Deck 5: Learning

Question 1

While sleeping at night through a very raucous thunderstorm,Jonathan is suddenly awakened when he hears a prowler trying to open his front door.He immediately turns on his light,at which time the prowler runs off.Jonathan's response to the sound of his door being opened demonstrates ________.

A)habituation
B)sensitization
C)stimulus generalization
D)extinction

Answer 1

sensitization

Question 2

The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior is known as __________.

A)learning
B)intelligence formation
C)imprinting
D)cognition

Answer 2

learning

Question 3

From a(n)________ perspective,the most common phobias experienced by human beings may actually serve some survival purpose.

A)conditioning
B)behavioral
C)evolutionary
D)cognitive

Answer 3

evolutionary

Question 4

__________ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

A)Learning
B)Adaptation
C)Memory enhancement
D)Muscle memory

Question 5

An increase in response to stimuli that are dangerous or threatening is called ________.

A)shaping
B)habituation
C)extinction
D)sensitization

Question 6

According to research conducted by Olds and Milner (1954),rats who had the ________ of their brains stimulated experienced intense sensations of pleasure.

A)limbic system
B)amygdala
C)medulla
D)cerebellum

Question 7

Why would it be accurate to say that habituation is the most basic form of learning?

A)because it only happens as a result of a voluntary process
B)because it takes so much effort to master
C)because it is demonstrated in almost all animals
D)because it only occurs in "lower" species

Question 8

For every A that she receives.Which of the following processes is probably taking place in her brain in anticipation of this monetary reward?

A)an increase in noradrenaline activity
B)a decrease in acetylcholine activity
C)an increase in dopamine activity
D)a decrease in insulin activity

Question 9

________ refers to the gradual decline in strength of a response to some stimulus that has become familiar.

A)Habituation
B)Sensitization
C)Assimilation
D)Accommodation

Question 10

Conditioned taste aversions are an example of something called __________.

A)biological preparedness
B)inherited conditioned dispositions
C)long-term spontaneous recovery
D)single repetition conditioning

Question 11

The neurotransmitter ________ is thought to play a significant role in the brain's reward system that is involved in the learning processes of both humans and animals.

A)serotonin
B)glutamate
C)gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
D)dopamine

Question 12

According to your textbook authors,all but WHICH of the following are characteristics of learning?

A)Learning takes many forms.
B)Learning can be reflexive.
C)Learning is critical to survival.
D)Learning is permanent.

Question 13

Learning is described as a relatively permanent change in behavior because ________.

A)it is thought that learning changes the nerve fiber patterns in your muscles
B)once you learn something,you will never fail to remember it or carry out the correct action
C)it is thought that when learning occurs those behaviors become fixed in your brain
D)memory processes,unlike learning processes,are not permanent

Question 14

Last month Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs,so he no longer likes chili dogs.Walter has experienced ____________.

A)blocking
B)a taste aversion
C)operant taste conditioning
D)noncontingent conditioning

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of learning?

A)The human brain continues to grow and develop after birth.
B)A human male develops the capacity to produce sperm cells at puberty.
C)Drinking coffee makes a person more aroused.
D)A student does not swat at a wasp buzzing around her head.

Question 16

Learning is a process by which experience results in __________.

A)acquisition of motivation
B)a relatively permanent behavior change
C)amplification of sensory stimuli
D)delayed genetic behavioral contributions

Question 17

The primary explanation for the addictive nature of street drugs lies in their impact on the brain's ________ system.

A)serotonergic
B)acetylcholinergic
C)dopaminergic
D)endocrinergic

Question 18

As an infant,Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor.When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat,she started to cry.This is an example of _______________.

A)instrumental learning
B)observational learning
C)classical conditioning
D)habituation

Question 19

When Demetrius moves into his new ground-level apartment,he is initially irritated at the sound of the "creaking" that comes when his upstairs neighbor walks across the floor.The noises from Demetrius's ceiling are annoying and distract him while he tries to work.After a few days,however,Demetrius no longer even hears the creaking.This demonstrates the process of:

A)sensitization.
B)habituation.
C)accommodation.
D)acclimation.

Question 20

One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist.However,it was discovered by a ____________.

A)physician who was studying the age at which children start to walk
B)physiologist who was studying memory processes in monkeys
C)physiologist who was studying digestion in dogs
D)dog trainer who was trying to come up with the best way to reward animals for their performances in his shows

Question 21

Many individuals decide that they feel hungry and eat lunch when they see both hands of the clock on the 12,indicating that it is noontime.This may occur regardless of how recently they ate breakfast.In this example,the conditioned response is:

A)the act of eating breakfast.
B)the act of eating lunch.
C)the counting of the number of hours since breakfast.
D)the watching of the hands of the clock.

Question 22

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs,and they began to salivate.The food acted as a (an)____________.

A)unconditioned response
B)unconditioned stimulus
C)conditioned response
D)conditioned stimulus

Question 23

An experiment finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he hears a certain piece of music.The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then plays the piece of music.The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone.In this situation the unconditioned response is the:

A)increased heartbeat.
B)piece of music.
C)sound of the buzzer.
D)listening to the music.

Question 24

Harmony notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of Harmony opening a can with an electric can opener.In this example,the _______________ is the conditioned stimulus.

A)can of cat food
B)sound of the electric can opener
C)dish that Harmony puts the food in
D)cat scurrying into the kitchen

Question 25

Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry,her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry,by drooling and whining.She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry,the sound of the door had become a(n)______.

A)unconditioned stimulus
B)conditioned stimulus
C)unconditioned response
D)conditioned response

Question 26

Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with __________.

A)vicarious learning
B)the Law of Effect
C)operant conditioning
D)classical conditioning

Question 27

Miranda notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of the electric can opener.In this example,the sound of the can opener is the ______________.

A)primary stimulus
B)positive reinforcer
C)conditioned stimulus
D)secondary reinforce

Question 28

Which of the following events most intrigued Pavlov and led to his discoveries?

A)The dogs seemed to enjoy the food.
B)The assistant salivated along with the dogs when the dogs started to eat.
C)The dogs stopped salivating after seeing the assistant so many times.
D)The dogs started to salivate when they saw Pavlov's assistant and before they got the food.

Question 29

Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank.After a while he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light.In this example,the ________________ is the unconditioned stimulus.

A)presence of Alan near the aquarium
B)fish swimming to the top
C)aquarium light
D)fish food

Question 30

What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur?

A)unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response
B)conditioned response and unconditioned response
C)neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
D)neutral stimulus and conditioned stimulus

Question 31

Classical conditioning is to _____ as operant conditioning is to _____.

A)Pavlov; Skinner
B)Skinner; Pavlov
C)Pavlov; Watson
D)Watson; Pavlov

Question 32

Which of the following statements regarding Ivan Pavlov is accurate?

A)Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion.
B)Pavlov was elated when his student first noticed that the dogs were salivating before tasting the food.
C)Pavlov received no recognition for his research prior to his death.
D)Pavlov stressed the importance of speculating about the dog's feelings toward the food.

Question 33

Instinctive or involuntary behavior would probably be best modified by ___________.

A)operant conditioning
B)trial and error
C)classical conditioning
D)shaping

Question 34

The abbreviation CS stands for _____________.

A)conditioned stimulus
B)correlated stimulus
C)conventional structure
D)conditional situation

Question 35

The researcher responsible for discovering the basic principles of classical conditioning was _____________.

A)B.F.Skinner
B)Edward C.Tolman
C)Wolfgang Kohler
D)Ivan Pavlov

Question 36

The law of ________ refers to the idea that two events occurring close together in time become linked in the brain.

A)effect
B)parsimony
C)continuity
D)contiguity

Question 37

After a conditioned stimulus comes to elicit the conditioned response,that conditioned stimulus now can be paired with a new neutral stimulus and this second neutral stimulus will start to elicit a conditioned response.This process is called _______________.

A)higher-order conditioning
B)neoclassical conditioning
C)generalization
D)operant conditioning

Question 38

Learning to make a reflexive response to a stimulus other than to the original,natural stimulus is called ________________.

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)memory linkage
D)adaptation

Question 39

When Pavlov placed meat powder or other food in the mouths of canine subjects,they began to salivate.The salivation was a(n)____________.

A)unconditioned response
B)unconditioned stimulus
C)conditioned response
D)conditioned stimulus

Question 40

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of the dogs,and they began to salivate.Pavlov's student noticed that after a few days the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the student's footsteps.The salivation to the sound of the footsteps was a _______.

A)primary reinforcer
B)positive reinforcer
C)conditioned response
D)secondary reinforce

Question 41

An animal is conditioned to salivate to a metronome using Pavlovian procedures.After the conditioning is established,the animal is then put through an extinction procedure and the conditioned salivation disappears.Then the animal is removed from the test situation for several days.When returned to the test situation,the conditioned response is seen again.The effect is known as ________.

A)spontaneous recovery
B)higher-order conditioning
C)extinction
D)stimulus generalization

Question 42

Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be __________.

A)based on classical conditioning
B)deeply rooted in the innate unconscious of infants
C)based on the principle of observational learning
D)based on Skinner's analysis of positive reinforcement

Question 43

What was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)in the case of Little Albert?

A)a rat
B)a loud noise
C)a high chair
D)a small enclosed space

Question 44

In the "Little Albert" study,the fear-producing stimulus used as a UCS was the ______.

A)white rat
B)loud noise
C)fear of the rat
D)fear of the noise

Question 45

The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called ______.

A)counterconditioning
B)instinctive drift
C)spontaneous recovery
D)stimulus discrimination

Question 46

The process of learning to respond only to a specific stimulus while disregarding other stimuli is called stimulus _________.

A)extinction
B)inhibition
C)generalization
D)discrimination

Question 47

When a previously conditioned CS is used to make another stimulus into a second CS,the effect is known as ____________.

A)spontaneous recovery
B)higher-order conditioning
C)extinction
D)stimulus generalization

Question 48

What would you predict about Little Albert based on the principle of spontaneous recovery?

A)Even after his fear of a rat was extinguished,the fear could come back.
B)After his fear of loud noises was extinguished,the fear could come back.
C)His fear of rats would disappear if he saw a rat without hearing a loud noise.
D)His fear of loud noises would disappear if he heard a loud noise without a rat present.

Question 49

When a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus also elicits the conditioned response,the phenomenon is called _______.

A)stimulus discrimination
B)stimulus generalization
C)spontaneous recovery
D)second order conditioning

Question 50

Dee Dee taught his dog Bosco to roll over whenever he heard the command "Spin!" After a while Dee Dee got bored with the trick,and allowed Bosco's behavior to extinguish.However,while watching Jeopardy! several months later,Dee Dee got excited by the answer "Clothes in a dryer" and shouted out "What is 'spin?!'" at which point Bosco flipped around like a circus performer.Which principle of classical conditioning does this example illustrate?

A)spontaneous recovery
B)higher-order conditioning
C)extinction
D)stimulus generalization

Question 51

John Watson offered a live,white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer.The white rat served as the __________ in his study.

A)discriminative stimulus
B)counterconditioning stimulus
C)conditioned stimulus
D)unconditioned stimulus

Question 52

Who was Little Albert?

A)developer of the concept of classical conditioning
B)an animal trained by using operant conditioning procedures
C)creator of methods for teaching children
D)a child who developed a fear as part of a demonstration of classical conditioning

Question 53

When the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus,the conditioned response will "die out" in a process called ______________.

A)CR fading
B)extinction
C)habituation
D)generalization fading

Question 54

A research participant hears a tone followed by a puff of air directed toward his eye.Later,he blinks when he hears the tone.Before ending the experiment,what could the researcher do in order to extinguish the blinking to that tone?

A)Repeatedly present the tone alone..
B)Repeatedly present the puff of air alone..
C)Increase the loudness of the tone.
D)Increase the amount of air that is directed toward the eye.

Question 55

Which two learning processes seem to be opposites?

A)acquisition and generalization
B)stimulus discrimination and extinction
C)stimulus discrimination and stimulus generalization
D)acquisition and stimulus discrimination

Question 56

The process of presenting the conditioned stimulus alone so often that the learner no longer associates it with the unconditioned stimulus and stops making the conditioned response is called _________.

A)extinction
B)generalization
C)spontaneous recovery
D)shaping

Question 57

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats,Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit,cotton wool,and a Santa Claus mask.He was studying whether or not _________ had occurred.

A)behavior modification
B)stimulus discrimination
C)extinction
D)stimulus generalization

Question 58

A small boy has just recently delighted his parents because he learned to call his father "daddy." However,it has now become an embarrassment to his mother when she takes him out with her because he keeps calling other men "daddy." This is an example of:

A)associative linkage.
B)stimulus generalization.
C)higher-order conditioning.
D)spontaneous recovery.

Question 59

Reacting to a stimulus that is similar to the one you have learned to react to is called ___________.

A)stimulus generalization
B)response generalization
C)higher-order conditioning
D)modeling

Question 60

One of the best known examples of classical conditioning in humans was the Little Albert study,conducted by _______.

A)Ivan Pavlov
B)Sigmund Freud
C)John B.Watson
D)B.F.Skinner

Question 61

The person most directly associated with operant conditioning is ______.

A)Ivan Pavlov
B)John B.Watson
C)John Garcia
D)B.F.Skinner

Question 62

Which of the following has been used to help children with problems related to bedwetting?

A)the development of a pad that beeps when it is touched by moisture
B)the development of an alarm clock which automatically wakes a child up when it senses a full bladder
C)the development of a stuffed animal that "giggles" when a child's brain-wave pattern indicates pending urination
D)the development of a diaper that produces a foul odor when it is moistened with urine

Question 63

Thorndike is to _______ as Skinner is to _______.

A)reinforcement; Law of Effect
B)Law of Effect; operant conditioning
C)reinforcement; punishment
D)positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement

Question 64

An example of a behavior that is learned through operant conditioning is _____________.

A)blinking in response to a flash of light
B)studying in order to get a teacher's approval
C)sneezing in response to dust
D)pulling one's hand away from a flame

Question 65

The development of the drug ________,whose generic name is disulfiram,employs the concepts of classical conditioning to help those suffering from alcoholism.

A)Ciprofloxacin
B)Antabuse
C)Homizisicillan
D)Mynozisporin

Question 66

The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called __________________.

A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)effective based learning
D)spontaneous recovery

Question 67

In operant conditioning,_____________ is necessary to create the association between the stimulus and the repetition of a voluntary response.

A)reinforcement
B)the law of negative effect
C)conditional emotional linkages
D)a long time delay

Question 68

Paul is coming down with the flu,but he eats spaghetti anyway and subsequently becomes violently ill.A month later he sees that spaghetti is being served in the dining hall and he is overcome by nausea.What type of learning is illustrated by this episode?

A)operant conditioning
B)cognitive learning
C)latent learning
D)classical conditioning

Question 69

The apparatus that has come to symbolize the theory of operant conditioning is the:

A)Rubik's cube.
B)Skinner box.
C)Pavlov bell.
D)Thorndike puzzle.

Question 70

A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert.This type of learning is BEST explained by _______________.

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)biofeedback theory
D)social learning theory

Question 71

A device used in operant conditioning of animals that limits the available responses and,thus,increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur is called a ______.

A)trial box
B)response box
C)Watson box
D)Skinner box

Question 72

A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ______.

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)vicarious learning
D)cognitive learning

Question 73

The person most closely associated with the law of effect is __________.

A)Edward Thorndike
B)Ivan Pavlov
C)John B.Watson
D)B.F.Skinner

Question 74

Thorndike was known for his work with ______.

A)a Skinner box
B)a puzzle box
C)modeling
D)monkeys

Question 75

F.Skinner is known for his theory of:

A)cognitive learning.
B)intelligence.
C)classical conditioning.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 76

The learning process studied in the Skinner box is known as:

A)social learning.
B)higher-order conditioning.
C)cognitive learning.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 77

Thorndike's main apparatus in his operant conditioning research was:

A)a wire monkey.
B)a cognitive map.
C)a puzzle box.
D)a buzzer.

Question 78

"If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence,it will tend to be repeated.If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence,it will tend not to be repeated." This is a statement of ________________.

A)the law of positive reinforcement
B)Rescorla's cognitive perspective
C)Thorndike's Law of Effect
D)Garcia's conditional emotional response

Question 79

Taste aversions seem to be specific examples of what type of learning?

A)classical conditioning
B)insight learning
C)vicarious learning
D)operant conditioning

Question 80

Which of the following is NOT an example of operant behavior?

A)a child doing her homework after she receives her teacher's approval for her behavior
B)a rat pressing a bar after receiving food for this behavior
C)a dog blinking its eyes after a flash of light is presented
D)a chicken pecking a disc after avoiding a shock for this behavior