Deck 13: Gender and Development

Question 1

Who is likely to have the most extreme gender stereotypes?

A) Michael, who lives in the United States
B) Ibrahim, who lives in Nigeria
C) Masaki, who lives in Japan
D) Nawaz, who lives in Pakistan

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Instrumental traits

A) are associated with females.
B) include traits such as emotional and creative.
C) describe individuals who act on the world and influence it.
D) describe individuals who value interpersonal relationships.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

As children get older, they __________ stereotypes when judging other children.

A) become more likely to use
B) become more willing to ignore
C) will almost always use
D) will not change in their use of

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is an instrumental trait?

A) independence
B) emotionality
C) kindness
D) awareness of others' feelings

Question 5

Beliefs about how males and females differ in personality traits, interests, and behaviors are referred to as gender

A) constancy.
B) stereotypes.
C) schemas.
D) identity.

Question 6

Children

A) have little knowledge of gender stereotypes when they enter elementary school.
B) are more likely to ignore stereotypes when judging others as they grow older.
C) do not have adult-like knowledge of gender stereotypes until they are teenagers.
D) consider gender stereotypes to be more binding than moral rules or social conventions.

Question 7

Expressive traits

A) describe individuals who value interpersonal relationships.
B) describe individuals who act on the world and influence it.
C) describe individuals who are independent and aggressive.
D) are typically used equally to describe males and females.

Question 8

Paula has traits that are typically associated with females in the United States Paula is most likely to be described as

A) outspoken.
B) not easily influenced.
C) emotional.
D) self-confident.

Question 9

Gender stereotypes

A) are limiting because people use them to make assumptions about individuals based on their gender that may not be true.
B) help people make more accurate inferences about people they don't know very well.
C) are based on underlying biological sex differences.
D) are similar in all parts of the world.

Question 10

Cross-cultural studies of gender stereotypes have shown that

A) gender stereotypes are the same in all countries.
B) gender stereotypes are not influenced by one's culture.
C) Americans have more extreme gender stereotypes than people in other countries.
D) Americans have less extreme gender stereotypes than people in other countries.

Question 11

Traits associated with male stereotypes are called __________ whereas traits associated with female stereotypes are referred to as __________.

A) hormonal; androgynous
B) androgynous; hormonal
C) expressive; instrumental
D) instrumental; expressive

Question 12

Taylor, Rhodes, and Gelman 2009) investigated reasoning about gender-related properties. Which of the following does NOT accurately describe the researchers' conclusions?

A) Children and college students claimed greater flexibility in behavioral properties for boys than for girls.
B) Children and college students thought that girls were more likely to be influenced in a masculine direction than boys were to be influenced in a feminine direction.
C) Children treat the concepts of boy and girl as equivalent to species, in the extent to which features are inborn, inflexible, and intrinsically linked to category membership.
D) College students viewed both male and female behavior as more open to the environment and more flexible.

Question 13

Most children have acquired adult-like knowledge of gender stereotypes by __________ .

A) preschool
B) elementary school
C) middle school
D) high school

Question 14

A __________ is a set of cultural guidelines for how a person should behave.

A) gender stereotype
B) gender schema
C) gender label
D) social role

Question 15

Research suggests that, as a typical 5-year-old, Megan most likely

A) has not yet begun to form gender stereotypes.
B) has formed some gender stereotypes, but they are not exactly the same as those of adults.
C) believes more traits are stereotypically masculine or feminine than do adults.
D) has adult-like knowledge of gender stereotypes.

Question 16

Which of the following is an expressive trait?

A) self-confidence
B) mechanical aptitude
C) consideration
D) dominance

Question 17

According to Bob, all women are emotional and gentle. Bob's beliefs about women

A) are atypical for Americans.
B) show that he sees women as possessing many instrumental traits.
C) are shared equally by adults worldwide.
D) are best described as gender stereotypes.

Question 18

Who has a trait that is considered characteristically male in the United States?

A) Avery, who is excitable
B) Pat, who is aggressive
C) Chris, who is considerate
D) Austen, who is emotional

Question 19

Children forge a ____________________, which is their perception of the self as either male or female.

A) gender stereotype
B) gender identity
C) gender label
D) social role

Question 20

Two girls, 8-year-old Molly and 4-year-old Anna were told this story: "Jessie is a 5-year-old girl whose best friend is a boy. Jessie likes to play with trucks." They were then asked how much Jessie would like to play with masculine and feminine toys. How would you expect Molly and Anna to reply?

A) Molly and Anna are both likely to say that Jessie would like to play with masculine toys.
B) Molly and Anna are both likely to say that Jessie would like to play with feminine toys.
C) Molly is likely to say that Jessie would like to play with masculine toys, but Anna is likely to say that Jessie would like to play with feminine toys.
D) Molly is likely to say that Jessie would like to play with feminine toys, but Anna is likely to say that Jessie would like to play with masculine toys.

Question 21

Maccoby and Jacklin 1974) found that gender differences exist in

A) verbal ability.
B) achievement motivation.
C) altruistic behavior.
D) suggestibility to influence.

Question 22

Greater aggression in males

A) is apparent only in laboratory settings and not in naturalistic settings.
B) is found in many nonhuman species.
C) is found only in North America.
D) does not seem to have a biological basis.

Question 23

According to Maccoby and Jacklin 1974), which of the following is an established gender difference?

A) Girls are more social than boys.
B) Boys have higher self-esteem than girls.
C) Girls have less achievement motivation than boys.
D) Boys are more aggressive than girls.

Question 24

Maccoby and Jacklin reported that gender differences exist in all of the following areas EXCEPT

A) visual-spatial ability.
B) aggression.
C) self-esteem.
D) verbal ability.

Question 25

Boys typically

A) have better fine-motor coordination than girls.
B) are healthier than girls.
C) are weaker than girls.
D) are more active than girls.

Question 26

Based on current research, on standardized tests of achievement in mathematics,

A) during the elementary-school years, boys usually get greater scores than girls.
B) during high school and college, girls usually get greater scores than boys.
C) during the elementary school years, girls usually get greater scores than boys but during high school and college, boys get greater scores than girls.
D) during the elementary school years, girls usually get greater scores than boys but during high school and college, boys used to get higher scores but the difference has substantially diminished..

Question 27

Maccoby and Jacklin 1974) summarized results from research studies on

A) gender stereotypes.
B) gender differences.
C) gender identity.
D) the influence of television on gender role development.

Question 28

Maccoby and Jacklin's conclusions about gender differences have been criticized because they

A) included some weak studies in their review.
B) based their findings on only a few studies.
C) did not examine gender differences in verbal and mathematical ability.
D) did not consider the age of children in the studies.

Question 29

On mental rotation tasks,

A) boys' performance surpasses that of girls and this difference is maintained throughout childhood and adolescence.
B) girls' performance surpasses that of boys and this difference is maintained throughout childhood and adolescence.
C) boys and girls perform similarly until adolescence at which time boys' performance surpasses that of girls.
D) boys and girls perform similarly throughout childhood and adolescence.

Question 30

The ability to imagine how an object will look after it has been moved in space is referred to as

A) mathematical ability.
B) mental constancy.
C) enabling.
D) mental rotation.

Question 31

Your friend wonders why girls always seem to do better than boys in classes like English where reading and writing are important. You tell him that, according to your textbook, one possible explanation for girls' verbal superiority over boys is that

A) the right hemisphere in the brain may mature more rapidly in girls than in boys.
B) because reading is often stereotyped as an activity for girls, girls may make more effort to master verbal skills like reading.
C) girls' mathematical superiority gives them self-confidence that carries over to verbal skills.
D) a dominant gene on the X chromosome may promote verbal ability.

Question 32

Most developmentalists today believe that gender differences are __________ Maccoby and Jacklin 1974) suggested.

A) significantly less extensive than
B) slightly less extensive than
C) as extensive as
D) more extensive than

Question 33

According to Maccoby and Jacklin, girls tend to have greater __________ than boys.

A) verbal skill
B) visual-spatial skill
C) mathematical skill
D) verbal and mathematical ability

Question 34

Which of the following best explains gender differences in spatial ability?

A) The brain is less specialized in males than in females because boys mature more slowly than girls.
B) Spatial skills may represent an evolutionary adaptation for females. c Boys are more likely than girls to participate in activities, such as assembling models or playing video games, that enhance spatial skills.
D) Gender stereotypes give girls more confidence in their spatial ability. Chapter

Question 35

Over the last 25 years, gender differences in

A) mathematical ability have decreased and differences in verbal ability have increased.
B) verbal ability has increased and differences in mathematical ability have decreased.
C) mathematical ability has decreased.
D) mathematical ability has remained the same.

Question 36

Girls tend to __________ than boys.

A) be more active
B) be less healthy
C) have better fine-motor coordination
D) be more likely to have an attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding a cross-cultural look at gender differences in math?

A) In many countries there are small differences favoring girls on math skills countries like France and Germany).
B) In some countries there are large differences favoring boys on math skills countries like the Republic of Korea and the Slovak Republic).
C) In Iceland, girls have the advantage over boys on math skills.
D) Math skills vary country to country because of math-related career opportunities for men and women.

Question 38

More flexible views of gender stereotypes are associated with

A) European Americans rather than African Americans.
B) older rather than younger children.
C) boys rather than girls.
D) less educated compared to more educated individuals.

Question 39

The most firmly established gender difference in behavior is the difference in

A) aggression.
B) conformity.
C) sociability.
D) dependence.

Question 40

Which of the following best reflects gender differences in verbal ability?

A) Only 10 percent of the published studies on gender differences found that females had greater verbal ability.
B) Girls tend to be better readers than boys, but boys are better with fine motor skills.
C) Boys have more language-related problems than girls.
D) The quality of speech production is lower in girls than in boys.

Question 41

Connie believes that children learn gender roles by watching other people and by being rewarded for gender-appropriate behavior. Connie's beliefs fit most closely with those of __________ theorists.

A) cognitive
B) biological
C) psychodynamic
D) social cognitive

Question 42

Females may be more easily influenced by others than males are, because females value __________ more than males do.

A) independence
B) aggression
C) perfection
D) group harmony

Question 43

Relational aggression

A) is more common in girls than in boys.
B) is more common in boys than in girls.
C) is equally common in boys and girls.
D) is more common in boys at a younger age but in girls at an older age.

Question 44

Worldwide, boys are more ____________ aggressive than girls, who favor _____________ aggression.

A) physically; relational
B) verbally; instrumental
C) verbally; relational
D) physically; hostile

Question 45

One way in which experience contributes to gender differences in aggression is that

A) the media portrays many aggressive males who are rewarded for their behavior.
B) parents are more likely to use physical punishment with daughters than with sons.
C) parents are less tolerant of aggressive behavior in sons than in daughters.
D) males are stronger than females.

Question 46

Aggressive behavior has been linked to

A) gender constancy.
B) estrogens.
C) androgyny.
D) androgens.

Question 47

Which of the following statements about gender differences is TRUE?

A) Depression is more common in adolescent girls than in boys.
B) Males are more easily influenced by others than females.
C) Boys get better grades in math.
D) Boys are healthier than girls.

Question 48

For the traits in which gender differences were reported in your text,

A) either all boys were higher than all girls on the trait or all girls were higher than all boys on the trait.
B) average differences between boys and girls were quite large, but the differences at the extremes of the distributions were insignificant.
C) there was substantial overlap between girls' and boys' abilities.
D) the average score for boys was the same as the average score for girls.

Question 49

Androgens have been found to be related to gender differences in

A) emotional sensitivity.
B) social influence.
C) verbal ability.
D) aggression.

Question 50

If Deanna is a girl and Jerrill is a boy, which of the following statements is most likely to be TRUE?

A) Jerrill expresses emotions better than Deanna.
B) Deanna is more physically aggressive than Jerrill.
C) Deanna is more active than Jerrill.
D) Deanna has a larger vocabulary than Jerrill.

Question 51

The prevailing view among developmental psychologists is that gender differences in emotional sensitivity are

A) primarily due to experience.
B) primarily due to biological differences.
C) reflect both nature and nurture.
D) nonexistent.

Question 52

Which of the following is TRUE?

A) Young girls are more likely than young boys to comply with an adult's request.
B) Boys and men are influenced more than girls and women by persuasive messages.
C) Boys and men are influenced more than girls and women by peer pressure.
D) Males tend to value group harmony more than females.

Question 53

Parents typically

A) treat sons and daughters similarly in all ways.
B) show more warmth to daughters than to sons.
C) encourage sons' achievement, but discourage daughters' achievement.
D) treat sons and daughters similarly except in areas related to gender roles.

Question 54

Which of the following statements about gender differences is most accurate?

A) Girls and boys are different in more ways than they are similar.
B) Girls and boys are similar in more ways than they are different.
C) Most gender differences are relatively large.
D) Small differences in group averages mean there is little overlap between girls and boys.

Question 55

Jeff and Julie are working together on a group project for class. If they are typical for their genders, when they disagree on how to do the project,

A) Julie is more likely to give in and do it Jeff's way, for the sake of group harmony.
B) Julie is more likely to give in and do it Jeff's way, because she is less likely to see the flaws.
C) Jeff is more likely to give in and do it Julie's way, because he wants her to like him.
D) they both are likely to go to the teacher and ask for help with the project.

Question 56

For most traits,

A) gender differences are quite large.
B) the distributions of the traits for males and females do not overlap.
C) gender differences are small for group averages, but are quite substantial for people at the ends of the distributions.
D) gender differences occur for most traits.

Question 57

Research suggests that boys __________ than girls.

A) are healthier
B) have better verbal ability
C) have better spatial ability
D) are more easily influenced by others

Question 58

Ellie, a girl, is likely to be __________ than Eddie, a boy.

A) more emotionally sensitive
B) less easily influenced by others
C) more aggressive
D) less empathic

Question 59

Your roommate remarks, "Girls seem to be so much better than boys at expressing emotions and understanding how other people feel." You reply, "Yes, research shows that girls are more emotionally sensitive than boys,

A) due in part to parents being more 'feeling-oriented' with daughters than with sons."
B) even though parents are more likely to talk about emotions with sons than with daughters."
C) and parents usually end up spending more time emphasizing the importance of considering others' feelings with sons than with daughters."
D) primarily because of hormonal differences between males and females."

Question 60

According to social cognitive theorists, children learn gender roles

A) through observation.
B) by understanding gender constancy.
C) by paying more attention to gender-appropriate experiences and events.
D) through prenatal exposure to sex hormones.

Question 61

Fathers are more likely than mothers to treat sons and daughters

A) differently.
B) equally.
C) warmly.
D) according to their individual needs.

Question 62

Peterson, a typical third grade teacher, is likely to

A) be more influential than parents on her students.
B) encourage behaviors that are considered masculine for both boys and girls.
C) spend more time interacting with boys than with girls.
D) spend more time interacting with girls than with boys.

Question 63

When Adam interacts with other boys, he often exaggerates, contradicts, and threatens the other boys. Adam's interactions would be characterized as

A) enabling.
B) expressive.
C) stereotyped.
D) constricting.

Question 64

Girls tend to have __________ interactions with each other.

A) instrumental
B) stereotyped
C) constricting
D) enabling

Question 65

Children usually understand that they are either male or female by about age

A) 1.
B) 2 or 3.
C) 4 or 5.
D) 6 or 7.

Question 66

Which pair of children is most likely to have enabling interactions with each other?

A) Sam and John, two boys
B) Drew and Jenny, a boy and a girl
C) Kelsey and Caitlin, two girls
D) Sam and John, Drew and Jenny, and Kelsey and Caitlin are equally likely to have enabling interactions.

Question 67

Boys' interactions with each other tend to be

A) expressive.
B) stereotyped.
C) constricting.
D) enabling.

Question 68

Fathers and mothers differ in the socialization of gender in their children because

A) mothers are more likely to encourage gender-related play.
B) mothers are more likely to treat their children in gender-typed ways.
C) fathers are more likely to respond to the individual needs of each child.
D) fathers are more likely to push their sons and accept dependence in their daughters.

Question 69

Preschool children prefer to play with same-gender peers

A) only when they have been discouraged from playing with opposite-gender peers.
B) but will readily comply when parents encourage them to play with opposite-sex peers.
C) spontaneously, without adult pressure.
D) except when they are engaged in gender-neutral activities such as playing tag.

Question 70

Early segregation of playmates by style of play

A) means that boys and girls learn equally from each other.
B) means that boys learn primarily from boys and girls learn primarily from girls.
C) means that boys learn primarily from girls and girls learn primarily from boys.
D) means that boys and girls learn nothing from interacting with children of the same gender.

Question 71

Samantha, a 3-year-old girl, is likely to

A) prefer playing with gender appropriate toys.
B) know the rules of gender appropriate toys, but not yet show a preference for gender appropriate toys.
C) not yet know what toys are considered gender appropriate.
D) be accepting of other children who engage in cross-gender play.

Question 72

Girls play tends to be more __________ than that of boys.

A) competitive
B) supportive
C) dominating
D) rough

Question 73

Which of the following is correct of boys' and girls' play?

A) Boys' play is rougher and more competitive than girls' play.
B) Girls tend to be more dominating in their interactions.
C) In boys' interactions, actions and remarks tend to support others and to sustain the interaction.
D) In girls' interactions, one partner typically tries to emerge as the victor.

Question 74

Interactions characterized by actions and remarks that support others and sustain the interaction are considered

A) constricting.
B) enabling.
C) instrumental.
D) expressive.

Question 75

Teachers

A) value assertive behavior in both boys and girls.
B) praise boys more than girls for their schoolwork.
C) scold girls more than boys for disruptive classroom behavior.
D) give more overall attention to girls.

Question 76

If Lacey's parents are typical in how they socialize their children, Lacey is MOST likely to say,

A) "My dad pushes my brother to try new things even if he's scared, but he doesn't expect me to."
B) "My mom wants my brother to act like a boy and me to act like a girl, but my dad just wants us to be ourselves."
C) "My parents encourage my brother to do 'girl' activities and me to do 'boy' activities, because they don't want us to feel restricted by gender stereotypes."
D) "My parents treat me exactly the same as they treat my brother."

Question 77

During the _____ years, children start to prefer playing with same-gender peers.

A) preschool
B) early elementary
C) late elementary
D) middle school

Question 78

Matthew, a preschooler, sees a boy playing with dolls. Matthew is likely to

A) also want to play with dolls.
B) not yet understand that the boy is engaged in cross-gender play.
C) tease the boy for playing with dolls.
D) be accepting of the boy even though he knows that he is playing with a girls' toy.

Question 79

According to __________ theory, children first decide if an object, activity, or behavior is male or female, then use this information to decide whether they should learn more about the object, activity, or behavior.

A) gender-stereotype
B) gender-labeling
C) gender-schema
D) gender-constancy

Question 80

Television

A) tends to depict males and females in gender-stereotyped ways.
B) does not influence children's gender role stereotypes.
C) often helps children view males and females in less stereotyped ways.
D) tends to influence girls' gender-stereotypes more than boys' gender-stereotypes.