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Deck 3: Section 3: Neuroscience and Behavior
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Question
Scenario I
The following scenario is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., and Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
The serotonin transporter gene codes for the serotonin transporter, a protein that transports serotonin from the synapse to the presynaptic neuron. Several polymorphisms of the gene exist, including a "short" (s) and a "long" (l) variation. As humans receive one copy of the gene from each parent, people can be grouped into three groups based on this genetic variation: s/s (two copies of the short gene), s/l, and l/l. Caspi et al. (2003) interviewed participants in each of these groups and asked them a wide range of questions to determine both the degree of exposure to stress and the number of depressive episodes participants had experienced in their lives. Fabricated results consistent with their major findings are shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
(Scenario I) Which statement is NOT true about the relationship between genetic variation and depression under conditions of high stress?
A)Persons in the s/s group were more likely to experience a depressive episode than the other two groups.
B)Persons in the l/l group seem to have been protected from experiencing a depressive episode relative to the other groups.
C)The vulnerability for depression increased with increases in life stress for all groups.
D)A gene × environment interaction was observed.
The following scenario is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., and Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
The serotonin transporter gene codes for the serotonin transporter, a protein that transports serotonin from the synapse to the presynaptic neuron. Several polymorphisms of the gene exist, including a "short" (s) and a "long" (l) variation. As humans receive one copy of the gene from each parent, people can be grouped into three groups based on this genetic variation: s/s (two copies of the short gene), s/l, and l/l. Caspi et al. (2003) interviewed participants in each of these groups and asked them a wide range of questions to determine both the degree of exposure to stress and the number of depressive episodes participants had experienced in their lives. Fabricated results consistent with their major findings are shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
(Scenario I) Which statement is NOT true about the relationship between genetic variation and depression under conditions of high stress?
A)Persons in the s/s group were more likely to experience a depressive episode than the other two groups.
B)Persons in the l/l group seem to have been protected from experiencing a depressive episode relative to the other groups.
C)The vulnerability for depression increased with increases in life stress for all groups.
D)A gene × environment interaction was observed.
Question
Scenario I
The following scenario is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., and Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
The serotonin transporter gene codes for the serotonin transporter, a protein that transports serotonin from the synapse to the presynaptic neuron. Several polymorphisms of the gene exist, including a "short" (s) and a "long" (l) variation. As humans receive one copy of the gene from each parent, people can be grouped into three groups based on this genetic variation: s/s (two copies of the short gene), s/l, and l/l. Caspi et al. (2003) interviewed participants in each of these groups and asked them a wide range of questions to determine both the degree of exposure to stress and the number of depressive episodes participants had experienced in their lives. Fabricated results consistent with their major findings are shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
(Scenario I) Under conditions of low stress:
A)persons in the s/s group were more likely to experience a depressive episode than the other two groups.
B)persons in the l/l group seem to have been protected from experiencing a depressive episode relative to the other groups.
C)none of the groups experienced depressive episodes.
D)depressive episodes were unrelated to genetic group.
The following scenario is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., and Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
The serotonin transporter gene codes for the serotonin transporter, a protein that transports serotonin from the synapse to the presynaptic neuron. Several polymorphisms of the gene exist, including a "short" (s) and a "long" (l) variation. As humans receive one copy of the gene from each parent, people can be grouped into three groups based on this genetic variation: s/s (two copies of the short gene), s/l, and l/l. Caspi et al. (2003) interviewed participants in each of these groups and asked them a wide range of questions to determine both the degree of exposure to stress and the number of depressive episodes participants had experienced in their lives. Fabricated results consistent with their major findings are shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
(Scenario I) Under conditions of low stress:
A)persons in the s/s group were more likely to experience a depressive episode than the other two groups.
B)persons in the l/l group seem to have been protected from experiencing a depressive episode relative to the other groups.
C)none of the groups experienced depressive episodes.
D)depressive episodes were unrelated to genetic group.
Question
Question
Scenario I
The following scenario is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., and Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
The serotonin transporter gene codes for the serotonin transporter, a protein that transports serotonin from the synapse to the presynaptic neuron. Several polymorphisms of the gene exist, including a "short" (s) and a "long" (l) variation. As humans receive one copy of the gene from each parent, people can be grouped into three groups based on this genetic variation: s/s (two copies of the short gene), s/l, and l/l. Caspi et al. (2003) interviewed participants in each of these groups and asked them a wide range of questions to determine both the degree of exposure to stress and the number of depressive episodes participants had experienced in their lives. Fabricated results consistent with their major findings are shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
(Scenario I) The serotonin transporter protein essentially _____ serotonin.
A)recycles
B)releases
C)synthesizes
D)metabolizes
The following scenario is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., and Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
The serotonin transporter gene codes for the serotonin transporter, a protein that transports serotonin from the synapse to the presynaptic neuron. Several polymorphisms of the gene exist, including a "short" (s) and a "long" (l) variation. As humans receive one copy of the gene from each parent, people can be grouped into three groups based on this genetic variation: s/s (two copies of the short gene), s/l, and l/l. Caspi et al. (2003) interviewed participants in each of these groups and asked them a wide range of questions to determine both the degree of exposure to stress and the number of depressive episodes participants had experienced in their lives. Fabricated results consistent with their major findings are shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
(Scenario I) The serotonin transporter protein essentially _____ serotonin.
A)recycles
B)releases
C)synthesizes
D)metabolizes
Question
Question
Scenario I
The following scenario is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., and Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
The serotonin transporter gene codes for the serotonin transporter, a protein that transports serotonin from the synapse to the presynaptic neuron. Several polymorphisms of the gene exist, including a "short" (s) and a "long" (l) variation. As humans receive one copy of the gene from each parent, people can be grouped into three groups based on this genetic variation: s/s (two copies of the short gene), s/l, and l/l. Caspi et al. (2003) interviewed participants in each of these groups and asked them a wide range of questions to determine both the degree of exposure to stress and the number of depressive episodes participants had experienced in their lives. Fabricated results consistent with their major findings are shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
(Scenario I) A gene is a segment of _____ that codes for traits.
A)a chromosome
B)a neurotransmitter
C)DNA
D)a histone protein
The following scenario is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., and Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
The serotonin transporter gene codes for the serotonin transporter, a protein that transports serotonin from the synapse to the presynaptic neuron. Several polymorphisms of the gene exist, including a "short" (s) and a "long" (l) variation. As humans receive one copy of the gene from each parent, people can be grouped into three groups based on this genetic variation: s/s (two copies of the short gene), s/l, and l/l. Caspi et al. (2003) interviewed participants in each of these groups and asked them a wide range of questions to determine both the degree of exposure to stress and the number of depressive episodes participants had experienced in their lives. Fabricated results consistent with their major findings are shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
(Scenario I) A gene is a segment of _____ that codes for traits.
A)a chromosome
B)a neurotransmitter
C)DNA
D)a histone protein
Question
Question
Question
Question
Scenario I
The following scenario is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., and Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
The serotonin transporter gene codes for the serotonin transporter, a protein that transports serotonin from the synapse to the presynaptic neuron. Several polymorphisms of the gene exist, including a "short" (s) and a "long" (l) variation. As humans receive one copy of the gene from each parent, people can be grouped into three groups based on this genetic variation: s/s (two copies of the short gene), s/l, and l/l. Caspi et al. (2003) interviewed participants in each of these groups and asked them a wide range of questions to determine both the degree of exposure to stress and the number of depressive episodes participants had experienced in their lives. Fabricated results consistent with their major findings are shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
(Scenario I) The function of the serotonin transporter protein is to:
A)inhibit the reuptake of serotonin by the presynaptic neuron.
B)make possible the reuptake of serotonin by the presynaptic neuron.
C)facilitate the release of serotonin by the presynaptic neuron.
D)impede the release of serotonin by the presynaptic neuron.
The following scenario is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., and Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
The serotonin transporter gene codes for the serotonin transporter, a protein that transports serotonin from the synapse to the presynaptic neuron. Several polymorphisms of the gene exist, including a "short" (s) and a "long" (l) variation. As humans receive one copy of the gene from each parent, people can be grouped into three groups based on this genetic variation: s/s (two copies of the short gene), s/l, and l/l. Caspi et al. (2003) interviewed participants in each of these groups and asked them a wide range of questions to determine both the degree of exposure to stress and the number of depressive episodes participants had experienced in their lives. Fabricated results consistent with their major findings are shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
(Scenario I) The function of the serotonin transporter protein is to:
A)inhibit the reuptake of serotonin by the presynaptic neuron.
B)make possible the reuptake of serotonin by the presynaptic neuron.
C)facilitate the release of serotonin by the presynaptic neuron.
D)impede the release of serotonin by the presynaptic neuron.
Question
Scenario I
The following scenario is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., and Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
The serotonin transporter gene codes for the serotonin transporter, a protein that transports serotonin from the synapse to the presynaptic neuron. Several polymorphisms of the gene exist, including a "short" (s) and a "long" (l) variation. As humans receive one copy of the gene from each parent, people can be grouped into three groups based on this genetic variation: s/s (two copies of the short gene), s/l, and l/l. Caspi et al. (2003) interviewed participants in each of these groups and asked them a wide range of questions to determine both the degree of exposure to stress and the number of depressive episodes participants had experienced in their lives. Fabricated results consistent with their major findings are shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
(Scenario I) An individual has two copies of the small variation of the serotonin transporter gene and has been exposed to a high degree of stress over the course of her lifetime. Based on the results shown in the scenario, one could:
A)accurately predict that the person probably has experienced an episode of major depression at least once in her life.
B)accurately predict that the person is currently depressed.
C)justify prescribing antidepressant drugs to the individual.
D)conclude that the person carries a risk factor for depression.
The following scenario is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., and Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
The serotonin transporter gene codes for the serotonin transporter, a protein that transports serotonin from the synapse to the presynaptic neuron. Several polymorphisms of the gene exist, including a "short" (s) and a "long" (l) variation. As humans receive one copy of the gene from each parent, people can be grouped into three groups based on this genetic variation: s/s (two copies of the short gene), s/l, and l/l. Caspi et al. (2003) interviewed participants in each of these groups and asked them a wide range of questions to determine both the degree of exposure to stress and the number of depressive episodes participants had experienced in their lives. Fabricated results consistent with their major findings are shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
(Scenario I) An individual has two copies of the small variation of the serotonin transporter gene and has been exposed to a high degree of stress over the course of her lifetime. Based on the results shown in the scenario, one could:
A)accurately predict that the person probably has experienced an episode of major depression at least once in her life.
B)accurately predict that the person is currently depressed.
C)justify prescribing antidepressant drugs to the individual.
D)conclude that the person carries a risk factor for depression.
Question
Scenario I
The following scenario is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., and Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
The serotonin transporter gene codes for the serotonin transporter, a protein that transports serotonin from the synapse to the presynaptic neuron. Several polymorphisms of the gene exist, including a "short" (s) and a "long" (l) variation. As humans receive one copy of the gene from each parent, people can be grouped into three groups based on this genetic variation: s/s (two copies of the short gene), s/l, and l/l. Caspi et al. (2003) interviewed participants in each of these groups and asked them a wide range of questions to determine both the degree of exposure to stress and the number of depressive episodes participants had experienced in their lives. Fabricated results consistent with their major findings are shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
(Scenario I) Variation in the serotonin transporter gene was not predictive of depression:
A)when life stress was low.
B)in people with two copies of the same variation.
C)when life stress was high.
D)if only the s/s and s/l groups are considered.
The following scenario is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., and Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
The serotonin transporter gene codes for the serotonin transporter, a protein that transports serotonin from the synapse to the presynaptic neuron. Several polymorphisms of the gene exist, including a "short" (s) and a "long" (l) variation. As humans receive one copy of the gene from each parent, people can be grouped into three groups based on this genetic variation: s/s (two copies of the short gene), s/l, and l/l. Caspi et al. (2003) interviewed participants in each of these groups and asked them a wide range of questions to determine both the degree of exposure to stress and the number of depressive episodes participants had experienced in their lives. Fabricated results consistent with their major findings are shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
(Scenario I) Variation in the serotonin transporter gene was not predictive of depression:
A)when life stress was low.
B)in people with two copies of the same variation.
C)when life stress was high.
D)if only the s/s and s/l groups are considered.
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Deck 3: Section 3: Neuroscience and Behavior
1
Scenario I
The following scenario is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., and Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
The serotonin transporter gene codes for the serotonin transporter, a protein that transports serotonin from the synapse to the presynaptic neuron. Several polymorphisms of the gene exist, including a "short" (s) and a "long" (l) variation. As humans receive one copy of the gene from each parent, people can be grouped into three groups based on this genetic variation: s/s (two copies of the short gene), s/l, and l/l. Caspi et al. (2003) interviewed participants in each of these groups and asked them a wide range of questions to determine both the degree of exposure to stress and the number of depressive episodes participants had experienced in their lives. Fabricated results consistent with their major findings are shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
(Scenario I) Which statement is NOT true about the relationship between genetic variation and depression under conditions of high stress?
A)Persons in the s/s group were more likely to experience a depressive episode than the other two groups.
B)Persons in the l/l group seem to have been protected from experiencing a depressive episode relative to the other groups.
C)The vulnerability for depression increased with increases in life stress for all groups.
D)A gene × environment interaction was observed.
The following scenario is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., and Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
The serotonin transporter gene codes for the serotonin transporter, a protein that transports serotonin from the synapse to the presynaptic neuron. Several polymorphisms of the gene exist, including a "short" (s) and a "long" (l) variation. As humans receive one copy of the gene from each parent, people can be grouped into three groups based on this genetic variation: s/s (two copies of the short gene), s/l, and l/l. Caspi et al. (2003) interviewed participants in each of these groups and asked them a wide range of questions to determine both the degree of exposure to stress and the number of depressive episodes participants had experienced in their lives. Fabricated results consistent with their major findings are shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
(Scenario I) Which statement is NOT true about the relationship between genetic variation and depression under conditions of high stress?
A)Persons in the s/s group were more likely to experience a depressive episode than the other two groups.
B)Persons in the l/l group seem to have been protected from experiencing a depressive episode relative to the other groups.
C)The vulnerability for depression increased with increases in life stress for all groups.
D)A gene × environment interaction was observed.
The vulnerability for depression increased with increases in life stress for all groups.
2
Scenario I
The following scenario is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., and Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
The serotonin transporter gene codes for the serotonin transporter, a protein that transports serotonin from the synapse to the presynaptic neuron. Several polymorphisms of the gene exist, including a "short" (s) and a "long" (l) variation. As humans receive one copy of the gene from each parent, people can be grouped into three groups based on this genetic variation: s/s (two copies of the short gene), s/l, and l/l. Caspi et al. (2003) interviewed participants in each of these groups and asked them a wide range of questions to determine both the degree of exposure to stress and the number of depressive episodes participants had experienced in their lives. Fabricated results consistent with their major findings are shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
(Scenario I) Under conditions of low stress:
A)persons in the s/s group were more likely to experience a depressive episode than the other two groups.
B)persons in the l/l group seem to have been protected from experiencing a depressive episode relative to the other groups.
C)none of the groups experienced depressive episodes.
D)depressive episodes were unrelated to genetic group.
The following scenario is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., and Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
The serotonin transporter gene codes for the serotonin transporter, a protein that transports serotonin from the synapse to the presynaptic neuron. Several polymorphisms of the gene exist, including a "short" (s) and a "long" (l) variation. As humans receive one copy of the gene from each parent, people can be grouped into three groups based on this genetic variation: s/s (two copies of the short gene), s/l, and l/l. Caspi et al. (2003) interviewed participants in each of these groups and asked them a wide range of questions to determine both the degree of exposure to stress and the number of depressive episodes participants had experienced in their lives. Fabricated results consistent with their major findings are shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
(Scenario I) Under conditions of low stress:
A)persons in the s/s group were more likely to experience a depressive episode than the other two groups.
B)persons in the l/l group seem to have been protected from experiencing a depressive episode relative to the other groups.
C)none of the groups experienced depressive episodes.
D)depressive episodes were unrelated to genetic group.
depressive episodes were unrelated to genetic group.
3
Scenario II
In pioneering research by Sperry and colleagues, split-brain patients were asked to stare at a dot on a screen centered between their eyes while words of common objects were projected onto the screen either in their left or right visual fields. Subsequently, patients were asked to reach behind a screen with either their left or right hands and identify the object amongst other common objects by touch alone.
(Scenario II) A "split brain" is the result of:
A)severing connections between the frontal lobe and the limbic system.
B)ablating portions of the prefrontal cortex.
C)severing the corpus callosum.
D)ablating portions of the reticular formation.
In pioneering research by Sperry and colleagues, split-brain patients were asked to stare at a dot on a screen centered between their eyes while words of common objects were projected onto the screen either in their left or right visual fields. Subsequently, patients were asked to reach behind a screen with either their left or right hands and identify the object amongst other common objects by touch alone.
(Scenario II) A "split brain" is the result of:
A)severing connections between the frontal lobe and the limbic system.
B)ablating portions of the prefrontal cortex.
C)severing the corpus callosum.
D)ablating portions of the reticular formation.
severing the corpus callosum.
4
Scenario I
The following scenario is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., and Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
The serotonin transporter gene codes for the serotonin transporter, a protein that transports serotonin from the synapse to the presynaptic neuron. Several polymorphisms of the gene exist, including a "short" (s) and a "long" (l) variation. As humans receive one copy of the gene from each parent, people can be grouped into three groups based on this genetic variation: s/s (two copies of the short gene), s/l, and l/l. Caspi et al. (2003) interviewed participants in each of these groups and asked them a wide range of questions to determine both the degree of exposure to stress and the number of depressive episodes participants had experienced in their lives. Fabricated results consistent with their major findings are shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
(Scenario I) The serotonin transporter protein essentially _____ serotonin.
A)recycles
B)releases
C)synthesizes
D)metabolizes
The following scenario is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., and Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
The serotonin transporter gene codes for the serotonin transporter, a protein that transports serotonin from the synapse to the presynaptic neuron. Several polymorphisms of the gene exist, including a "short" (s) and a "long" (l) variation. As humans receive one copy of the gene from each parent, people can be grouped into three groups based on this genetic variation: s/s (two copies of the short gene), s/l, and l/l. Caspi et al. (2003) interviewed participants in each of these groups and asked them a wide range of questions to determine both the degree of exposure to stress and the number of depressive episodes participants had experienced in their lives. Fabricated results consistent with their major findings are shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
(Scenario I) The serotonin transporter protein essentially _____ serotonin.
A)recycles
B)releases
C)synthesizes
D)metabolizes
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5
Scenario II
In pioneering research by Sperry and colleagues, split-brain patients were asked to stare at a dot on a screen centered between their eyes while words of common objects were projected onto the screen either in their left or right visual fields. Subsequently, patients were asked to reach behind a screen with either their left or right hands and identify the object amongst other common objects by touch alone.
(Scenario II) Using the procedure described in the scenario above, split-brain patients were simultaneously shown the word "key" in the left visual field and the word "chain" in the right visual field. They were then asked to reach behind a screen with their left hand and find the object that was projected onto the screen. Among the objects behind the screen are a key, a small chain, a keychain minus the key that one can typically purchase at novelty stores, and a lock. Which object will the patients select?
A)the key
B)the chain
C)the keychain
D)the lock
In pioneering research by Sperry and colleagues, split-brain patients were asked to stare at a dot on a screen centered between their eyes while words of common objects were projected onto the screen either in their left or right visual fields. Subsequently, patients were asked to reach behind a screen with either their left or right hands and identify the object amongst other common objects by touch alone.
(Scenario II) Using the procedure described in the scenario above, split-brain patients were simultaneously shown the word "key" in the left visual field and the word "chain" in the right visual field. They were then asked to reach behind a screen with their left hand and find the object that was projected onto the screen. Among the objects behind the screen are a key, a small chain, a keychain minus the key that one can typically purchase at novelty stores, and a lock. Which object will the patients select?
A)the key
B)the chain
C)the keychain
D)the lock
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6
Scenario I
The following scenario is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., and Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
The serotonin transporter gene codes for the serotonin transporter, a protein that transports serotonin from the synapse to the presynaptic neuron. Several polymorphisms of the gene exist, including a "short" (s) and a "long" (l) variation. As humans receive one copy of the gene from each parent, people can be grouped into three groups based on this genetic variation: s/s (two copies of the short gene), s/l, and l/l. Caspi et al. (2003) interviewed participants in each of these groups and asked them a wide range of questions to determine both the degree of exposure to stress and the number of depressive episodes participants had experienced in their lives. Fabricated results consistent with their major findings are shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
(Scenario I) A gene is a segment of _____ that codes for traits.
A)a chromosome
B)a neurotransmitter
C)DNA
D)a histone protein
The following scenario is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., and Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
The serotonin transporter gene codes for the serotonin transporter, a protein that transports serotonin from the synapse to the presynaptic neuron. Several polymorphisms of the gene exist, including a "short" (s) and a "long" (l) variation. As humans receive one copy of the gene from each parent, people can be grouped into three groups based on this genetic variation: s/s (two copies of the short gene), s/l, and l/l. Caspi et al. (2003) interviewed participants in each of these groups and asked them a wide range of questions to determine both the degree of exposure to stress and the number of depressive episodes participants had experienced in their lives. Fabricated results consistent with their major findings are shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
(Scenario I) A gene is a segment of _____ that codes for traits.
A)a chromosome
B)a neurotransmitter
C)DNA
D)a histone protein
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7
Scenario II
In pioneering research by Sperry and colleagues, split-brain patients were asked to stare at a dot on a screen centered between their eyes while words of common objects were projected onto the screen either in their left or right visual fields. Subsequently, patients were asked to reach behind a screen with either their left or right hands and identify the object amongst other common objects by touch alone.
(Scenario II) The split-brain surgical procedure effectively prevents communication between the:
A)frontal lobe and the limbic system.
B)striatum and the cerebellum.
C)primary visual cortex and the somatosensory cortex.
D)left and right brain hemispheres.
In pioneering research by Sperry and colleagues, split-brain patients were asked to stare at a dot on a screen centered between their eyes while words of common objects were projected onto the screen either in their left or right visual fields. Subsequently, patients were asked to reach behind a screen with either their left or right hands and identify the object amongst other common objects by touch alone.
(Scenario II) The split-brain surgical procedure effectively prevents communication between the:
A)frontal lobe and the limbic system.
B)striatum and the cerebellum.
C)primary visual cortex and the somatosensory cortex.
D)left and right brain hemispheres.
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8
Scenario II
In pioneering research by Sperry and colleagues, split-brain patients were asked to stare at a dot on a screen centered between their eyes while words of common objects were projected onto the screen either in their left or right visual fields. Subsequently, patients were asked to reach behind a screen with either their left or right hands and identify the object amongst other common objects by touch alone.
(Scenario II) Using the procedure described in the scenario, split-brain patients were simultaneously shown the word "key" in the left visual field and the word "chain" in the right visual field. They were then asked what word was projected onto the screen. Patients will respond that they saw the word:
A)key.
B)chain.
C)key chain.
D)chain key.
In pioneering research by Sperry and colleagues, split-brain patients were asked to stare at a dot on a screen centered between their eyes while words of common objects were projected onto the screen either in their left or right visual fields. Subsequently, patients were asked to reach behind a screen with either their left or right hands and identify the object amongst other common objects by touch alone.
(Scenario II) Using the procedure described in the scenario, split-brain patients were simultaneously shown the word "key" in the left visual field and the word "chain" in the right visual field. They were then asked what word was projected onto the screen. Patients will respond that they saw the word:
A)key.
B)chain.
C)key chain.
D)chain key.
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9
Scenario II
In pioneering research by Sperry and colleagues, split-brain patients were asked to stare at a dot on a screen centered between their eyes while words of common objects were projected onto the screen either in their left or right visual fields. Subsequently, patients were asked to reach behind a screen with either their left or right hands and identify the object amongst other common objects by touch alone.
(Scenario II) The split-brain surgical procedure is almost always performed to reduce:
A)seizure activity among epileptic patients.
B)brain swelling after traumatic injury.
C)delusions and hallucinations among paranoid schizophrenics.
D)the spread of cancerous brain tumors.
In pioneering research by Sperry and colleagues, split-brain patients were asked to stare at a dot on a screen centered between their eyes while words of common objects were projected onto the screen either in their left or right visual fields. Subsequently, patients were asked to reach behind a screen with either their left or right hands and identify the object amongst other common objects by touch alone.
(Scenario II) The split-brain surgical procedure is almost always performed to reduce:
A)seizure activity among epileptic patients.
B)brain swelling after traumatic injury.
C)delusions and hallucinations among paranoid schizophrenics.
D)the spread of cancerous brain tumors.
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10
Scenario I
The following scenario is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., and Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
The serotonin transporter gene codes for the serotonin transporter, a protein that transports serotonin from the synapse to the presynaptic neuron. Several polymorphisms of the gene exist, including a "short" (s) and a "long" (l) variation. As humans receive one copy of the gene from each parent, people can be grouped into three groups based on this genetic variation: s/s (two copies of the short gene), s/l, and l/l. Caspi et al. (2003) interviewed participants in each of these groups and asked them a wide range of questions to determine both the degree of exposure to stress and the number of depressive episodes participants had experienced in their lives. Fabricated results consistent with their major findings are shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
(Scenario I) The function of the serotonin transporter protein is to:
A)inhibit the reuptake of serotonin by the presynaptic neuron.
B)make possible the reuptake of serotonin by the presynaptic neuron.
C)facilitate the release of serotonin by the presynaptic neuron.
D)impede the release of serotonin by the presynaptic neuron.
The following scenario is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., and Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
The serotonin transporter gene codes for the serotonin transporter, a protein that transports serotonin from the synapse to the presynaptic neuron. Several polymorphisms of the gene exist, including a "short" (s) and a "long" (l) variation. As humans receive one copy of the gene from each parent, people can be grouped into three groups based on this genetic variation: s/s (two copies of the short gene), s/l, and l/l. Caspi et al. (2003) interviewed participants in each of these groups and asked them a wide range of questions to determine both the degree of exposure to stress and the number of depressive episodes participants had experienced in their lives. Fabricated results consistent with their major findings are shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
(Scenario I) The function of the serotonin transporter protein is to:
A)inhibit the reuptake of serotonin by the presynaptic neuron.
B)make possible the reuptake of serotonin by the presynaptic neuron.
C)facilitate the release of serotonin by the presynaptic neuron.
D)impede the release of serotonin by the presynaptic neuron.
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11
Scenario I
The following scenario is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., and Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
The serotonin transporter gene codes for the serotonin transporter, a protein that transports serotonin from the synapse to the presynaptic neuron. Several polymorphisms of the gene exist, including a "short" (s) and a "long" (l) variation. As humans receive one copy of the gene from each parent, people can be grouped into three groups based on this genetic variation: s/s (two copies of the short gene), s/l, and l/l. Caspi et al. (2003) interviewed participants in each of these groups and asked them a wide range of questions to determine both the degree of exposure to stress and the number of depressive episodes participants had experienced in their lives. Fabricated results consistent with their major findings are shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
(Scenario I) An individual has two copies of the small variation of the serotonin transporter gene and has been exposed to a high degree of stress over the course of her lifetime. Based on the results shown in the scenario, one could:
A)accurately predict that the person probably has experienced an episode of major depression at least once in her life.
B)accurately predict that the person is currently depressed.
C)justify prescribing antidepressant drugs to the individual.
D)conclude that the person carries a risk factor for depression.
The following scenario is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., and Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
The serotonin transporter gene codes for the serotonin transporter, a protein that transports serotonin from the synapse to the presynaptic neuron. Several polymorphisms of the gene exist, including a "short" (s) and a "long" (l) variation. As humans receive one copy of the gene from each parent, people can be grouped into three groups based on this genetic variation: s/s (two copies of the short gene), s/l, and l/l. Caspi et al. (2003) interviewed participants in each of these groups and asked them a wide range of questions to determine both the degree of exposure to stress and the number of depressive episodes participants had experienced in their lives. Fabricated results consistent with their major findings are shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
(Scenario I) An individual has two copies of the small variation of the serotonin transporter gene and has been exposed to a high degree of stress over the course of her lifetime. Based on the results shown in the scenario, one could:
A)accurately predict that the person probably has experienced an episode of major depression at least once in her life.
B)accurately predict that the person is currently depressed.
C)justify prescribing antidepressant drugs to the individual.
D)conclude that the person carries a risk factor for depression.
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12
Scenario I
The following scenario is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., and Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
The serotonin transporter gene codes for the serotonin transporter, a protein that transports serotonin from the synapse to the presynaptic neuron. Several polymorphisms of the gene exist, including a "short" (s) and a "long" (l) variation. As humans receive one copy of the gene from each parent, people can be grouped into three groups based on this genetic variation: s/s (two copies of the short gene), s/l, and l/l. Caspi et al. (2003) interviewed participants in each of these groups and asked them a wide range of questions to determine both the degree of exposure to stress and the number of depressive episodes participants had experienced in their lives. Fabricated results consistent with their major findings are shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
(Scenario I) Variation in the serotonin transporter gene was not predictive of depression:
A)when life stress was low.
B)in people with two copies of the same variation.
C)when life stress was high.
D)if only the s/s and s/l groups are considered.
The following scenario is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., and Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
The serotonin transporter gene codes for the serotonin transporter, a protein that transports serotonin from the synapse to the presynaptic neuron. Several polymorphisms of the gene exist, including a "short" (s) and a "long" (l) variation. As humans receive one copy of the gene from each parent, people can be grouped into three groups based on this genetic variation: s/s (two copies of the short gene), s/l, and l/l. Caspi et al. (2003) interviewed participants in each of these groups and asked them a wide range of questions to determine both the degree of exposure to stress and the number of depressive episodes participants had experienced in their lives. Fabricated results consistent with their major findings are shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
(Scenario I) Variation in the serotonin transporter gene was not predictive of depression:
A)when life stress was low.
B)in people with two copies of the same variation.
C)when life stress was high.
D)if only the s/s and s/l groups are considered.
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Unlock Deck
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