Deck 6: Early Childhood: Physical, Cognitive, and Language Development

Question 1

When he was younger, Tommy stacked blocks for the sheer joy of doing so. Now, Tommy only stacks blocks when he is trying to build something or when he is playing a game. The term that best describes Tommy's development is:

A) interaction
B) automaticity
C) extrinsically motivated behavior
D) functional subordination

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The social and cultural aspects of language use are referred to by the term:

A) grammar acquisition
B) communication
C) pragmatics
D) cultural linguistics

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Suppose you examine an ultrasound image of a fetus, who is sucking her left thumb. Generalizing from research presented in the text, what is the probability that this fetus will be left-handed at age 15?

A) about 50%
B) about 67%
C) about 85 %
D) about 100%

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Research presented in the text suggests that playing with which of the following types of toys appears to encourage the language development the most?

A) with dolls
B) with trucks
C) with blocks
D) with guns

Question 5

Which of the following individuals would be most likely to experience the most severe and permanent disruptions in language abilities following a brain injury?

A) an adult whose injury is to the left hemisphere of the brain
B) an adult whose injury is to the right hemisphere of the brain
C) a child whose injury is to the left hemisphere of the brain
D) a child whose injury is to the right hemisphere of the brain

Question 6

Dr. Larsen states that he likes to give his students just enough "hints" so that they can figure out how to solve a difficult problem with a minimum of guidance. Dr. Larsen's approach best demonstrates the concept of:

A) automaticity
B) symbolic representation
C) conservation
D) scaffolding

Question 7

At first, Mike has to concentrate very hard when typing, thinking where each letter on the keyboard is. However, after practicing a great deal, he now types without even thinking about how his fingers are moving. The concept that best describes Mike's development is:

A) automaticity
B) lateralization
C) functional subordination
D) readiness

Question 8

When a young child learns to help fold laundry and put clothes away, cultural information is being transmitted. According to Vygotsky's view, this is best considered to be an example of:

A) scaffolding
B) guided participation
C) social referencing
D) synchrony

Question 9

Suppose that Bob is a typical 3-year-old child. By age 6, you should expect that his height will have increased by about how many inches?

A) about 4 inches
B) about 6 inches
C) about 9 inches
D) about12 inches

Question 10

Generalizing from research presented in the text, which of the following memory strategies would most likely lead a young child to the best recall of a group of common household items:

A) remembering that the items are all stored in the same place (e.g., in the junk drawer)
B) remembering that the items all begin with the same letter (e.g., the letter "b")
C) remembering that the items are all about the same size (e.g., all the size of a baseball)
D) remembering that the items are all used for the same purpose (e.g., that they are all containers that hold things)

Question 11

Which of the following is the best example of overregularization?

A) "I am a big, big girl!"
B) "No!"
C) "I breaked the cup."
D) "I love my momma."

Question 12

Laura and Ted like to play "house," a game they invented in which Laura pretends to be the "mother" and Ted the "father." In this game, Laura cooks the food on a pretend stove and Ted takes out the pretend garbage. The ability to play this game relies most directly on which cognitive ability?

A) egocentrism
B) conservation
C) reversibility
D) symbolic representation

Question 13

The process by which soft tissue or cartilage is transformed into bone is called:

A) calcification
B) grafting
C) cartilogenesis
D) ossification

Question 14

A child who climbs to the top of a staircase for the challenge and fun of the activity has what type of motivation?

A) intrinsic
B) extrinsic
C) egocentric
D) "out" directed

Question 15

A child who believes that objects and people in their thoughts and dreams are real is displaying what?

A) animism
B) reification
C) egocentrism
D) paranormal cognition

Question 16

Generalizing from research conclusions presented in the text, if given the choice, would you recommend that children be raised in bilingual environment?

A) Yes
B) No, because this will limit the size of their vocabulary
C) No, because this will delay their learning to talk
D) No, because this will make them more likely to develop reading problems

Question 17

Dr. Jacobs is describing a process by which neurons become insulated so that they can conduct neural impulses more efficiently. The process he is describing would be called:

A) lateralization
B) myelination
C) ossification
D) automation

Question 18

According to the text, the most dramatic cognitive difference between infants and 2-year-olds is in their use of:

A) animism
B) reification
C) automaticity
D) symbolic representation

Question 19

Generalizing from research presented in the text, if a 4-year-old was observed speaking to a 2-year-old, what kind of speech would the 4-year-old be most likely to use:

A) the same kind of speech he uses when talking to his mother
B) the same kind of speech he uses when talking to his older brother
C) the same kind of speech he uses when talking to his preschool teacher
D) a simpler version of his normal speech

Question 20

Handedness is especially interesting to developmentalists because it is intimately linked to:

A) physical size at maturity
B) homosexuality
C) language lateralization
D) intelligence as measured on an IQ test

Question 21

16. For most people (and nearly all right-handed people), language is heavily lateralized in which hemisphere of the brain?

A) right
B) left
C) longitudinal
D) lateral

Question 22

13. The ability of the brain to adapt during childhood is referred to as:

A) lateralization
B) myelination
C) plasticity
D) elasticity

Question 23

10. Dr. Jacobs is describing a process by which neurons become insulated so that they can conduct neural impulses more efficiently. The process he is describing would be called:

A) lateralization
B) myelination
C) ossification
D) automation

Question 24

3. During the period of early childhood, the typical child would grow an average of per year.

A) one-half inch
B) 1 inch
C) 2 inches
D) 3 inches

Question 25

2. Between the ages of 2 and 6 years, a child is in which period of childhood?

A) early childhood
B) early toddlerhood
C) late childhood
D) late toddlerhood

Question 26

7. Ossification refers to the process by which:

A) baby teeth are replaced by permanent teeth
B) children grow rapidly, usually experiencing growing pains
C) soft tissue or cartilage is transformed into bone
D) baby hair falls out and is replaced by adult-like hair

Question 27

6. The process by which soft tissue or cartilage is transformed into bone is called:

A) calcification
B) grafting
C) cartilogenesis
D) ossification

Question 28

15. Which of the following individuals would be most likely to experience the most severe and permanent disruptions in language abilities following a brain injury?

A) an adult whose injury is to the left hemisphere of the brain
B) an adult whose injury is to the right hemisphere of the brain
C) a child whose injury is to the left hemisphere of the brain
D) a child whose injury is to the right hemisphere of the brain

Question 29

9. Mary notices that her 3-year-old seems to have difficulty when he tries to stop running. When coming to a quick stop, he often tips forward, nearly falling on his face. From a developmental perspective, this boy's difficulty most likely stems from having:

A) a higher center of gravity than an older child would have
B) weaker leg muscles than an older child would have
C) poorer peripheral vision than an older child would have
D) an underdeveloped inner ear, which will develop more fully by age 6

Question 30

20. Which of the following statements is correct?

A) Younger children are more likely to be right-handed than older children.
B) Women are more likely to be right-handed than men.
C) Men are more likely to be right-handed than women.
D) About equal numbers of 2-year-olds are right- versus left-handed.

Question 31

12. Which of the following systems is the first to become myelinated during development?

A) the system involved with vision
B) the system controlling complex motor coordination
C) the system involving in controlling hand-eye coordination
D) the system involved in memory and attention span

Question 32

8. Dr. Bemus is describing how bones develop and harden during the period of early childhood. The process he is describing is called:

A) lateralization
B) myelination
C) osteoporosis
D) ossification

Question 33

11. The formation of sheathing cells to insulate neurons is called :

A) myelination
B) ossification
C) assimilation
D) lateralization

Question 34

17. If you were to use a brain imaging device to observe the brain activity of children as they were drawing and putting puzzles together, you would expect to see the most neural activity in which region of the brain?

A) in the right hemisphere
B) in the left hemisphere
C) in both left and right hemispheres, in roughly equal amounts
D) in neither the left nor right hemisphere, since visual tasks are coordinated by the cerebellum

Question 35

5. Leon is in his preschool years. If he is typical how much weight would you expect him to gain each year he is in preschool?

A) 1 pound
B) 2½ pounds
C) 4½ pounds
D) 6 pounds

Question 36

4. Suppose that Bob is a typical 3-year-old child. By age 6, you should expect that his height will have increased by about how many inches?

A) about 4 inches
B) about 6 inches
C) about 9 inches
D) about12 inches

Question 37

18. According to the text, about what percent of the population is left-handed?

A) 1%
B) 5%
C) 10%
D) 25%

Question 38

14. Brain lateralization refers to which of the following?

A) The brain develops sequentially, with development proceeding from back to front.
B) The brain develops sequentially, with development proceeding from bottom to top.
C) The brain develops so that different skills are performed by the left and right hemispheres.
D) The brain undergoes neural pruning, as well as growth, during infancy.

Question 39

19. According to the text, about what percent of the population is right-handed?

A) 10%
B) 50%
C) 90%
D) 75%

Question 40

1. Early childhood is the span of time from:

A) birth to 2 years
B) 2 to 6 years
C) 1 to 7 years
D) 3 to 8 years

Question 41

40. Cutting with scissors would best be considered an example of which type of motor skill?

A) fine motor skill
B) gross motor skill
C) intrinsic motor skill
D) extrinsic motor skill

Question 42

23. Research suggests that a person's preference for right- versus left-handedness develops at about what age?

A) prenatally
B) at about 1 year of age
C) at about 2 ½ years of age
D) at about 4 years of age, as the child is learning to draw

Question 43

35. Generalizing from information in the text about the age at which children's activity levels peak, which of the following children would you expect to be most active?

A) Fred, who is 1 year old
B) Tom, who is 2 ½ years old
C) Nelson, who is 4 years old
D) Bennett, who is 6 years old

Question 44

21. Suppose you examine an ultrasound image of a fetus, who is sucking her right thumb. Generalizing from research presented in the text, what is the probability that this fetus will be right-handed at age 15?

A) about 50%
B) about 67%
C) about 85 %
D) about 100%

Question 45

29. Dr. Lansing emphasizes that just as the environment influences the child's development, the child also acts on the environment, changing it. The concept that best describes this two-way interchange is:

A) lateralization
B) egocentrism
C) interaction
D) pragmatics

Question 46

24. For people who are right-handed, language functions are generally found in _____ hemisphere(s) of the brain; for people who are left-handed, language functions are generally found in _____ hemisphere(s) of the brain.

A) the right; the left
B) the left; the right
C) both; the left
D) the left; both

Question 47

26. If Mary Ann is right-handed, your best guess would be that her language abilities are localized in which part of her brain?

A) the left hemisphere
B) the right hemisphere
C) both the left and right hemisphere
D) in neither the left nor the right hemisphere

Question 48

31. A child who is running and kicking a soccer ball is making use of what set of skills?

A) intuitive skills
B) animism skills
C) fine motor skills
D) gross motor skills

Question 49

38. Skipping would best be considered an example of which type of motor skill:

A) fine motor skill
B) gross motor skill
C) intrinsic motor skill
D) extrinsic motor skill

Question 50

32. The ability to perform motor behaviors without consciously thinking about them is called

A) telepathy
B) automaticity
C) self-efficacy
D) ossification

Question 51

39. Lateefah can vary the rhythm of her running, skip awkwardly, and jump. However, she cannot tie her shoes or completely dress herself. If her motor development is typical for children her age, how old would she be?

A) 2 years old
B) 3 years old
C) 4 years old
D) 5 years old

Question 52

27. Handedness is especially interesting to developmentalists because it is intimately linked to:

A) physical size at maturity
B) homosexuality
C) language lateralization
D) intelligence as measured on an IQ test

Question 53

25. If Joshua is left-handed, your best guess would be that his language abilities are localized in which part of his brain?

A) the left hemisphere
B) the right hemisphere
C) both the left and right hemisphere
D) in neither the left nor the right hemisphere

Question 54

34. According to the text, at what age do children's overall activity levels peak?

A) about age 1
B) about age 2 ½
C) about age 4
D) about age 6

Question 55

28. Suppose that you can place a child with developmental disabilities into one of four programs. Which of these would you choose because it would likely produce the best outcome for the child?

A) a program that begins in infancy and focuses broadly, addressing both cognitive and health-related needs
B) a program that begins at age 4 and focuses broadly, addressing both cognitive and health-related needs
C) a program that begins in infancy and focuses narrowly and directly on cognitive development
D) a program that begins at age 4 and focuses narrowly and directly on cognitive development

Question 56

36. Which of the following children would you expect to have the highest activity level and consequently the hardest time sitting still?

A) Judy (a girl) who is 3 years old
B) Janice (a girl) who is 6 years old
C) Renaldo (a boy) who is 3 years old
D) Jose (a boy) who is 6 years old

Question 57

33. At first, Mike has to concentrate very hard when typing, thinking where each letter on the keyboard is. However, after practicing a great deal, he now types without even thinking about how his fingers are moving. The concept that best describes Mike's development is:

A) automaticity
B) lateralization
C) functional subordination
D) readiness

Question 58

30. Which of the following is the best example of a gross motor skill?

A) writing
B) handling a fork and spoon
C) drawing
D) running

Question 59

37. When he was younger, Tommy stacked blocks for the sheer joy of doing so. Now, Tommy only stacks blocks when he is trying to build something or when he is playing a game. The term that best describes Tommy's development is:

A) interaction
B) automaticity
C) extrinsically motivated behavior
D) functional subordination

Question 60

22. Suppose you examine an ultrasound image of a fetus, who is sucking her left thumb. Generalizing from research presented in the text, what is the probability that this fetus will be left-handed at age 15?

A) about 50%
B) about 67%
C) about 85 %
D) about 100%

Question 61

41. When William is handed a cracker, he extends both of his hands to receive it. If his motor development is typical for children his age, how old would he be:

A) 2 years old
B) 3 years old
C) 4 years old
D) 5 years old

Question 62

44. Which of the following behaviors would likely be the hardest for a young child to perform and consequently the last to develop?

A) reaching with their preferred hand
B) running
C) tying shoe laces on tennis shoes
D) hanging from a bar by both hands

Question 63

56. What is Piaget's second stage of cognitive development?

A) sensorimotor
B) concrete operational
C) formal operational
D) preoperational

Question 64

57. Piaget's preoperational period extends from:

A) birth to age 2
B) age 2 to 7
C) age 8 to 12
D) age 13 to 18

Question 65

60. Kayla hugged her doll because she said that her doll was "crying." Her belief that her doll is alive illustrates the concept of:

A) animism
B) egocentrism
C) artificialism
D) centration

Question 66

59. Which of Piaget's developmental periods is divided into the preconceptual stage and the intuitive stage?

A) sensorimotor period
B) concrete operational period
C) formal operational period
D) preoperational period

Question 67

48. A child who climbs to the top of a staircase for the challenge and fun of the activity has what type of motivation?

A) intrinsic
B) extrinsic
C) egocentric
D) "out" directed

Question 68

42. Maria can tie her own shoes. What type of skill is this?

A) fine motor skill
B) gross motor skill
C) adaptive motor skill
D) functional motor skill

Question 69

51. Jeff loves to practice the piano. His parents never need to tell him to practice or offer rewards for him to play. Jeff's behavior is best considered an example of:

A) automaticity
B) functional subordination
C) intrinsic motivation
D) extrinsic motivation

Question 70

52. According to Piaget, when children encounter something familiar, they ________ it; when they encounter something new, they ___________ it.

A) accommodate; animate
B) animate; assimilate
C) assimilate; accommodate
D) symbolize; animate

Question 71

53. The use of actions, images, words, or other signs to represent past and present events, experiences, and concepts is the definition of:

A) symbolic representation
B) concrete operations
C) egocentrism
D) reification

Question 72

50. Martha plays with a basketball and makes baskets to receive praise from her father. This best reflects what type of motivation:

A) responsive motivation
B) directive motivation
C) intrinsic motivation
D) extrinsic motivation

Question 73

43. According to the text, at about what age, on average, do most children learn to tie their own shoe laces?

A) age 2-3
B) age 3-4
C) age 4-5
D) age 5-6

Question 74

58. Which of the following children would most likely exhibit the logic that characterizes Piaget's preoperational period?

A) Amy, who is 18 months old
B) Lindsay, who is 4 years old
C) Jane, who is 8 years old
D) Martha, who is 14 years old

Question 75

47. Elizabeth spends a lot of time sitting at the piano, picking out melodies by trial and error. Her parents decide that they should probably provide her with piano lessons. Elizabeth's behavior is best considered an example of which of the following developmental concepts?

A) readiness
B) lateralization
C) egocentrism
D) functional subordination

Question 76

54. Preoperational children are concerned with the here and now and with physical things they can represent easily. This means that their thinking is:

A) concrete
B) intuitive
C) abstract
D) formal

Question 77

46. According to information presented in the text, what is the best indication of when a child has reached the point of optimal readiness?

A) when the child has acquired gross motor skills needed for the task
B) when the child develops extrinsic motivation
C) when the child begins to imitate simple skills involved in the task
D) when the child demonstrates functional subordination of the skills involved

Question 78

49. Roberto is "motivated" to practice the piano because his parents pay him $5 for every half-hour he plays. This type of motivation would best be considered as:

A) intrinsic motivation
B) extrinsic motivation
C) egocentric motivation
D) functional subordination

Question 79

45. Mr. Williams argues that there is no use trying to teach a 3-year-old to read because children of this age have not yet developed neural structures adequate for this task. Instead, he says that children will learn to read much faster and with less effort when they are 5 years old. His argument is based on the concept of:

A) practice
B) functional subordination
C) automaticity
D) readiness

Question 80

55. When 4-year-old Kayla is asked if she has a brother, she says, "Yes." When she is asked if her brother has a sister, she says, "No." Kayla's response is best considered an example of:

A) centration
B) irreversibility
C) egocentricity
D) animism