Deck 5: Understanding Individuals Within Environments

Question 1

The ecological concept illustrated by the fact that in most classrooms,teachers ask most of the questions.

A)social climate
B)social regularity
C)succession
D)cycling of resources

Answer 1

social regularity

Question 2

At work,an outside consultant asks you to fill out a questionnaire that concerns how you think about the workplace social environment.The questionnaire specifically asks questions about your perceptions of relationships among workers and supervisors,of opportunities for career development and learning on the job,and of how much of an emphasis is put on innovation and on control by supervisors.What conceptual model of ecological context in Chapter 5 has influenced this consultant?

A)behavior setting concepts
B)social climate scales
C)social regularities scales
D)Kelly's ecological principles

Answer 2

social climate scales

Question 3

Examples of this concept include weddings,choir practices,baseball games,and classrooms.

A)behavior setting
B)social regularities
C)microsystems
D)physical environments

Answer 3

behavior setting

Question 4

Which of Kelly's four ecological principles concerns relationships among multiple,interconnected parts or persons in a setting?

A)interdependence
B)succession
C)adaptation
D)cycling of resources

Question 5

Which is a limitation of social climate scales?

A)individual or subgroup perceptions of settings may differ
B)individual scales have low reliability
C)social climate scales have generated little research
D)all of the above

Question 6

Which of Kelly's four ecological principles is most involved when students exchange information on professors,campus jobs,or internship opportunities?

A)interdependence
B)succession
C)adaptation
D)cycling of resources

Question 7

A predictable sequence of actions in a setting,for instance a beauty shop,regardless of which individuals are present there.

A)succession
B)behavior setting
C)standing pattern of behavior
D)social climate

Question 8

Weinstein (2002)found that improving teaching for neglected students required changes by teachers in classrooms,as well as changes by school administrators,and changes in other aspects of the school.Which of Kelly's four ecological principles is involved in this example?

A)interdependence
B)succession
C)adaptation
D)cycling of resources

Question 9

The procedure for measuring settings based on individual perceptions of how settings differ in relationships,personal development,and system maintenance and change.

A)behavior setting analysis
B)social climate scales
C)social regularities scales
D)activity setting analysis

Question 10

Which of the following has enough persons to fill all social roles needed to sustain the setting?

A)optimally populated behavior setting
B)underpopulated behavior setting
C)standing pattern of behavior
D)goal circuit

Question 11

The conceptual model that originated in observational studies of real-life settings in "Midwest",a small Kansas town.

A)environmental psychology
B)social climate scales
C)ecological psychology and behavior settings
D)social regularities

Question 12

What is comprised of a place,time,and standing pattern of behavior,with clear boundaries?

A)social regularity
B)behavior setting
C)social climate
D)resource cycle

Question 13

Which of the conceptual models of ecological context in Chapter 5 relies most on measuring individuals' perceptions of an environment?

A)behavior settings
B)environmental psychology
C)social regularities
D)social climate

Question 14

A women's center was founded by a few highly committed women who were very close emotionally and helped each other a lot.Their early work was so successful that the center has grown.It now employs many more women,who are not as close emotionally to each other as the founders were.This change illustrates which of Kelly's four ecological principles?

A)cycling of resources
B)interdependence
C)adaptation
D)succession

Question 15

College students need to manage their time well,make new friends,and seek help when needed.The importance of these skills especially concerns which of Kelly's ecological concepts?

A)cycling of resources
B)interdependence
C)adaptation
D)succession

Question 16

Which of Kelly's four ecological principles is most involved when members of a mutual help group provide and receive emotional support with each other?

A)interdependence
B)cycling of resources
C)adaptation
D)succession

Question 17

Which of Kelly's four ecological principles concerns historical change over time in a setting?

A)interdependence
B)succession
C)adaptation
D)cycling of resources

Question 18

A routine pattern of behavior among members of a setting,especially reflecting roles,relationships and power.

A)social climate
B)social regularity
C)vetoing circuit
D)succession

Question 19

Which of Kelly's four ecological principles concerns the exchange of emotional support,time,practical aid,information,or other assistance?

A)interdependence
B)succession
C)adaptation
D)cycling of resources

Question 20

Which of Kelly's four ecological principles concerns the fit between individual and environment,or how individuals cope with environmental demands?

A)interdependence
B)succession
C)adaptation
D)cycling of resources

Question 21

You are the director of a new student organization,which is likely to be underpopulated at first.When you recruit new members,which of the following approaches would Barker and Gump advise as likely to be more effective?

A)screen out those who do not seem like good prospects
B)teach those who join the skills they need
C)use deviation-countering circuits
D)both 'b' and 'c'

Question 22

Which is a limitation of behavior setting theory?

A)emphasizes stability rather than change
B)emphasizes change rather than stability
C)focuses on behavior,not subjective cultural meanings
D)both 'a' and 'c'

Question 23

According to Barker and Gump's Big School,Small School,which of the following involved more students in school activities?

A)underpopulated behavior settings
B)optimally populated behavior settings
C)overpopulated behavior settings
D)interdependent behavior settings

Question 24

An important study of urban African American teen boys found that ____ was the best predictor of school grades.

A)number of parents in the home
B)family income
C)risk of violence in the neighborhood
D)parent education level

Question 25

Which conceptual model of ecological context in Chapter 5 would be concerned with the effects of the arrangement of office furniture and space on behavior and social relationships?

A)environmental psychology
B)behavior setting concepts
C)Kelly's ecological principles
D)social climate scales

Question 26

According to behavior setting theory,optimally populated settings use:

A)goal circuits to screen out unneeded persons.
B)program circuits to recruit new members.
C)vetoing circuits to screen out unneeded persons.
D)deviation-countering circuits to teach necessary skills.

Question 27

You are the director of a school play,which has far more students trying out than roles for them to play.What would behavior setting proponents advise you to do?

A)hold auditions and choose only the best actors,and let the rest go
B)create two separate casts of actors,and alternate which nights they perform
C)choose the best actors,and get everyone else involved in set design,costumes,etc.
D)either 'b' or 'c'

Question 28

Which conceptual model of ecological context in Chapter 5 would be most concerned with the effects of noise,hazardous wastes,and disasters on behavior and social relationships?

A)Kelly's ecological principles
B)behavior setting concepts
C)environmental psychology
D)social climate scales

Question 29

A mutual help support organization begins a new local group when the membership of an existing group reaches about a dozen members.This increases opportunities for members to be actively involved.In terms of concepts in Chapter 5,what is this organization doing?

A)creating alternative settings
B)changing group social climate
C)creating underpopulated behavior settings
D)creating social regularities

Question 30

Which of the viewpoints in Chapter 5 most emphasizes cultural factors such as meaning,symbols,and values?

A)Kelly's ecological concepts
B)O'Donnell's activity setting concepts
C)Barker's behavior setting concepts
D)Moos's social climate approach

Question 31

In the planned town of Seaside,what architectural and town design features seem to promote sense of community?

A)corner convenience stores,central mailboxes
B)wide avenues with multiple lanes for traffic
C)front porches,walkways,limited auto access
D)high-rise luxury apartment buildings

Question 32

An important study of urban African American teen boys found that in more risky neighborhoods,teens with ___ parents had higher grades in school,while in less risky neighborhoods,teens with ____ parents had higher grades.

A)less restrictive;more restrictive
B)more restrictive;less restrictive
C)more empathetic;less empathetic
D)more educated;less educated

Question 33

According to behavior setting theory,underpopulated settings use:

A)goal circuits to screen out unneeded persons.
B)program circuits to recruit new members.
C)vetoing circuits to screen out unneeded persons.
D)deviation-countering circuits to teach necessary skills.

Question 34

Environmental psychology is primarily concerned with the relationship of _____ to psychology.

A)social regularities
B)individual personalities
C)physical environments
D)world climate change

Question 35

When psychologists study effects of neighborhoods on personal life,low average neighborhood income and high neighborhood unemployment are examples of ____ .

A)distal socioeconomic processes
B)risky physical environments
C)neighborhood disorder
D)protective processes

Question 36

Failures of planned town design,such as resistance to central mailboxes and corner stores in Columbia,Maryland,indicate the value of ___ in town or urban planning.

A)professional planners
B)citizen participation
C)greenery
D)behavior setting concepts

Question 37

Which perspective largely ignores subjective personal or cultural meanings,cognitions and emotions?

A)Kelly's ecological concepts
B)O'Donnell's activity setting concepts
C)Barker's behavior setting concepts
D)Moos's social climate approach

Question 38

What is a key difference between Barker's concept of behavior settings and O'Donnell's concept of activity settings?

A)whether to focus only on behavior or also on processes such as emotions and values
B)whether to focus on physical or social aspects of settings
C)whether to focus on social climate or social regularities
D)use of environmental psychology concepts

Question 39

Which of the following has fewer persons available than roles needed to sustain the setting?

A)optimally populated behavior setting
B)underpopulated behavior setting
C)standing pattern of behavior
D)goal circuit

Question 40

When psychologists study effects of neighborhoods on personal life,noise,air and water pollution,and hazardous traffic are examples of ____ .

A)distal socioeconomic processes
B)risky physical environments
C)neighborhood disorder
D)protective processes

Question 41

Choose a setting from your own experience and describe it in terms of the ecological concepts of Barker's behavior settings,O'Donnell's activity settings,Kelly's ecological principles,Moos' social climate dimensions,social regularities,and environmental psychology.

Question 42

Define Kelly's four ecological principles.(Be sure to describe the characteristics of settings,not persons. )Choose a social setting and give your own examples of each of the elements in that setting.

Question 43

Summarize the contributions and limitations of each conceptual perspective: Barker's behavior settings,Kelly's ecological principles,Moos' social climate scales,Seidman's social regularities,and environmental psychology.

Question 44

When psychologists study effects of neighborhoods on personal life,abandoned buildings,vandalism,public drug use,and gang activity are examples of ____ .

A)distal socioeconomic processes
B)risky physical environments
C)neighborhood disorder
D)protective processes

Question 45

The alternative setting that involved self-governing residences with strong peer social support for persons with serious mental illnesses.

A)Community Lodge
B)Harlem Children Zone
C)Seaside town planning
D)Midwest Services

Question 46

Define underpopulated and optimally populated settings,and give your own examples.Define the types of circuits each uses to exclude or retain members.Discuss the principal findings of Barker and Gump's Big School,Small School study.

Question 47

Define Barker's concept of behavior setting,including its three elements.Give your own example.Define one strength and one limitation of Barker's approach.

Question 48

All of the following were innovative hallmarks of the Harlem Children Zone EXCEPT

A)Using a comprehensive approach to address child development
B)Providing safe playground equipment and housing for low income families
C)Focusing on community outreach and recruitment
D)Providing services from prenatal through college

Question 49

Describe how these programs create an alternative setting for a particular group of individuals,giving specific examples to support your points:
(a)the origins and effects of the Community Lodge;
(b)the Harlem Children Zone,its effects,and how it altered social regularities.

Question 50

When psychologists study effects of neighborhoods on personal life,greater citizen participation in community organizations and sense of community among residents are examples of ____ .

A)distal socioeconomic processes
B)risky physical environments
C)neighborhood disorder
D)protective processes

Question 51

Define social regularity,and give one example from the chapter and one of your own.

Question 52

Moos proposed four enduring questions for understanding the relationships between persons and ecological contexts.Which of the follow is NOT one of his questions?

A)How are contexts both powerful and fragile?
B)How are context influenced by social processes?
C)How do contexts change over time?
D)How do contexts interact with physical space?

Question 53

Examples of successful neighborhood and housing programs in Chapter 5 included:

A)self-governing cooperative housing for low-income residents
B)community gardening
C)citizen block associations
D)all of the above

Question 54

Define environmental psychology and two of its emphases.Give your own example of an effect of architecture on social behavior.

Question 55

Which of the following is true of all these questions: How are contexts both powerful and fragile? How do contexts change over time? How are contexts influenced by culture,ethnicity,and gender?

A)They are enduring questions for the study of contexts.
B)They were suggested by Moos.
C)both 'a' and 'b'
D)They are largely answered by existing research.

Question 56

Describe the Moos approach to measuring social climates,and the three general dimensions involved (with your own examples of each).Indicate one strength and one limitation of the social climate approach.