Deck 6: Bones and Bone Structure

Question 1

The expanded articular end of an epiphysis that is separated from the shaft by a narrower neck is termed a

A)facet.
B)diaphysis.
C)head.
D)tubercle.
E)condyle.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A ________ is a rounded passageway for passage of blood vessels and/or nerves.

A)line
B)ramus
C)fissure
D)process
E)foramen

Answer 2

E

Question 3

A chamber within a bone normally filled with air is a

A)meatus.
B)fissure.
C)sinus.
D)sulcus.
E)facet.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The large proximal projection on the femur is termed the

A)ramus.
B)trochanter.
C)tuberosity.
D)tubercle.
E)condyle.

Question 5

A small rough bump on bone where a tendon attaches is called a

A)tuberosity.
B)ramus.
C)condyle.
D)diaphysis.
E)process.

Question 6

The smooth,rounded articular process of a bone is termed a

A)crest.
B)ridge.
C)spine.
D)condyle.
E)trochlea.

Question 7

Bones that develop within tendons are called ________ bones.

A)irregular
B)sesamoid
C)sutural
D)Wormian
E)tendon

Question 8

A rounded hole through a bone is termed a

A)ramus.
B)foramen.
C)linea.
D)tubercle.
E)facet.

Question 9

The most abundant mineral in the human body is

A)sodium.
B)potassium.
C)phosphorus.
D)calcium.
E)hydrogen.

Question 10

A projection at an angle on a bone is termed a

A)trochlea.
B)canal.
C)condyle.
D)crest.
E)ramus.

Question 11

Which of the following is not true of the skeletal system?

A)It interacts with the muscular system to provide movement.
B)It interacts with the lymphatic system to regulate calcium levels.
C)It interacts with the nervous system by providing protection to the spinal cord.
D)It interacts with the cardiovascular system by providing blood cells.
E)It interacts with the digestive system by absorbing more calcium when needed.

Question 12

Small,oddly shaped bones that fill gaps between bones of the skull are called ________ bones.

A)irregular
B)sesamoid
C)sutural
D)sagittal
E)tendon

Question 13

Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?

A)body support
B)calcium homeostasis
C)protection of internal organs
D)blood cell production
E)temperature regulation

Question 14

A rib is an example of a ________ bone.

A)long
B)short
C)flat
D)sutural
E)sesamoid

Question 15

A ________ is a smooth,grooved bone process shaped like a pulley.

A)tuberosity
B)fossa
C)trochanter
D)trochlea
E)meatus

Question 16

Which of the following bones is classified as "irregular" in shape?

A)patella
B)frontal
C)vertebra
D)metatarsal
E)ulna

Question 17

Which of the following are not components of the skeletal system?

A)tendons
B)bones
C)ligaments
D)cartilages

Question 18

The humerus is an example of a(n)________ bone.

A)long
B)short
C)flat
D)irregular
E)sesamoid

Question 19

A shallow depression on a bone is termed a

A)fossa.
B)sulcus.
C)facet.
D)fissure.
E)line.

Question 20

The carpal bones are examples of ________ bones.

A)long
B)short
C)flat
D)irregular
E)sesamoid

Question 21

The shaft of a long bone is called the

A)epiphysis.
B)diaphysis.
C)epiphyseal plate.
D)metaphysis.
E)lamella.

Question 22

The medullary cavity of bones contains

A)compact bone.
B)osteons.
C)cartilage.
D)marrow.
E)periosteum.

Question 23

Through the action of osteoclasts,

A)new bone is formed.
B)an organic framework is formed.
C)bony matrix is dissolved.
D)osteoid is calcified.
E)fractured bones regenerate.

Question 24

The region of a long bone between the end and the shaft is known as the

A)diaphysis.
B)epiphysis.
C)osseophysis.
D)metaphysis.
E)medullary cavity.

Question 25

The space occupied by an osteocyte is called a

A)Volkmann's canal.
B)lacuna.
C)trabecula.
D)Haversian canal.
E)Venetian canal.

Question 26

The lacunae of osseous tissue contain

A)blood cells.
B)osteocytes.
C)chondroblasts.
D)bone marrow.
E)capillaries.

Question 27

The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are called

A)central canals.
B)lacunae.
C)canaliculi.
D)medullary cavities.
E)foramina.

Question 28

Fat is stored within the

A)medullary cavity.
B)metaphysis.
C)spongy bone.
D)epiphysis.
E)diaphysis.

Question 29

The opening in the diaphysis through which blood vessels provide oxygen to osteons is named the ________ foramen.

A)metaphyseal
B)medullary
C)epiphyseal
D)nutrient
E)articular

Question 30

Which of the following is not present in bone?

A)calcium phosphate
B)collagen fibers
C)calcium carbonate
D)chondroitin sulfate
E)hydroxyapatite

Question 31

Bone is composed of ________ percent cells.

A)25
B)10
C)2
D)15
E)50

Question 32

The adult skeleton contains ________ major bones.

A)114
B)167
C)206
D)276
E)311

Question 33

________ are stem cells that develop into osteoblasts.

A)Osteoclasts
B)Osteocytes
C)Osteomedullary cells
D)Osteogenic cells
E)Squamous osteons

Question 34

A prominent ridge,as seen on the pelvis,is a

A)crest.
B)fossa.
C)line.
D)spine.
E)ramus.

Question 35

The articular cartilage of a typical long bone covers portions of what part of the bone?

A)metaphysis
B)diaphysis
C)epiphysis
D)nutrient foramen
E)medullary cavity

Question 36

Cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called

A)osteocytes.
B)osteoprogenitor cells.
C)osteoblasts.
D)osteoclasts.
E)chondrocytes.

Question 37

________ accounts for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone.

A)Water
B)Calcium carbonate
C)Collagen fibers
D)Fluoride
E)Calcium phosphate

Question 38

Which of the following best matches osteocyte?

A)stem cell
B)dissolves matrix
C)mature bone cell
D)secretes organic matrix
E)produce blood cells

Question 39

The narrow region between the head and diaphysis of a long bone is called the

A)canal.
B)sulcus.
C)trochlea.
D)ramus.
E)neck.

Question 40

________ prevents damaging bone-to-bone contact within movable joints.

A)Yellow bone marrow
B)Articular cartilage
C)Red bone marrow
D)Spongy bone
E)The medullary cavity

Question 41

The interconnecting struts and plates found in spongy bone are called

A)osteons.
B)trabeculae.
C)concentric lamellae.
D)interstitial lamellae.
E)lacunae.

Question 42

The trabeculae of spongy bone

A)are organized parallel to the long axis of the bone.
B)are organized along stress lines.
C)are composed mostly of cartilage.
D)will collapse under stress.
E)are concentrated in the cortex of the diaphysis.

Question 43

The most abundant cell type in bone is

A)osteoclasts.
B)osteoblasts.
C)osteolytes.
D)osteogenic cells.
E)osteocytes.

Question 44

________ free calcium from bone to maintain blood calcium levels.

A)Osteoblasts
B)Osteocytes
C)Osteogenic cells
D)Osteoclasts

Question 45

The structural units of mature compact bone are called

A)lacunae.
B)osteocytes.
C)osteons.
D)canaliculi.
E)lamellae.

Question 46

The type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from many directions is ________ bone.

A)spongy
B)trabeculae
C)compact
D)lamellar
E)irregular

Question 47

How would denaturing collagen from the bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone?

A)The bone would be less flexible.
B)The bone would be stronger.
C)The bone would be more brittle.
D)The bone would be more flexible.
E)The bone would be less compressible.

Question 48

The femur can withstand ________ times the body's weight without breaking.

A)3
B)5 to 10
C)8
D)10 to 15
E)30

Question 49

________ are stronger than steel when stretched.

A)Lamellae
B)Collagen fibers
C)Mesenchymal cells
D)Hydroxyapatite cells
E)Lacunae

Question 50

________ is the organic component of the matrix in developing or repairing bone.

A)Collagen
B)Hydroxyapatite
C)Lamella
D)Osteocyte
E)Osteoid

Question 51

________ cells,which differentiate into osteoblasts,are located in the endosteum and inner cellular layer of the periosteum.

A)Osteocyte
B)Osteoclast
C)Osteoid
D)Osteogenic
E)Osteoblast

Question 52

In relationship to the diaphysis of a long bone,the osteons are

A)radial.
B)anterior.
C)parallel.
D)proximal.
E)diagonal.

Question 53

In compact bone,the osteons are

A)arranged in concentric lamellae.
B)lined up perpendicular to the long axis.
C)arranged in an irregular pattern.
D)separated by medullary spaces.
E)lacking in the diaphysis.

Question 54

In bone,the calcium phosphate forms crystals of

A)calcium carbonate.
B)hydroxyapatite.
C)calcium apatite.
D)carbonite.
E)osteocyte.

Question 55

Stem cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts are important in

A)osteogenesis.
B)bone resorption.
C)releasing hydrochloric acid.
D)derived from macrophages.
E)releasing hydroxyapatite.

Question 56

________ bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and reduces the load on muscles.

A)Short
B)Irregular
C)Spongy
D)Compact
E)Long

Question 57

The ________ interactions allow bone to be strong,somewhat flexible,and highly resistant to shattering.

A)collagen-fiber
B)protein-crystal
C)mineral-crystal
D)protein-protein
E)hydroxyapatite-crystal

Question 58

________ bone does not contain capillaries,but receives nutrients through its canaliculi.

A)Lamellar
B)Osteonic
C)Woven
D)Compact
E)Spongy

Question 59

The central canal of an osteon contains

A)bone marrow.
B)osteocytes.
C)concentric lamellae.
D)blood vessels.
E)lacunae.

Question 60

Which of the following is not a characteristic of compact bone?

A)The matrix of the bone is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts.
B)The matrix of the bone contains osteocytes.
C)Narrow channels pass through the matrix to allow for an exchange of nutrients.
D)It is the site of hematopoiesis.
E)It contains osteons.

Question 61

The lining of the medullary cavity is called the

A)endosteum.
B)periosteum.
C)epimysium.
D)perimysium.
E)perichondrium.

Question 62

What structure allows a bone to grow in length?

A)lacunae
B)epiphyseal cartilages
C)periosteal bud
D)metaphysis
E)trabeculae

Question 63

During the process of ________,an existing tissue is replaced by bone.

A)osteolysis
B)ossification
C)appositional growth
D)deposition
E)perforation

Question 64

Secondary ossification centers occur in

A)the diaphysis.
B)the periosteum.
C)the epiphyses.
D)the metaphyses.
E)dermal bones.

Question 65

Figure 6-1
Which structure is termed a central canal?

A)1
B)2
C)6
D)7
E)8

Question 66

Figure 6-1

-Where would osteoclasts be most active?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 67

Osteocytes are embedded in a dense matrix of hydroxyapatite.Which of the following describes how osteocytes receive nutrients?

A)by osmosis from neighboring osteocytes.
B)by diffusion from neighboring osteoblasts cells traveling through lamellae.
C)by diffusion from nutrients released from vessels in the central canal that travel through canaliculi.
D)by diffusion from nutrients released from vessels in the central canal that travel through perforating canals.
E)by diffusion directly from nutrients stored in the periosteum.

Question 68

Cells that are found in small depressions on the endosteal surfaces are the

A)osteoblasts.
B)osteocytes.
C)osteoid.
D)osteogenic cells.
E)osteoclasts.

Question 69

During appositional growth,

A)bones grow longer.
B)bones grow wider.
C)bone is replaced by cartilage.
D)the epiphysis fuses with the diaphysis.
E)osteoblasts are overwhelmed by osteocytes.

Question 70

Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n)

A)fibrous connective-tissue model.
B)cartilage model.
C)membranous model.
D)calcified model.
E)osteoblasts model.

Question 71

Blood is distributed from the surface of a bone to deeper central canals through channels known as

A)perforating canals.
B)concentric lamellae.
C)osteons.
D)lamellae.
E)trabeculae.

Question 72

The following are important steps in the process of endochondral ossification. 1.Blood vessels grow around the edges of the cartilage and perichondrium differentiates into osteoblasts.
2)Capillaries and osteoblasts migrate to the epithyses forming the secondary ossification centers.
3)Chondrocytes enlarge and the surrounding matrix begins to calcify.
4)Remodeling continues and the shaft becomes thicker.
5)Blood vessels penetrate the cartilage and invade the central region forming the primary ossification center.
What is the correct order for these events?

A)3,1,5,4,2
B)1,3,5,4,2
C)1,5,3,4,2
D)2,3,1,5,4
E)3,1,4,5,2

Question 73

Figure 6-1

-What are the structures labeled "4"?

A)concentric lamellae
B)perforating canals
C)interstitial lamellae
D)trabeculae
E)periosteum

Question 74

Figure 6-1
Which structure is characteristic of spongy bone?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 75

When estrogen is increased in females at puberty,epiphyseal plates

A)widen.
B)become narrower.
C)increase slowly.
D)accelerate rapidly,but mostly in thickness.
E)are hardly affected.

Question 76

When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone,

A)puberty begins.
B)interstitial bone growth begins.
C)appositional bone growth begins.
D)long bones have reached their adult length.
E)the bone becomes more brittle.

Question 77

When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side,bones

A)grow longer.
B)grow wider.
C)become shorter.
D)become more porous and weaker.
E)become thicker.

Question 78

Figure 6-2
Where does endochondral lengthening occur?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 79

Figure 6-1

-The structures labeled "3" are the result of which process?

A)bone cells adding matrix between existing osteons
B)surface growth of bone
C)recycling of compact bone
D)recycling of spongy bone
E)osteoporosis

Question 80

In appositional growth,successive layers of what structure are added to the outer surface of the bone?

A)osteons
B)perforating fibers
C)osteoclastic crypts
D)circumferential lamellae
E)None of the answers is correct.