Exam 5: Learning

In operant conditioning,_____________ is necessary to create the association between the stimulus and the repetition of a voluntary response.

Who was Little Albert?

A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert.This type of learning is BEST explained by _______________.

A change in behavior that is relatively permanent and brought about by experience is commonly referred to by psychologists as learning.

Many individuals decide that they feel hungry and eat lunch when they see both hands of the clock on the 12,indicating that it is noontime.This may occur regardless of how recently they ate breakfast.In this example,the conditioned response is:

Learning that depends on mental processes that you do in your head is called _________ learning.

What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response?

Lila doesn't like her psychology class because the instructor uses unannounced pop exams to test the class.As a result,she never knows when she will be tested.Her instructor is testing her on a __________ schedule.

A behavioral psychologist tries to train a bird to climb a tree to get a reward of a piece of fruit.At first,the bird learns how to climb the tree with its legs and beak.After a while,it starts flapping its wings and hopping around before it starts to climb.Eventually,the bird flies up to the piece of fruit,even though that prevents it from getting the fruit.According to the Brelands' analysis of biological constraints,the bird is demonstrating __________.

An experiment finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he hears a certain piece of music.The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then plays the piece of music.The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone.In this situation the unconditioned response is the:

You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp.Without a pair of gloves,you are likely to cut yourself on the jagged glass.Suddenly,it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to remove the light bulb from the socket,by jamming the potato into the remaining broken glass and twisting the bulb out.You have just demonstrated ___________.

Reading without dyslexia is to higher activity in the ________ as reading with dyslexia is to higher activity in the ________.

In the process of shaping,behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response.These behaviors are called _____________.

________ is an example of a primary reinforcer,whereas ________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.

A conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the paired presentation of the US.After time,the subject no longer makes the conditioned response.This fading of the CR is known as habituation.

When Demetrius moves into his new ground-level apartment,he is initially irritated at the sound of the "creaking" that comes when his upstairs neighbor walks across the floor.The noises from Demetrius's ceiling are annoying and distract him while he tries to work.After a few days,however,Demetrius no longer even hears the creaking.This demonstrates the process of:

Under what circumstances will a reinforcer make the target response more likely to occur again?

Classical conditioning is to _____ as operant conditioning is to _____.

In an experiment,two groups of dogs are given shocks to their feet.One group is able to escape the shocks by jumping over a barrier.The second group is harnessed and cannot escape.After several trials,both groups are put in situations where they CAN escape.The first group escapes the shocks but the second group just sits and whines,refusing to attempt to escape.The response of the second group is due to ______.

The apparatus that has come to symbolize the theory of operant conditioning is the: