Deck 23: Metabolism, nutrition, and Energetics

Question 1

The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during

A)glycolysis.
B)the citric acid cycle.
C)electron transport.
D)the formation of pyruvic acid.
E)the formation of water.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In oxidative phosphorylation,energy for the synthesis of ATP is directly obtained from the

A)splitting of oxygen molecules.
B)breaking of the covalent bonds in glucose.
C)movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
D)combination of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen to form water.
E)oxidation of acetyl-CoA.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Figure 23-1
Identify the molecule labeled "5."

A)fumaric acid
B)citric acid
C)4-carbon molecule
D)malic acid
E)oxaloacetic acid

Answer 3

B

Question 4

________ creates 90 percent of the ATP normally generated.

A)Lipogenesis
B)The electron transport system
C)Oxidative phosphorylation
D)Glycolysis
E)Transamination

Question 5

Figure 23-1
Identify the molecule labeled "2."

A)hydrogen atoms
B)citric acid
C)NAD
D)carbon dioxide
E)FADH2

Question 6

The major job of coenzymes in oxidative phosphorylation includes all of the following except

A)release of hydrogen ions.
B)ionization of hydrogen atoms.
C)release of electrons to the first cytochrome of the electron transport chain.
D)the breaking of carbon-carbon covalent bonds.
E)None of the answers is correct.

Question 7

Glycolytic breakdown of glucose first results in ________ molecules.

A)2 pyruvate
B)4 NADH
C)4 ATP
D)2 CO₂
E)2 H₂O

Question 8

All of the following is true of the electron transport system except

A)receives electrons from coenzymes.
B)produces energy that supports the synthesis of ATP.
C)is found on the inner mitochondrial membrane (the cristae).
D)is found on the outer mitochondrial membrane.
E)electrons are eventually accepted by oxygen with the formation of water.

Question 9

Figure 23-1
Identify the substance labeled "4."

A)hydrogen atom
B)citric acid
C)4-carbon molecule
D)NADH
E)FADH2

Question 10

In the ETS,________ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another.

A)a hydrogen ion
B)water
C)the acetyl group
D)ATP
E)a coenzyme or a cytochrome

Question 11

Which of the following body systems is not involved in capturing or creating energy that is used to maintain one's metabolism?

A)digestive
B)lymphatic
C)integumentary
D)cardiovascular
E)muscular

Question 12

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called

A)glycolysis.
B)oxidative phosphorylation.
C)catabolism.
D)anabolism.
E)metabolism.

Question 13

What is a nutrient pool?

A)a general term for vitamins and minerals together
B)the metabolic reserves of the body as a whole
C)the region in the mitochondria where hydrogen atoms are removed from organic molecules
D)an accessible source of substrates for a cell
E)an alternative term for a bolus of food in the digestive system

Question 14

Poisons like cyanide bind to ________ and prevent electron transfer.

A)enzymes
B)the endoplasmic reticulum
C)acetyl-CoA
D)cytochromes
E)mitochondria

Question 15

The function of the citric acid cycle is to

A)remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.
B)transfer the acetyl group.
C)hydrolyze glucose.
D)produce carbon dioxide.
E)produce water.

Question 16

Cells perform catabolism to generate ATP,which can be used for all of the following except

A)muscle contraction.
B)ion transport.
C)protein synthesis.
D)glycogen synthesis.
E)diffusion.

Question 17

Metabolism can be defined as

A)anabolism - catabolism.
B)catabolism - anabolism.
C)anabolism + catabolism.
D)anabolism + heat.
E)heat - catabolism.

Question 18

The citric acid cycle

A)begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid.
B)directly produces most of the ATP from the catabolism of glucose.
C)consumes two moles of carbon dioxide.
D)contains enzymes called cytochromes.
E)forms acetyl-CoA from glucose-6-phosphate.

Question 19

Cells do not synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons?

A)structural maintenance
B)growth and repair
C)production of secretions
D)creation of essential amino acids
E)regulation of homeostasis

Question 20

Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.

A)cytoplasm
B)the plasma membrane
C)the mitochondria
D)the endoplasmic reticulum
E)the nucleus

Question 21

In the process of digestion,most nutrient absorption takes place in the

A)small intestine.
B)stomach.
C)large intestine.
D)duodenum.
E)liver.

Question 22

Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle,________ yields energy the quickest.

A)glycogen
B)glucose
C)protein
D)fat
E)All of the answers yield energy at the same rate.

Question 23

Which step of glucose metabolism yields the greater amount of ATP?

A)glycolysis
B)electron transport system
C)citric acid cycle
D)glycolysis + citric acid cycle
E)None of the answers is correct.

Question 24

The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces

A)ketone bodies.
B)urea.
C)nitrate.
D)acetyl-CoA.
E)water.

Question 25

In transamination,the amino group of an amino acid is ________,yielding a different amino acid.

A)converted to ammonia
B)converted to urea
C)transferred to another molecule
D)absorbed by water
E)transferred to acetyl-CoA

Question 26

Glycolysis breaks down glucose into what?

A)citric acid
B)NAD•H
C)glutaraldehyde
D)pyruvate
E)phosphate

Question 27

The process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrates is called

A)glycogenolysis.
B)glycogenesis.
C)glycolysis.
D)gluconeogenesis.
E)glucose reclamation.

Question 28

All of the following are true of beta-oxidation except that

A)it occurs in the mitochondria.
B)fatty acids break down into acetyl-CoA that enter the citric acid cycle.
C)lipids are converted into glycogen molecules.
D)it requires coenzyme A,NAD,and FAD.
E)it ultimately yields large amounts of ATP.

Question 29

________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.

A)Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
B)Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
C)Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs)
D)High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
E)Very-high-density lipoproteins (VHDLs)

Question 30

The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are the

A)high-density lipoproteins (HDLs).
B)very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs).
C)low-density lipoproteins (LDLs).
D)chylomicrons.
E)None of the answers is correct.

Question 31

The largest lipoproteins,________,are produced by intestinal epithelial cells from the fats in food.

A)very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
B)low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
C)intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs)
D)high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
E)chylomicrons

Question 32

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are

A)carbohydrates.
B)proteins.
C)lipids.
D)nucleic acids.
E)vitamins.

Question 33

Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called

A)water-soluble vitamins.
B)essential fatty acids.
C)high-density lipoproteins.
D)low-density lipoproteins.
E)chylomicrons.

Question 34

Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are examples of

A)transport proteins.
B)lipoproteins.
C)essential fatty acids.
D)essential amino acids.
E)non-essential amino acids

Question 35

Lipogenesis generally begins with

A)glucose.
B)amino acids.
C)fatty acids.
D)acetyl-CoA.
E)succinyl-CoA.

Question 36

During lipolysis,

A)triglycerides are converted into molecules of acetyl-CoA.
B)triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.
C)lipids are converted into glucose molecules.
D)lipids are formed from excess carbohydrates.
E)lipids are metabolized to yield ATP.

Question 37

All of the following are reasons why glucose is the primary energy source for cells except

A)glucose is a small,soluble molecule.
B)glycogen breakdown occurs very slowly.
C)glucose can be stored efficiently.
D)glycogen breakdown involves only a single enzymatic step.
E)glycolysis does not require oxygen to generate ATP.

Question 38

How are most nutrients absorbed in the digestive tract eventually transported out of the digestive system?

A)via the hepatobiliary duct
B)through the aorta
C)through the hepatic portal vein
D)via pulmonary arteries
E)via the pyloric valve

Question 39

Which of the following is not true of lipoprotein lipase?

A)interferes with triglyceride utilization.
B)prolongs the circulation time of chylomicrons.
C)found in capillary walls.
D)decreases the breakdown of fatty acids.
E)increases release of monoglycerides.

Question 40

The process that catalyzes fatty acids using enzymes that generate acetyl-CoA is called

A)lipolysis.
B)lipogenesis.
C)emulsification
D)oxidative phosphorylation.
E)beta-oxidation.

Question 41

The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is

A)pantothenic acid.
B)pyridoxine (B6).
C)folic acid (folate).
D)vitamin C.
E)vitamin K.

Question 42

A vitamin obtained from meat that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is

A)pyridoxine (B6).
B)pantothenic acid.
C)riboflavin.
D)folic acid (folate).
E)niacin.

Question 43

Of the 20 amino acids,________ are essential amino acids that the body either cannot synthesize or that cannot be produced in amounts sufficient for growing children.

A)2
B)6
C)8
D)10
E)20

Question 44

The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin

A)A)
B)B)
C)C)
D)E)
E)K)

Question 45

Urea is formed in the

A)liver.
B)stomach.
C)kidneys.
D)small intestine.
E)large intestine.

Question 46

Wally decides to go on a hunger strike to further one of his favorite causes.After many days with nothing but water you would expect to observe

A)elevated levels of glucocorticoids.
B)ketone bodies in his urine.
C)lowered blood pH.
D)All of the answers are correct.
E)None of the answers is correct.

Question 47

The vitamin that is part of coenzymes in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle is

A)thiamine.
B)riboflavin.
C)niacin.
D)folic acid (folate).
E)cobalamin.

Question 48

All of the following occur during the postabsorptive state except that

A)glycogen is broken down into glucose in the liver.
B)levels of blood glucose are elevated.
C)ketone bodies may be formed.
D)lipid mobilization occurs.
E)gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver.

Question 49

A disorder caused by the ingestion of excessive quantities of a fat-soluble vitamin is known as

A)hypovitaminosis.
B)Kwashiorkor.
C)avitaminosis.
D)carbohydrate loading.
E)hypervitaminosis.

Question 50

The vitamin that prevents breakdown of vitamin A and fatty acids is vitamin

A)A)
B)B)
C)C)
D)D)
E)E)

Question 51

The vitamin whose deficiency causes beriberi is

A)thiamine.
B)riboflavin.
C)niacin.
D)folic acid (folate).
E)cobalamin.

Question 52

During the postabsorptive state,which of the following enhances the effects of glucocorticoids?

A)insulin
B)growth hormone
C)glucagon
D)epinephrine
E)androgens

Question 53

A deficiency in vitamin D would result in which of the following disorders?

A)scurvy
B)night blindness
C)rickets
D)pernicious anemia
E)pellagra

Question 54

The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin

A)A)
B)B)
C)C)
D)D)
E)E)

Question 55

The food pyramid recommends many servings a day of dark-green and orange vegetables and citrus fruits.Which vitamin is not particularly abundant in these food groups?

A)A
B)C
C)D
D)E
E)All of the answers are correct; folic acid

Question 56

Deficiency in what vitamin can result in a condition called scurvy?

A)A
B)C
C)B1
D)B12
E)D

Question 57

All of the following take place during the absorptive state except

A)ketone bodies begin to form.
B)blood glucose levels rise.
C)estrogen promotes protein synthesis.
D)insulin stimulates triglycerides.
E)aerobic metabolism provides increased synthesis of blood lipid levels.

Question 58

The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin

A)A)
B)B)
C)C)
D)D)
E)E)

Question 59

Glucocorticoids have which of the following effects on general peripheral tissues?

A)They increase the conversion of amino acids to pyruvate.
B)They increase gluconeogenesis.
C)They increase glycogenolysis.
D)All of the answers are correct.
E)None of the answers is correct.

Question 60

When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands,it is in the ________ state.

A)postabsorptive
B)absorptive
C)starvation
D)deprivation
E)preabsorptive

Question 61

Homeostatic control of body temperature is termed

A)thermic monitoring.
B)energetics.
C)homeostasis.
D)basal metabolic rate.
E)thermoregulation.

Question 62

On a hot August day at the beach,the lifeguard jumped up and ran into the water,throwing a life-buoy to a troubled swimmer calling for help,and pulling her to safety.He was happy to help the swimmer,and once back on the beach,he realized that being in the water cooled him off a great deal.What form of heat transfer contributed to his feeling cooler?

A)convection
B)radiation
C)conduction
D)evaporation

Question 63

Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of

A)vitamin A.
B)vitamin B₁₂.
C)vitamin C.
D)niacin.
E)riboflavin.

Question 64

At the Holy Frijoles restaurant,you order a burrito grande with extra sour cream and cheese and an order of tortilla chips with guacamole.You're very satisfied with your meal-it's a lot of food-and as you finish off the last of the chips,the satiety center in your ________ starts letting you know that you've had enough to eat now.

A)cerebellum
B)pons
C)mid-brain
D)hypothalamus
E)medulla oblongata

Question 65

Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual.

A)5
B)10
C)15
D)20
E)30

Question 66

Of all the energy released in catabolism,about ________ percent is lost as heat warms the surrounding tissues.

A)10
B)20
C)40
D)60
E)80

Question 67

A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl)can lead to the painful condition known as

A)gout.
B)rheumatoid arthritis.
C)anorexia nervosa.
D)lupus.
E)None of the answers is correct.

Question 68

A balanced diet would include all of the following,except

A)adequate substrates for the production of energy.
B)essential amino acids and fatty acids.
C)adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals.
D)both fat soluble and fat insoluble vitamins.
E)enough calories to produce 100 million trillion ATPs.

Question 69

The USDA has an interactive food recommendation program online,called

A)Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
B)the Mediterranean Diet.
C)MyPyramid.
D)the DASH diet.
E)ChooseMyPlate.

Question 70

The hormone ________,which suppresses appetite and stimulates satiety,is released by adipose tissue.

A)ghrelin
B)leptin
C)neuropeptide Y
D)insulin
E)estrogen

Question 71

A(n)________ is deficient in one or more of the essential amino acids.

A)complete protein
B)incomplete protein
C)water-soluble vitamin
D)fat-soluble vitamin

Question 72

________ is an unhealthy state resulting from inadequate intake of one or more nutrients that becomes life-threatening as the deficiencies accumulate.

A)Anorexia
B)Malnutrition
C)Bulimia
D)Protein deficiency disease
E)Kwashiorkor

Question 73

A(n)________ contains all of the essential amino acids.

A)carbohydrate
B)water-soluble vitamin
C)fat-soluble vitamin
D)complete protein
E)essential fatty acid

Question 74

Pellagra,an epithelial and mucosal deterioration,results from a deficiency in

A)vitamin B₂ (riboflavin).
B)vitamin B₃ (niacin).
C)vitamin B₉ (folic acid).
D)vitamin D.
E)vitamin K.

Question 75

It's been 5 hours since you had breakfast and now you're thinking about trying the new Mexican lunch place that just opened up across the street.The more you think about it,the hungrier you get.Your increased hunger is the result of the ________ that your empty stomach is releasing into your bloodstream.

A)cholecystokinin (CCK)
B)leptin
C)ghrelin
D)pepsin
E)insulin

Question 76

Excessive amounts of vitamin E can lead to

A)rickets.
B)blurred vision.
C)bleeding disorders.
D)liver damage.
E)itching.

Question 77

The minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake,alert person is called

A)body mass index rate.
B)homeostasis.
C)steady state.
D)basal metabolic rate.
E)stasis.

Question 78

Vitamin B₂ is

A)folate.
B)thiamin.
C)riboflavin.
D)retinol.
E)ascorbic acid.

Question 79

Resting energy expenditure is most directly determined by monitoring

A)heart rate.
B)respiration.
C)body temperature.
D)blood pressure.
E)body weight.

Question 80

The energy content of foods is commonly given in units of

A)ATP units.
B)carbohydrate.
C)grams (also,g,or gms).
D)kilocalories (also,kcal or Cal).
E)degrees Celsius.