Deck 9: Section 6: Language and Thought

Question 1

Babies are born with the ability to recognize and distinguish:

A)only the phonemes of the language their parents speak.
B)among all phonemes.
C)no phonemes.
D)only the phonemes of languages similar to their native language.

Answer 1

among all phonemes.

Question 2

Belief-neutral reasoning is associated with enhanced activity in the _____ lobe.

A)parietal
B)temporal
C)frontal
D)occipital

Answer 2

parietal

Question 3

If you have never seen a chihuahua, but you have seen somewhat similar types of dog breeds, such as rat terriers and miniature pinschers, which theory would BEST predict your ability to correctly identify a chihuahua as a "dog"?

A)morphological rules
B)family resemblance theory
C)exemplar theory
D)prototype theory

Answer 3

exemplar theory

Question 4

Relative to solving problems using analytic strategies, insight is associated with a burst of electrical activity in the:

A)prefrontal cortex.
B)right temporal lobe.
C)right parietal lobe.
D)cerebellum.

Question 5

Research on participants with prefrontal cortex damage suggests that these patients make more risky decisions because the:

A)positive emotional reaction to wins is enhanced relative to healthy individuals.
B)negative emotional reaction to frequent losses is absent relative to healthy individuals.
C)anticipatory emotional reactions that usually guide decision making are absent.
D)emotional reactions to both wins and losses are blunted relative to healthy individuals.

Question 6

_____ are convenient representations of categories because they reflect the overall most typical instance of the category.

A)Exemplars
B)Prototypes
C)Concepts
D)Algorithms

Question 7

Prospect theory assumes that people are:

A)more willing to take risks to achieve gains than to avoid losses.
B)more willing to take risks to avoid losses than to achieve gains.
C)equally willing to take risks to achieve gains and avoid losses.
D)unwilling to take risks either to achieve gains or to avoid losses.

Question 8

The behaviorist approach to language development suggests that _____ plays a key role in learning words and grammar, whereas the nativists claim that language is _____ predetermined.

A)reinforcement; biologically
B)punishment; culturally
C)reinforcement; culturally
D)genetics; biologically

Question 9

The smallest unit of sound that is categorized as speech is known as a:

A)phoneme.
B)morpheme.
C)word.
D)sentence.

Question 10

People with damage to Wernicke's area can:

A)use correct syntax.
B)produce meaningful language.
C)understand sign language.
D)understand the spoken word.

Question 11

Suppose that sports fans in the United States were given a list of the names of all the medal winners in the last Olympics. After a few minutes of study, the fans were asked to estimate what percentage of medals the United States won. The fans probably will _____ this number, due to the _____.

A)overestimate; hindsight bias
B)overestimate; availability bias
C)underestimate; hindsight bias
D)overestimate; conjunctive fallacy

Question 12

The overall conclusion of research investigating the link between language and thought is:

A)thought determines language because thinking precedes communication.
B)language determines thought because thought is essentially an aspect of communication.
C)language and thought are separate processes; neither exerts much influence over the other.
D)language shapes thought, but language and thought remain separate to some extent.

Question 13

_____ is the process that allows children to learn words rapidly by joining a word with a concept after experiencing it only once.

A)Singularism
B)Dualism
C)Fast mapping
D)Grammar

Question 14

Melissa is an attractive female who lives in San Diego and loves football. When asked to predict if it was more probable that she was a school teacher or a cheerleader for the San Diego Chargers, most people selected the latter even though there are thousands more school teachers than Charger cheerleaders in San Diego. This is an illustration of:

A)hindsight bias.
B)the representative heuristic.
C)base-rate decision making.
D)the conjunction fallacy.

Question 15

Semantics refer to the _____ of a sentence.

A)structure
B)meaning
C)syntax
D)morphology