Deck 28: Diversity of Animals 2: Deuterostomes: Vertebrates and Their Closest Relatives

Question 1

Which lineage of Echinoderms is made up of about 600 living species of sea lilies and feather stars?

A)Asteroidea
B)Crinoidea
C)Holothuroidea
D)Ophiuroidea

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which subphylum includes the sea squirts?

A)Cephalochordata
B)Urochordata
C)Petromyzontoidea
D)Placodermi

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which term refers to a small muscular bulb in the sea star's foot that contracts and forces fluid into the tube foot?

A)ossicle
B)radial canal
C)ring canal
D)ampulla

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which lineage of Echinoderms is made up of about 1500 species of sea cucumbers, which are elongated along their oral-aboral axis?

A)Crinoidea
B)Holothuroidea
C)Echinoidea
D)Asteroidea

Question 5

Which lineage of Echinoderms is made up of about 2000 species of brittle stars and basket stars, each with elongated, slender, somewhat snakelike arms surrounding a well-defined central disk?

A)Ophiuroidea
B)Echinoidea
C)Holothuroidea
D)Crinoidea

Question 6

Which phylum has a unique water vascular system that usually includes tube feet that can be used for movement?

A)Echinodermata
B)Hemichordata
C)Chordata
D)Cnidaria

Question 7

What is the name of the mesoderm-derived, calcium-stiffened structures that comprise the internal skeleton of echinoderms?

A)ampullae
B)ossicles
C)madreporites
D)radial canals

Question 8

Members of which phylum are called acorn worms?

A)Hemichordata
B)Echinodermata
C)Arthropoda
D)Cnidaria

Question 9

Which phylum includes members that have, at some point during their development, a hollow dorsal nerve cord?

A)Hemichordata
B)Arthropoda
C)Cnidaria
D)Chordata

Question 10

Which cells are unique to vertebrates?

A)pharyngeal cells
B)neural crest cells
C)notochordal cells
D)oral hood cells

Question 11

What is the structure through which water enters the water vascular system of a sea star?

A)ampulla
B)radial canal
C)madreporite
D)ring canal

Question 12

What forms the skeleton of invertebrate chordates?

A)the pharynx
B)the oral hood
C)the notochord
D)the neural crest

Question 13

Which phylum includes members that have bilaterally symmetrical larvae but exhibit secondary radial symmetry as adults, usually organized around five rays, or "arms"?

A)Chordata
B)Arthropoda
C)Echinodermata
D)Cnidaria

Question 14

Which of the following lineages contains all of the other lineages in the list?

A)Tetrapoda
B)Amniota
C)Gnathostomata
D)Vertebrata

Question 15

What part of the chordate digestive system is positioned just posterior to the mouth?

A)the pharynx
B)the notochord
C)the cranium
D)the oral hood

Question 16

Which of the following morphological innovations is found in the ancestor that led to vertebrates?

A)the notochord
B)vertebrae
C)bone
D)neural crest cells

Question 17

Which lineage of Echinoderms is made up of about 1500 species of sea stars, each with a central disk surrounded by 5 to 20 "arms"?

A)Ophiuroidea
B)Asteroidea
C)Crinoidea
D)Echinoidea

Question 18

Which of the following surrounds and protects the brain in all vertebrates?

A)the oral hood
B)the notochord
C)the cranium
D)the pharynx

Question 19

Which lineage includes members called lancelets?

A)Cephalochordata
B)Placodermi
C)Myxinoidea
D)Urochordata

Question 20

Which lineage of Echinoderms is made up of about 950 species of sea urchins and sand dollars, which have their ossicles fused into solid tests that restrict flexibility but provide excellent protection?

A)Holothuroidea
B)Crinoidea
C)Asteroidea
D)Echinoidea

Question 21

Which lineage do frogs and toads belong to?

A)Anura
B)Gymnophiona
C)Aves
D)Squamata

Question 22

Which lineage includes the fleshy-finned fishes, with fins supported by muscles and an internal bony skeleton?

A)Sarcopterygii
B)Petromyzontoidea
C)Myxinoidea
D)Actinopterygii

Question 23

Which of these structures is a covering for the gill chamber in ray-finned fishes?

A)a spiral valve
B)a lateral line system
C)an operculum
D)a swim bladder

Question 24

Which lineage includes living members associated with adaptations such as squalene, spiral valve, electroreceptors, lateral line system, and claspers?

A)Actinopterygii
B)Petromyzontoidea
C)Chondrichthyes
D)Sarcopterygii

Question 25

Which lineage has the largest number of Hox genes when all Hox gene clusters are taken into account?

A)the vertebrates
B)the cephalochordates
C)the arthropods
D)the cnidarians

Question 26

Which lineage is now extinct, but appears in the fossil record from the Ordovician period through to the Devonian period?

A)conodonts
B)acanthodians
C)ostracoderms
D)placoderms

Question 27

Which of the following distinguish gnathostomes from other chordate lineages?

A)operculums
B)jaws
C)claspers
D)bony scales

Question 28

According to the fossil record, which of the following jawed fishes diversified in the Devonian and Carboniferous periods, but left no direct descendants?

A)placoderms
B)ostracoderms
C)osteolepiforms
D)conodonts

Question 29

Which jawless fishes are considered to be the earliest vertebrates with bonelike structures?

A)osteolepiforms
B)ostracoderms
C)conodonts
D)acanthodians

Question 30

Which lineage includes two species of coelacanths and six species of lungfish among its living members?

A)Actinopterygii
B)Myxinoidea
C)Petromyzontoidea
D)Sarcopterygii

Question 31

Which lineage includes living members that are jawless vertebrates called hagfishes?

A)Myxinoidea
B)Urochordata
C)Cephalochordata
D)Petromyzontoidea

Question 32

Which lineage includes living members that are sharks, skates, and rays?

A)Sarcopterygii
B)Actinopterygii
C)Petromyzontoidea
D)Chondrichthyes

Question 33

Which group includes the lineages Anura, Urodela, and Gymnophiona?

A)Squamata
B)Testudines
C)Archosauromorpha
D)Amphibia

Question 34

What are the tympanum and stapes in tetrapods used for?

A)smelling
B)heat sensing
C)tasting
D)hearing

Question 35

Which of the following represents an extinct lineage of jawed fishes that are also called spiny sharks?

A)placoderms
B)ostracoderms
C)acanthodians
D)conodonts

Question 36

Which lineage includes living members that are the ray-finned fishes, with fins supported by thin and flexible bony rays?

A)Actinopterygii
B)Sarcopterygii
C)Petromyzontoidea
D)Chondrichthyes

Question 37

Which structure is derived from an ancestral air-breathing lung in ray-finned fishes and is used to increase buoyancy?

A)spiral valve
B)operculum
C)atrium
D)swim bladder

Question 38

Which lineage shared several derived traits-such as the shapes and positions of bones in their appendages-with early tetrapods, and apparently gave rise to the tetrapods?

A)osteolepiforms
B)acanthodians
C)ostracoderms
D)conodonts

Question 39

Which lineage includes living members that are jawless vertebrates called lampreys, which are mostly parasitic as adults?

A)Urochordata
B)Cephalochordata
C)Petromyzontoidea
D)Placodermi

Question 40

Which of the following was an early tetrapod that differed from fishes in part by having a neck, and for which nearly complete skeletal data are available from fossils?

A)Anolis
B)Dunkleosteus
C)Archaeopteryx
D)Ichthyostega

Question 41

Along with lipids, what is the skin of amniotes filled with to help prevent water loss?

A)bone
B)keratin
C)collagen
D)albumin

Question 42

Lizards and snakes are living representatives of which lineage?

A)lepidosaurs
B)anapsids
C)archosaurs
D)synapsids

Question 43

In the diagram, what is the item labelled number 4?

A)the amnion
B)the albumin
C)the allantois
D)the chorion

Question 44

In the diagram, what is the item labelled number 3?

A)the albumin
B)the yolk sac
C)the amnion
D)the chorion

Question 45

Turtles are members of which lineage?

A)Sphenodontia
B)Squamata
C)Testudines
D)Archosauromorpha

Question 46

Which of the following is a typical source of nutrients and water for developing amniote embryos?

A)collagen
B)bone
C)albumin
D)squalene

Question 47

In some amniotes, which of the following is a waste product of nitrogen metabolism that is low enough in toxicity that it can be excreted as a semisolid paste, thus reducing water loss?

A)uric acid
B)nitric oxide
C)ammonium
D)squalene

Question 48

In the diagram, what is the item labelled number 1?

A)the albumin
B)the chorion
C)the allantois
D)the amnion

Question 49

Which lineage do legless caecilians belong to?

A)Gymnophiona
B)Squamata
C)Anura
D)Aves

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of turtles?

A)a carapace
B)jaws
C)teeth
D)a plastron

Question 51

Birds are living representatives of which lineage?

A)lepidosaurs
B)anapsids
C)archosaurs
D)synapsids

Question 52

Mammals are thought to be living descendants of which lineage?

A)lepidosaurs
B)anapsids
C)archosaurs
D)synapsids

Question 53

In the diagram, what is the item labelled number 2?

A)the yolk sac
B)the amnion
C)the albumin
D)the allantois

Question 54

Which lineage do salamanders belong to?

A)Gymnophiona
B)Aves
C)Urodela
D)Anura

Question 55

In the diagram, what is the item labelled number 5?

A)the allantois
B)the chorion
C)the yolk sac
D)the amnion

Question 56

Which lineage includes the tuatara as one of its only two living members?

A)Squamata
B)Testudines
C)Sphenodontia
D)Amphibia

Question 57

Based on our modern understanding of physiology, DNA sequences, and the fossil record, which animal are most closely related to crocodiles?

A)birds
B)fleshy-finned fishes
C)lizards
D)snakes

Question 58

Which lineage includes lizards and snakes?

A)Sphenodontia
B)Squamata
C)Testudines
D)Archosauromorpha

Question 59

Turtles are thought to be living representatives of which lineage?

A)anapsids
B)archosaurs
C)synapsids
D)lepidosaurs

Question 60

Crocodiles are living representatives of which lineage?

A)archosaurs
B)lepidosaurs
C)synapsids
D)anapsids

Question 61

Match each group of organisms with its lineage. Each lineage will be used only once.a.Petromyzontoidea
b.Amphibia
c.Crinoidea
d.Metatheria
e.Chondrichthyes
f.Actinopterygii
g.Urochordata
h.Aves
i.Myxinoidea
j.Holothuroidea
k.Cephalochordata
l.Eutheria
m.Ophiuroidea
n.Testudines
o.Squamata
p.Asteroidea
q.Prototheria
r.Echinoidea
s.Hemichordata
gars, bowfins, sturgeons, and paddlefish

Question 62

Match each group of organisms with its lineage. Each lineage will be used only once.a.Petromyzontoidea
b.Amphibia
c.Crinoidea
d.Metatheria
e.Chondrichthyes
f.Actinopterygii
g.Urochordata
h.Aves
i.Myxinoidea
j.Holothuroidea
k.Cephalochordata
l.Eutheria
m.Ophiuroidea
n.Testudines
o.Squamata
p.Asteroidea
q.Prototheria
r.Echinoidea
s.Hemichordata
hagfishes

Question 63

Match each group of organisms with its lineage. Each lineage will be used only once.a.Petromyzontoidea
b.Amphibia
c.Crinoidea
d.Metatheria
e.Chondrichthyes
f.Actinopterygii
g.Urochordata
h.Aves
i.Myxinoidea
j.Holothuroidea
k.Cephalochordata
l.Eutheria
m.Ophiuroidea
n.Testudines
o.Squamata
p.Asteroidea
q.Prototheria
r.Echinoidea
s.Hemichordata
humans

Question 64

Match each group of organisms with its lineage. Each lineage will be used only once.a.Petromyzontoidea
b.Amphibia
c.Crinoidea
d.Metatheria
e.Chondrichthyes
f.Actinopterygii
g.Urochordata
h.Aves
i.Myxinoidea
j.Holothuroidea
k.Cephalochordata
l.Eutheria
m.Ophiuroidea
n.Testudines
o.Squamata
p.Asteroidea
q.Prototheria
r.Echinoidea
s.Hemichordata
duck-billed platypuses

Question 65

Which term refers to a group that comprises the majority of mammal species living today-which are also known as placental mammals-and includes such diverse species as rodents, bats, whales, and primates?

A)metatherians
B)anthropoids
C)protherians
D)eutherians

Question 66

Which lineage includes American alligators?

A)Sphenodontia
B)Squamata
C)Amphibia
D)Archosauria

Question 67

Which mammalian lineage has two species of spiny anteaters (echidnas) and the duck-billed platypus as the only known living members?

A)Marsupialia
B)Monotremata
C)Strepsirhini
D)Rodentia

Question 68

Match each group of organisms with its lineage. Each lineage will be used only once.a.Petromyzontoidea
b.Amphibia
c.Crinoidea
d.Metatheria
e.Chondrichthyes
f.Actinopterygii
g.Urochordata
h.Aves
i.Myxinoidea
j.Holothuroidea
k.Cephalochordata
l.Eutheria
m.Ophiuroidea
n.Testudines
o.Squamata
p.Asteroidea
q.Prototheria
r.Echinoidea
s.Hemichordata
kangaroos

Question 69

Match each group of organisms with its lineage. Each lineage will be used only once.a.Petromyzontoidea
b.Amphibia
c.Crinoidea
d.Metatheria
e.Chondrichthyes
f.Actinopterygii
g.Urochordata
h.Aves
i.Myxinoidea
j.Holothuroidea
k.Cephalochordata
l.Eutheria
m.Ophiuroidea
n.Testudines
o.Squamata
p.Asteroidea
q.Prototheria
r.Echinoidea
s.Hemichordata
sea lilies and feather stars

Question 70

Which kind of bird was dominant during the Mesozoic era?

A)enantiornithines
B)passerines
C)neornithes
D)ornithurines

Question 71

Match each group of organisms with its lineage. Each lineage will be used only once.a.Petromyzontoidea
b.Amphibia
c.Crinoidea
d.Metatheria
e.Chondrichthyes
f.Actinopterygii
g.Urochordata
h.Aves
i.Myxinoidea
j.Holothuroidea
k.Cephalochordata
l.Eutheria
m.Ophiuroidea
n.Testudines
o.Squamata
p.Asteroidea
q.Prototheria
r.Echinoidea
s.Hemichordata
brittle stars and basket stars

Question 72

Match each group of organisms with its lineage. Each lineage will be used only once.a.Petromyzontoidea
b.Amphibia
c.Crinoidea
d.Metatheria
e.Chondrichthyes
f.Actinopterygii
g.Urochordata
h.Aves
i.Myxinoidea
j.Holothuroidea
k.Cephalochordata
l.Eutheria
m.Ophiuroidea
n.Testudines
o.Squamata
p.Asteroidea
q.Prototheria
r.Echinoidea
s.Hemichordata
tunicates

Question 73

Match each group of organisms with its lineage. Each lineage will be used only once.a.Petromyzontoidea
b.Amphibia
c.Crinoidea
d.Metatheria
e.Chondrichthyes
f.Actinopterygii
g.Urochordata
h.Aves
i.Myxinoidea
j.Holothuroidea
k.Cephalochordata
l.Eutheria
m.Ophiuroidea
n.Testudines
o.Squamata
p.Asteroidea
q.Prototheria
r.Echinoidea
s.Hemichordata
turtles

Question 74

Which mammalian lineage includes the opossum and the kangaroo among its living members?

A)Marsupialia
B)Haplorhini
C)Rodentia
D)Strepsirhini

Question 75

Which of the following is a unique, derived trait that is present in all birds?

A)ability to fly
B)feathers
C)migration
D)four-chambered heart

Question 76

Which term best explains the notable differences in tooth size and shape for the two evolutionarily related species, the aardwolf and the spotted hyena?

A)convergence
B)development
C)exaptation
D)divergence

Question 77

Match each group of organisms with its lineage. Each lineage will be used only once.a.Petromyzontoidea
b.Amphibia
c.Crinoidea
d.Metatheria
e.Chondrichthyes
f.Actinopterygii
g.Urochordata
h.Aves
i.Myxinoidea
j.Holothuroidea
k.Cephalochordata
l.Eutheria
m.Ophiuroidea
n.Testudines
o.Squamata
p.Asteroidea
q.Prototheria
r.Echinoidea
s.Hemichordata
sea stars

Question 78

Which animal are characterized by a four-chambered heart and hollow, light, limb bones?

A)mammals
B)lizards
C)birds
D)snakes

Question 79

Match each group of organisms with its lineage. Each lineage will be used only once.a.Petromyzontoidea
b.Amphibia
c.Crinoidea
d.Metatheria
e.Chondrichthyes
f.Actinopterygii
g.Urochordata
h.Aves
i.Myxinoidea
j.Holothuroidea
k.Cephalochordata
l.Eutheria
m.Ophiuroidea
n.Testudines
o.Squamata
p.Asteroidea
q.Prototheria
r.Echinoidea
s.Hemichordata
birds

Question 80

Which mammalian lineage includes organisms that lay eggs?

A)Strepsirhini
B)Marsupialia
C)Monotremata
D)Rodentia