Deck 4: A: Learning

Question 1

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of the dogs,and they began to salivate.Pavlov's student noticed that after a few days the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the student's footsteps.The salivation to the sound of the
Footsteps was a _______.

A)primary reinforcer
B)positive reinforcer
C)conditioned response
D)secondary reinforcer

Answer 1

conditioned response

Question 2

The abbreviation UCS stands for ____________.

A)unconditional statement
B)uniform conditioned subject
C)unconditional sensation
D)unconditioned stimulus

Answer 2

unconditioned stimulus

Question 3

Which of the following statements about learning is NOT true?

A)Learning is another word for "maturation."
B)Learning is relatively permanent.
C)Learning involves changes in behavior.
D)Learning involves experiences.

Answer 3

Learning is another word for "maturation."

Question 4

Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?

A)Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion.
B)Pavlov was elated when his student first noticed that the dogs were salivating before tasting the food.
C)Pavlov continued his Nobel Prize-winning research on digestion after documenting conditioning.
D)Pavlov stressed the importance of speculating about the dog's feelings toward the food.

Question 5

As an infant,Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor.When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat,she started to cry.This is an example of _______________.

A)instrumental learning
B)observational learning
C)classical conditioning
D)habituation

Question 6

Normally,when food is placed in the mouth of any animal,the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion.In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning,salivation would be referred to as ________.

A)an unconditioned response
B)a voluntary response
C)a conditioned response
D)a digestive reflux

Question 7

Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank.After a while he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light.In this example,the
________________ is the unconditioned stimulus.

A)presence of Alan near the aquarium
B)fish swimming to the top
C)aquarium light
D)fish food

Question 8

The abbreviation UCR stands for _____________.

A)unconditional reinforcement
B)uniform conditioned rule
C)unconditional retention
D)unconditioned response

Question 9

Harmony notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of Harmony opening a can with an electric can opener.In this example,the _______________ is the conditioned stimulus.

A)can of cat food
B)sound of the electric can opener
C)dish that Harmony puts the food in
D)cat scurrying into the kitchen

Question 10

One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist.However,it was discovered by a ____________.

A)physician who was studying the age at which children start to walk
B)physiologist who was studying memory processes in monkeys
C)physiologist who was studying digestion
D)dog trainer who was trying to come up with the best way to reward animals for their performances in his shows

Question 11

Every time Maricella goes to work in the morning,she notices that her dog sulks in the corner of the room and looks very sad.Over several weeks,she notices that the dog gets unhappy when she picks up her car keys,immediately before leaving the house.Which phenomenon of learning best describes the dog's behavior?

A)classical conditioning
B)innate learning
C)punishment by removal
D)instinctive drift

Question 12

When Pavlov placed meat powder or other food in the mouths of canine subjects,they began to salivate.The salivation was a(n)____________.

A)unconditioned response
B)unconditioned stimulus
C)conditioned response
D)conditioned stimulus

Question 13

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original,natural stimulus is called ________________.

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)memory linkage
D)adaptation

Question 14

Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry,her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry,by drooling and whining.She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry,the sound of the door had become a(n)______.

A)unconditioned stimulus
B)conditioned stimulus
C)unconditioned response
D)conditioned response

Question 15

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs,and they began to salivate.The food acted as a (an) ____________.

A)unconditioned response
B)unconditioned stimulus
C)conditioned response
D)conditioned stimulus

Question 16

Which of the following events most intrigued Pavlov and led to his discoveries?

A)The dogs seemed to enjoy the food.
B)The assistant salivated along with the dogs when the dogs started to eat.
C)The dogs stopped salivating after seeing the assistant so many times.
D)The dogs started to salivate when they saw Pavlov's assistant and before they got the food.

Question 17

Learning is said to be a relatively permanent change in behavior because ________.

A)it is thought that learning changes the nerve fiber patterns in your muscles
B)once you learn something,you will never fail to remember it or carry out the correct action
C)it is thought that when learning occurs some part of the brain physically changes
D)memory processes,unlike learning processes,are not permanent

Question 18

The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was _____________.

A)Skinner
B)Tolman
C)Kohler
D)Pavlov

Question 19

Changes controlled by a genetic blueprint,such as an increase in height or the size of the brain,are examples of ___________________.

A)maturation
B)learning
C)habituation
D)growth cycles

Question 20

__________ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

A)Learning
B)Adaptation
C)Memory enhancement
D)Muscle memory

Question 21

After Pavlov's dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell,he experimented with ringing the bell and then failing to present the dogs with any food right away.Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the bell.This represents the process called ___________________.

A)acquisition
B)testing
C)extinction
D)spontaneous recovery

Question 22

Miranda notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of the electric can opener.In this example,the sound of the can opener is the ______________.

A)primary stimulus
B)positive reinforcer
C)conditioned stimulus
D)secondary reinforcer

Question 23

Which of the following processes occur in both operant conditioning and classical conditioning?

A)extinction
B)spontaneous recovery
C)generalization
D)all of these

Question 24

The abbreviation CS stands for _____________.

A)conditioned stimulus
B)correlated stimulus
C)conventional structure
D)conditional situation

Question 25

After a CS comes to elicit the CR,the CS now can be paired with a new neutral stimulus and this second neutral stimulus will start to elicit a CR.This process is called _______________.

A)higher-order conditioning
B)neoclassical conditioning
C)generalization
D)operant conditioning

Question 26

Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate at a bell sound that was paired with a meat stimulus.After the CS-UCS linkage was strongly established,Pavlov then presented the dog with several flashes of a light followed by the bell sound.After a few days,when the light flashes were presented by themselves,the dog salivated.This is an example of ___________.

A)higher-order conditioning
B)neoclassical conditioning
C)generalization
D)operant conditioning

Question 27

In Pavlov's classic experiments,the repeated presentations of the bell along with the food was called the _______________ step of the classical conditioning process.

A)acquisition
B)testing
C)extinction
D)spontaneous recovery

Question 28

You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a bell.You sound the bell and then several minutes later you give the dog a biscuit.You do this several times but no conditioning seems to occur.This is probably because _________.

A)the bell was not a distinctive sound
B)the bell should have been sounded after the animal ate the biscuit
C)you should have had an even longer interval between the bell and the biscuit
D)the biscuit was given too long after the sound of the bell

Question 29

What could John Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert's conditioned fear?

A)Show Albert a toy dog instead of a live rat.
B)Let Albert touch a Santa Claus beard repeatedly.
C)Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following.
D)Have Albert hear a loud noise many times without a rat present.

Question 30

What would you predict about Little Albert based on the principle of spontaneous recovery?

A)Even after his fear of a rat was extinguished,the fear could come back.
B)After his fear of loud noises was extinguished,the fear could come back.
C)His fear of rats would disappear if he saw a rat without hearing a loud noise.
D)His fear of loud noises would disappear if he heard a loud noise without a rat present.

Question 31

The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called ______.

A)counterconditioning
B)instinctive drift
C)spontaneous recovery
D)stimulus discrimination

Question 32

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats,Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit,cotton wool,and a Santa Claus mask.He was studying whether or not _____________________ had occurred.

A)behavior modification
B)stimulus discrimination
C)extinction
D)stimulus generalization

Question 33

The abbreviation CR stands for ______________.

A)conditional reinforcement
B)contingent reflex
C)conditioned response
D)contingent reflection

Question 34

In the "Little Albert" study,the fear-producing stimulus used as a UCS was the ______.

A)white rat
B)loud noise
C)fear of the rat
D)fear of the noise

Question 35

You train your dog,Milo,to salivate at the sound of a bell.Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo.He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings.But the next morning,when you ring the bell,Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response?

A)counterconditioning
B)instinctive drift
C)spontaneous recovery
D)stimulus discrimination

Question 36

When a strongly conditioned CS is used to make another stimulus into a second CS,the effect is known as ____________.

A)spontaneous recovery
B)higher-order conditioning
C)extinction
D)stimulus generalization

Question 37

You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a bell.You give the dog a biscuit,and then a second later you ring the bell.You do this several times,but no conditioning seems to occur.This is probably because ___________.

A)the bell was not a distinctive sound
B)the bell should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit
C)you should have had a longer interval between the bell and the biscuit
D)Pavlov found that the CS and UCS must be only seconds apart in order to condition salivation

Question 38

An animal is conditioned to salivate to a bell using Pavlovian procedures.After the conditioning is established,the animal is then put through an extinction procedure and the conditioned salivation disappears.Then the animal is removed from the test situation for several days.When returned to the test situation,the conditioned response is seen again.The effect is known as ________.

A)spontaneous recovery
B)higher-order conditioning
C)extinction
D)stimulus generalization

Question 39

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called _____________.

A)stimulus generalization
B)stimulus adaptation
C)response generalization
D)transfer of habit strength

Question 40

When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS (food,in this case),the CR will "die out" in a process called ______________.

A)CR fading
B)extinction
C)habituation
D)generalization fading

Question 41

Last month Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs,so he no longer likes chili dogs.Walter has experienced ____________.

A)blocking
B)conditioned taste-aversion
C)operant taste conditioning
D)noncontingent conditioning

Question 42

A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his shee

A)Bandura
B)Skinner
C)Tolman
D)Garcia

Question 43

The learning of phobias is a very good example of which certain type of classical conditioning?

A)instinctive drift
B)innate learning
C)conditioned taste aversion
D)conditioned emotional response

Question 44

What is likely to happen to rats that drink a saccharin solution and are then shocked?

A)They will develop an aversion to saccharin.
B)They will refuse to drink any water and die.
C)They will not develop an aversion to saccharin solutions.
D)They will die as a result of the shocks they received in the research.

Question 45

A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his shee

A)observational learning
B)latent learning
C)instrumental conditioning
D)conditioned taste aversions

Question 46

Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be __________.

A)based on classical conditioning
B)deeply rooted in the innate unconscious of infants
C)based on the principle of observational learning
D)based on Skinner's analysis of positive reinforcement

Question 47

Which is the most important characteristic of a food that is linked to a conditioned taste aversion for birds?

A)taste
B)smell
C)vision
D)touch

Question 48

Unlike mammals,birds seem to develop conditioned aversions to food based on which sense?

A)taste
B)smell
C)vision
D)touch

Question 49

What was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)in the case of Little Albert?

A)a rat
B)a loud noise
C)a high chair
D)a small enclosed space

Question 50

It is even possible to become classically conditioned by simply watching someone else respond to a stimulus in a process called ________________.

A)vicarious conditioning
B)conditioned emotional responses
C)stimulus generalization
D)higher-order conditioning

Question 51

Human beings generally have an aversion to bitter and sour foods.Some researchers suggest that this is because foods that are inedible or even poisonous are often bitter or sour.The tendency of human beings to find these potentially harmful foods repulsive is an example of _____________________.

A)classical conditioning
B)vicarious conditioning
C)conditioned emotional response
D)biological preparedness

Question 52

What was the conditioned stimulus (CS)in the case of Little Albert?

A)a white rat
B)a loud noise
C)a high chair
D)a small enclosed space

Question 53

Conditioned taste aversions are an example of something called __________.

A)biological preparedness
B)inherited conditioned dispositions
C)long-term spontaneous recovery
D)single repetition conditioning

Question 54

Your parakeet eats some cooked spaghetti.Later,the parakeet gets ill.What would the research on biological preparedness predict?

A)The parakeet will probably not eat shell macaroni because it smells similar to spaghetti.
B)The parakeet will probably not eat shell macaroni because it tastes similar to spaghetti.
C)The parakeet will probably not eat linguini noodles because they are long and thin and look similar to spaghetti.
D)The parakeet will eat spaghetti again.

Question 55

An important example of conditioned taste aversions might be ____________.

A)chemotherapy patients losing their appetites for food served around the same time they had their treatments
B)farmers leaving out sheep meat laced with a nauseating substance for coyotes to find in hopes of teaching them not to eat sheep
C)Both of these are examples of taste aversions.
D)Neither of these are examples of conditioned taste aversions.

Question 56

Which learning theorist is responsible for the discovery of conditioned taste aversions?

A)Seligman
B)Garcia
C)Skinner
D)Watson

Question 57

The current view of why classical conditioning works the way it does,advanced by Rescorla and others,adds the concept of _____________ to conditioning theory.

A)generalization
B)habituation
C)memory loss
D)expectancy

Question 58

Pavlov's model of classical conditioning was based on the idea that the conditioned stimulus,through its association close in time with the unconditioned stimulus,came to activate the same place in the animal's brain that was originally activated by the unconditioned stimulus.This was known as _____________.

A)stimulus substitution
B)the cognitive perspective
C)the Skinner model
D)higher-order conditioning

Question 59

John Watson offered a live,white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer.The white rat served as the __________________ in his study.

A)discriminative stimulus
B)counterconditioning stimulus
C)conditioned stimulus
D)unconditioned stimulus

Question 60

Little Albert's acquired fear of a white rat was a classic example of a(n)_____________________ response.

A)classical counterconditioned
B)conditioned emotional
C)positively reinforced
D)negatively reinforced

Question 61

Any behavior that is voluntary is referred to as a(n)_____________________.

A)response
B)antecedent
C)operant
D)stimulus

Question 62

Rescorla's modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that ______________.

A)the CS substitutes for the UCS
B)there is a biological readiness for conditioning to occur between the CS and UCS
C)the CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS
D)reinforcement must occur by providing a pleasant event

Question 63

A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert.This type of learning is BEST explained by _______________.

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)biofeedback theory
D)social learning theory

Question 64

Who was one of the first researchers to explore and outline the laws of voluntary responses?

A)Pavlov
B)Watson
C)Skinner
D)Thorndike

Question 65

A _____________________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic,biological need,such a hunger,thirst,or touch.

A)primary
B)negative
C)positive
D)secondary

Question 66

Which theorist proposed the cognitive perspective that explains that classical conditioning occurs because of expectancy?

A)Pavlov
B)Garcia
C)Rescorla
D)Skinner

Question 67

In operant conditioning,_____________ is necessary to create the association between the stimulus and the repetition of a voluntary response.

A)reinforcement
B)the law of negative effect
C)conditional emotional linkages
D)a long time delay

Question 68

Which of the following is NOT an example of operant behavior?

A)a child doing her homework after she receives her teacher's approval for her behavior
B)a rat pressing a bar after receiving food for this behavior
C)a dog blinking its eyes after a flash of light is presented
D)a rat pressing a bar after avoiding a shock for this behavior

Question 69

Thorndike was known for his work with ______.

A)a Skinner box
B)a puzzle box
C)modeling
D)monkeys

Question 70

A reinforcer is a consequence that _____________________ a behavior,while a punisher is a consequence that _____________________ a behavior.

A)motivates;stimulates
B)weakens;strengthens
C)inhibits;motivates
D)strengthens;weakens

Question 71

The person MOST closely associated with the Law of Effect is ______.

A)Watson
B)Skinner
C)Pavlov
D)Thorndike

Question 72

Skinner was to rats as Thorndike was to _____________________.

A)cats
B)rabbits
C)dogs
D)pigeons.

Question 73

________ is an example of a primary reinforcer,whereas ________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.

A)A cupcake;a certificate of achievement given to a student
B)A kiss;money
C)Water;food
D)A gold star;cupcake

Question 74

There are two kinds of behavior that all organisms are capable of doing.If Inez blinks her eyes because a gnat flies close to them,that's _____________.But if she then swats at the gnat,that's _____________.

A)voluntary;involuntary
B)involuntary;voluntary
C)operant;instrumental
D)instrumental;classical

Question 75

According to Rescorla's theory,the CS must _______ the UCS or conditioning does not occur.

A)replace
B)come after
C)appear simultaneously with
D)predict

Question 76

The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called __________________.

A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)effective based learning
D)spontaneous recovery

Question 77

Kelsey just told her family a really funny joke that she made up herself.In order to use a primary reinforcer to encourage her in her joke-telling,Kelsey's dad might _______________.

A)offer her money
B)applaud her appropriate behavior
C)offer her praise for a job well done
D)offer her a piece of candy

Question 78

A box used in operant conditioning of animals that limits the available responses and,thus,increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur is called a ______.

A)trial box
B)response box
C)Watson box
D)Skinner box

Question 79

A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ______.

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)vicarious learning
D)cognitive learning

Question 80

"If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence,it will tend to be repeated.If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence,it will tend not to be repeated." This is a statement of ________________.

A)the law of positive reinforcement
B)Rescorla's cognitive perspective
C)Thorndike's Law of Effect
D)Garcia's conditional emotional response