusion called Thatcherization can be created by rotating the eyes and mouth 180 degrees within the image of a face. Using this illusion, researchers have discovered which statement is FALSE?

A) Adults can detect changes in face patterns brought about by Thatcherization when the faces are viewed upright.
B) Adults can detect changes in face patterns brought about by Thatcherization when the faces are viewed upside down.
C) Newborns can detect changes in face patterns brought about by Thatcherization when the faces are viewed upright.
D) Newborns cannot detect changes in face patterns brought about by Thatcherization when the faces are viewed upside down.

Question 44

By the age of _____, infants are making meaningful noises, such as "oo" and "ah," as their responses in vocal interactions.

A) 1 month
B) 2 months
C) 3 months
D) 4 months

Question 45

Infants are born with the ability to detect nonnative phonemes. However, infants cannot easily detect these sounds by about _____ months of age if not exposed to them prior to this age.

A) 4
B) 7
C) 9
D) 12

Question 46

Paul cannot say, "Give me the ball" when he plays with friends but instead commands, "Ball." This language style is typical of _____ olds and is called a(n) _____.

A) 12 to 18 month; holophrase
B) 12 to 18 month; underextension
C) 2 year; holophrase
D) 2 year; underextension

Question 47

Studies of infant cognitive abilities reveal that very young infants _____.

A) have some elementary understanding of object movement
B) demonstrate the ability to understand object permanence
C) can understand symbolic representation of objects
D) have some elementary understanding of spatial mapping

Question 48

By 2 months of age, infants are using all but which of the following to communicate?

A) facial expressions
B) crying
C) cooing
D) babbling

Question 49

First words by infants typically refer to _____ in their daily environment.

A) animals and objects
B) colors and shapes
C) sounds and sights
D) caregivers and objects

Question 50

Young infants show a preference for parentese, a style of speech characterized by _____.

A) a use of language that sounds like a young child would use, such as saying "me hungwy" instead of "I'm hungry"
B) slow, carefully articulated sentences that help the infant to learn correct grammar
C) a mother's high pitch and a father's low pitch that help infants differentiate male from female voices
D) shorter sentences uttered in a higher, melodious pitch than a normal voice

Question 51

Research suggests that infants develop the ability to distinguish their mothers' voices from other voices _____.

A) at about 1 month
B) at about 2 weeks
C) at about 1 week
D) before birth

Question 52

Infants begin to speak a few words around the age of _____.

A) 6 months
B) 9 months
C) 12 months
D) 15 months

Question 53

Which statement about perceptual preferences in infants is FALSE?

A) Infants have a visual preference for their mothers' faces over those of other women.
B) Infants prefer the sound of their mothers' voices over those of other women.
C) Infants cannot differentiate the smell of their mother from the smells of other women.
D) Infants are sensitive to configural information in faces.

Question 54

When 18-month-old Logan sees his Uncle Brandon, he calls him "dada" along with any other man he sees. This BEST illustrates which of the following?

A) baby talk
B) babbling
C) overextension
D) underextension

Question 55

After learning to say the name of his pet dog, Taco, Tristan calls every dog he sees "Taco." This BEST illustrates which of the following?

A) overextension
B) underextension
C) use of a holophrase
D) telegraphic speech

Question 56

Babbling refers to which of the following?

A) rhythmic repetition of vowel sounds
B) rhythmic repetition of syllables with consonants and vowels
C) use of holophrases
D) telegraphic speech

Question 57

By about _____, an infant's hearing is comparable to that of an adult.

A) 1 month
B) 2 months
C) 4 months
D) 6 months

Question 58

Keiko is an exchange student from Japan. Unlike other exchange students from Japan, she has no trouble with the English r and l sounds. This finding indicates that Keiko was likely exposed to these phonemes during what age?

A) between 0 to 12 months
B) between 1 to 2 years
C) between 2 to 3 years
D) between 4 to 5 years

Question 59

When 18-month-old Avery says "juice" to indicate she wants something to drink, she is using _____.

A) baby talk
B) an underextension
C) a holophrase
D) telegraphic speech

Question 60

Which statement about neural networks is FALSE?

A) During infancy, networks of neurons that are not used disappear.
B) A large growth spurt in connections between neurons occurs during the first few months after birth.
C) Networks of neurons for visual pathways do not require visual experience to develop.
D) During infancy, networks of neurons that are used become stronger.

Question 61

Rhonda finds that tapping her hand on her bath water is very different from her previous experiences of tapping on a table, her high chair, and the floor. According to Piaget, Rhonda will need to _____ her schema of "tapping."

A) overextend
B) accommodate
C) underextend
D) revise

Question 62

Tomasello, Strosberg, and Akhtar (1996) found that 18-month-old children often used a speaker's _____ to determine which novel object the adult speaker was labeling.

A) tone of voice
B) emotional reaction
C) repetition of a label
D) All the answers are correct.

Question 63

Jennifer uses a row of blocks to represent a train and pretends that she is an adult going to the office. However, she cannot yet think logically. It is MOST likely that Jennifer is in which of the following Piagetian stages?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Question 64

When infants and children interpret new experiences in terms of present schemas, they engage in the process of _____.

A) schema acquisition
B) assimilation
C) accommodation
D) problem solving

Question 65

Olivia is hungry and wants some oatmeal. She says to her mother, "Olivia oatmeal!" It is likely that Olivia is about _____ old and is using a(n) _____ style of speech very characteristic of this age.

A) 1 year; holophrase
B) 18 months; underextension
C) 24 months; telegraphic
D) 24 months; overextension

Question 66

Kerry says, "doggy, doggy" whenever she sees the family dog, Brutus. However, she is puzzled when encountering the babysitter's dog and doesn't also call him "doggy." This BEST illustrates which of the following?

A) overextension
B) underextension
C) use of a holophrase
D) telegraphic speech

Question 67

Chloe knows that her father still exists even when he ducks behind a chair out of sight to play peek-a-boo, demonstrating she has developed _____.

A) conservation
B) object permanence
C) egocentrism
D) centration

Question 68

Which statement about cognitive development is FALSE?

A) Assimilation is the interpretation of new experiences in terms of existing schemas.
B) The number and complexity of a child's schemas increase and learning occurs through accommodation.
C) In accommodation, new schemas are created for information that doesn't fit into one's present schema.
D) In assimilation, existing schemas are modified to include new information that doesn't fit into one's present schemas.

Question 69

Piaget labeled the cognitive development stage that occurs from birth to 2 years the "sensorimotor" stage because during this period infants _____.

A) experience the most rapid development in their senses and motor behaviors than at any other time across childhood
B) first learn to understand the world through their senses before using motor behavior to explore their environments
C) come to know the world by looking, listening, sucking, grasping, and manipulating
D) All the answers are correct.

Question 70

In studying children, Jean Piaget paid particular attention to which of the following?

A) memory for pictures
B) scores on the Binet-Simon intelligence test
C) errors in problem solving
D) extent of language development

Question 71

Jean Piaget studied how children think using which of the following methods?

A) designing formal experiments involving children of different ages
B) measuring how quickly children react to new stimuli
C) surveying parents about children's problem-solving ability
D) giving children problems to solve and questioning them about their solutions

Question 72

At _____, Cary will not search for a toy that disappears, but when he is _____, he will look for a toy that has been completely hidden. This searching behavior provides evidence that Cary has acquired understanding of object permanence.

A) 2 months old; 3 months old
B) 3 months old ; 4 months old
C) 3 months old; 6 months old
D) 2 months old; 12 months old

Question 73

Lexi has a red ball that she enjoys playing with at home. When she went to her cousin's birthday party, she saw a balloon. Lexi pointed at the balloon and said, "Ball." Lexi's response BEST illustrates _____.

A) object permanence
B) conservation
C) assimilation
D) accommodation

Question 74

The cognitive ability of _____ begins to develop in the _____ stage.

A) object permanence; preoperational
B) reversibility; formal operational
C) hypothetical-deductive reasoning; concrete operational
D) symbolic representation; sensorimotor

Question 75

Piaget's cognitive theory incorporated two of his interests, _____.

A) philosophy and psychology
B) psychology and biology
C) biology and philosophy
D) philosophy and problem solving

Question 76

Until he went to the zoo, 2-year-old David's schema for a cat was a small, furry animal that purred. When a lion roared at the zoo, David's dad said, "Listen to that big cat." The complexity of David's schema for cats increased, BEST illustrating what Piaget called _____.

A) accommodation
B) assimilation
C) expansion
D) reorganization

Question 77

In learning the meaning of new words, children often rely on which cue from adult speakers?

A) direction of eye gaze
B) pointing
C) emotional reaction
D) All the answers are correct.

Question 78

Assimilation is to accommodation as _____ is to _____.

A) cognition; emotion
B) interpretation; modification
C) idea; concept
D) scheme; script

Question 79

Which statement about language acquisition is FALSE?

A) If children do not acquire a language by a certain age, they will not learn it as well as younger children.
B) Most deaf children of hearing parents are not as adept at American Sign Language as deaf children of deaf parents.
C) Learning a second language is easier for children than it is for adults.
D) Research finds no support for a critical period for language acquisition.

Question 80

Language acquisition seems to be the same across cultures with very different languages, supporting the role of _____ in language development. Without exposure to human speech, a child cannot develop normal speech, supporting the role of _____ in language development.

A) nature; nature
B) nurture; nature
C) nature; nurture
D) nurture; nurture