Deck 2: Classical Theories of Social and Personality Development

Question 1

Freud's psychoanalytic theory adopts the _____ as a philosophical base, viewing the child as _____.

A) doctrine of original sin; inherently bad
B) doctrine of tabula rasa; inherently bad
C) doctrine of innate purity; inherently good
D) doctrine of tabula rasa; inherently good

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The psychoanalytic method in which the patient talks about anything and everything that comes to mind is known as

A) free association
B) hypnosis
C) dream analysis
D) psycho-analysis

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Freud believed that the force that drives personality development was the

A) child's discovery and use of free association
B) maturation of the sex instincts
C) formation of the superego
D) child's fondling of his/her genitals

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Legitimate criticisms of Freud's theory include

A) its failure to stimulate empirical research
B) its possible lack of generalizability to normal persons
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 5

Freud suggested that the ego is the component of personality that

A) is governed by instinctual needs
B) seeks moral perfection
C) seeks realistic outlets for instinctual needs
D) seeks self-actualization

Question 6

Freud's use of dream analysis was based on the notion that

A) dreams reflect the person's everyday habits
B) dreams clarify the visible aspects of personality
C) dreams reflect unconscious motives
D) only in dreams can we observe the functioning of the id, ego, and superego

Question 7

Freud believed that it was during the _____ stage when children would experience incestuous desires for the opposite-sex parent and a hostile rivalry with the same-sex parent.

A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) genital

Question 8

According to Freud, children who successfully resolve their Oedipus or Electra complex can expect to

A) acquire an appropriately masculine or feminine identity
B) develop a strong superego
C) enter the phallic stage of psychosexual development
D) acquire an appropriately masculine or feminine identity and develop a strong superego
E) all of these

Question 9

The rational component of the personality is the

A) superego
B) id
C) ego
D) conscience

Question 10

According to Freud, the id

A) motivates people to act in accordance with society's moral norms
B) is governed by inborn instinctual urges
C) induces people to act rationally
D) all of these

Question 11

According to Freud, early experiences can have a long-term effect on personality development if a child becomes obsessed with the activities of a particular psychosexual stage and _____ them.

A) identifies with
B) fixates on
C) rechannels
D) represses

Question 12

According to Freud, children move from one psychosexual stage to another whenever the

A) id becomes a less powerful force in the child's life
B) type of pleasure received from the genitals changes
C) focus of the sex instinct moves from one part of the body to another
D) child internalizes one of the parents' moral standards

Question 13

The psychosexual stage in which sexual urges are most likely to be repressed and sexual instincts rechanneled is the

A) oral stage
B) anal stage
C) phallic stage
D) latency period
E) genital stage

Question 14

Freud believed that the Oedipus complex for males

A) occurs during the phallic stage
B) plays an important role in the formation of a boy's superego
C) facilitates masculine identity development
D) plays an important role in the formation of a boy's superego and facilitates masculine identity development
E) all of these

Question 15

Freud believed that _____ play a major role in determining the course and character of personality development.

A) habits acquired through learning
B) inborn biological responses such as smiling and crying
C) the genes that one inherits
D) conflicts between biological needs and society's dictates

Question 16

Freud suggested that the id seeks:

A) immediate gratification of instinctual needs
B) moral perfection
C) realistic outlets for instinctual needs
D) self-actualization

Question 17

According to Freud, the _____ serves as a child's internal censor or moral authority.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) unconscious

Question 18

According to Freud, the superego is the _____ aspect of personality that _____.

A) impulsive; seeks immediate gratification of instinctual needs
B) rational; seeks realistic means of need satisfaction
C) rational; seeks moral perfection
D) moralistic; seeks realistic means of need satisfaction
E) none of these

Question 19

According to Freud, a boy will acquire an appropriately "masculine" identity as he _____ with his father and resolves his _____ complex.

A) identifies; Oedipus
B) identifies; Electra
C) competes; Oedipus
D) competes, Electra

Question 20

_____ provides the philosophical underpinnings of Freud's psychoanalytic theory

A) the doctrine of tabula rasa
B) the doctrine of innate purity
C) the doctrine of self-determination
D) the doctrine of original sin

Question 21

According to Skinner's operant learning theory, a stimulus is a reinforcer if it

A) reduces a biological need
B) increases the probability of the response that produced it
C) decreases the probability of the response that produced it
D) none of these

Question 22

Watson's experiment with little Albert demonstrated that

A) human newborns are susceptible to collaborative learning
B) operant conditioning was possible with children from the moment of birth
C) fears are easily acquired through learning
D) emotional responses in humans are inborn

Question 23

Freud and Erikson would agree that

A) early experiences can affect the behavior of adults
B) we are largely products of social rather than sexual conflicts
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 24

Bandura's version of social-learning theory differs from other versions in that Bandura

A) limits himself to primary reinforcers
B) rejects the concept of punishment
C) thinks that most learning occurs without conscious awareness
D) thinks that most learning occurs without reinforcement

Question 25

The idea that most human behavior depends on its consequences is the basic premise of

A) psychoanalytic theory
B) observational learning theory
C) operant learning theory
D) all of these

Question 26

Bobby's mother knows that if she continues to nag Bobby to do the dishes, he will soon react to this aversive nagging by completing the chore. If Bobby becomes more punctual about dishwashing as a result of this treatment, we could label his new habit as a(n) operant response that is established through

A) reinforcement
B) punishment
C) observational learning
D) collaborative learning

Question 27

Skinner's theory of social learning contends that

A) our cognitive interpretations of our experiences play a larger role in shaping social behavior than the experiences themselves
B) the causes of behavior are internal rather than external to the organism
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 28

According to Erikson, adolescents must grapple with the life crisis called

A) industry versus inferiority
B) identity versus role confusion
C) intimacy versus insolation
D) initiative versus guilt

Question 29

Erikson believed that the main developmental crisis of the first year centered around

A) achieving autonomy
B) achieving a sense of initiative
C) oral gratification
D) learning to trust one's comparisons

Question 30

If mother revokes her son's Saturday morning TV-viewing privileges for pulling the dog's tail, she is attempting to _____ the probability of that conduct through the use of a _____.

A) decrease; punisher
B) increase; punisher
C) increase; reinforcer
D) decrease; reinforcer

Question 31

One recurring criticism of Erikson's theory is that it

A) is less specific than Freud's theory about stages of adult development
B) overemphasizes the role of the superego in personality development
C) describes but does not explain development
D) all of these

Question 32

Unlike Skinner, Bandura's observational learning theory stresses the role of _____ in human learning.

A) maturation
B) innate drives
C) reinforcers
D) cognitive processes

Question 33

Developmentalists are indebted to Freud for

A) emphasizing the concept of unconscious motivation
B) emphasizing the importance of early experiences on personality development
C) studying the emotional aspects of human development
D) emphasizing the concept of unconscious motivation and emphasizing the importance of early experiences on personality development
E) all of these

Question 34

According to Erickson, a person who fails to successfully resolve life's final crisis will suffer feelings of

A) despair
B) stagnation
C) role confusion
D) generativity
E) guilt

Question 35

Perhaps the major reason so many developmentalists today have turned away from the psychoanalytic approach is that

A) psychoanalysts have not contributed to our understanding of child development
B) other theories seem more compelling to them
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 36

John B. Watson believed that parents should be

A) less intrusive in childrearing, thereby allowing children to follow their own natural inclinations
B) strict and punitive when raising children
C) perfectly objective and kindly when raising children
D) warmer and more nurturant than they usually are when raising an infant or toddler

Question 37

According to B.F. Skinner, the vast majority of our behaviors are freely emitted operants that are controlled by

A) external stimuli or events
B) internal drives
C) cognitive interpretation of external stimuli or events
D) our genotypes

Question 38

John B. Watson

A) was a behaviorist
B) was a social-learning theorist
C) believed that all significant aspects of one's personality are learned
D) was a social-learning theorist and believed that all significant aspects of one's personality are learned
E) all of these

Question 39

Skinner and Bandura would generally agree that

A) reinforcement is necessary for learning to occur
B) most human behavior is not motivated by internal drives
C) reinforcement affects performance but is not necessary for learning to occur
D) one must first perform a response in order to learn it.

Question 40

A basic distinction between the views of Freud and Erikson is that

A) Freud saw stages of development; Erikson did not
B) Freud viewed humans as passive creatures who are molded by their environments; Erikson viewed humans as active and adaptive
C) Freud viewed humans as rational creatures; Erikson viewed humans as basically irrational
D) Freud accepts and Erikson rejects the concept of instincts

Question 41

In general, social-learning theories have

A) had little impact on the study of social-personality development
B) produced a number of important clinical insights and practical applications
C) helped developmentalists to better understand how natural environments influence development
D) overemphasized interactions between genes and environment as an explanation of individual differences in development

Question 42

According to Piaget, intelligence is

A) that which intelligence tests measure
B) a basic life function that helps one adapt to the environment
C) a mental capacity that children inherit from their parents
D) all of these

Question 43

Bandura believes that _____ is the primary determinant of our willingness to perform responses we have learned through observation.

A) the consequences we anticipate for performing such acts
B) the consequences we have received for performing such acts
C) the consequences the model has received for performing such acts
D) the consequences that the model anticipates for performing such acts

Question 44

According to the principles of reciprocal determinism, when one boy in a group becomes a bully, it is likely because

A) the boy is bigger than his peers
B) the bully finds that his bullying behavior "pays off" for him
C) other children have reinforced the bully by caving in to his demands
D) the boy is bigger than his peers and the bully finds that his bullying behavior "pays off" for him
E) the bully finds that his bullying behavior "pays off" for him and other children have reinforced the bully by caving in to his demands

Question 45

Piaget uses the term _____ to refer to the intellectual structures we create to represent, organize, or interpret our experiences.

A) schemes
B) organizations
C) formal operations
D) conservations

Question 46

Piaget's view of intelligence

A) clearly reflects his biological background
B) emphasizes intellectual activity as an adaptive process
C) views intellectual activity as one's attempts to achieve a harmonious relationship between one's cognitive structures and the environment
D) all of these

Question 47

Toddlers may often emulate a model -- a process in which they

A) closely imitate (mimic) the model's behavior
B) reproduce the modeled outcomes using a different means
C) reproduce the model's facial expressions but fail to reproduce the modeled outcome
D) tend to reproduce a model's unsuccessful rather than her successful actions

Question 48

Jean Piaget was especially interested in incorrect answers children gave to his questions because they supported his notion that

A) children have little inborn knowledge and must be taught by adults
B) children are largely incapable of learning throughout infancy
C) younger children do not merely know less than older ones, they think differently as well
D) younger children think like older ones do but lack the memory capacity to process information efficiently

Question 49

A child's capacity for deferred imitation first appears

A) at birth, in conjunction with imitative reflexes
B) during infancy, with the ability to construct symbolic representations
C) during the preschool period, with the ability to use verbal mediators
D) during the preschool period, with spontaneous production of verbal mediators

Question 50

In general, social-learning theorists have been criticized for

A) underemphasizing biological influences on development
B) overemphasizing cognitive influences on development
C) placing too little emphasis on scientific precision and tightly controlled research
D) underemphasizing biological influences on development and placing too little emphasis on scientific precision and tightly controlled research
E) all of these

Question 51

According to research by Leon Kuczynski and his associates, younger (12-24-?month-old) toddlers are less likely than older (24-30-month-old) toddlers to imitate _____ after observing social models.

A) affective responses
B) high-intensity behaviors
C) self-care routines
D) all of these

Question 52

During the third year of life, a child's capacity for observational learning is primarily used

A) to imitate instrumental behaviors and acquire new competencies
B) to imitate aggressive behaviors and dominate playmates
C) to imitate helpful behaviors and make friends
D) to imitate models' affective and emotional displays

Question 53

Susie observes her friend Julie steal money from her mother's purse and then get caught and punished. On another occasion Doris observes Julie steal from her mother without getting caught, and they both enjoy the treats that Julie buys with this money. According to Bandura,

A) when tempted to do so, Susie should be less inclined to steal money than Doris
B) Doris has learned more about how one might snitch money from one's mother than Susie has
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 54

Children should first be prepared to learn a great deal from social models

A) at birth, as they imitate others' facial expressions
B) in the second year, as they become proficient at deferred imitation
C) during middle childhood, as they construct verbal representations of what they have witnessed
D) during preadolescence, when they begin to pay more attention to peer-group norms

Question 55

Bandura's (1965) classic study on the observational learning of aggressive responses is important because it indicated that

A) learning new responses is possible without the learner having to first perform them
B) learning can occur without reinforcement
C) reinforcement has a major effect on one's willingness to perform learned responses
D) learning can occur without reinforcement and reinforcement has a major effect on one's willingness to perform learned responses
E) all of the above

Question 56

According to Bandura, the child acquires _____ when he or she learns by observation.

A) a willingness to perform the model's behavior
B) simple associations between stimuli and responses
C) symbolic representations of the model's behavior
D) symbolic representations of the model's motives

Question 57

According to Bandura, observational learning plays a prominent role in the socialization process because

A) it is a quick and relatively efficient method of acquiring new responses
B) it explains incidental learning, when social models are not explicitly trying to instruct the child
C) both of these
D) none of these; Bandura believes that observational learning plays a minor role in socialization

Question 58

Grade-school children tend to learn more from social models than pre?schoolers do because they

A) rely more on visual images to remember what they have observed
B) pay less attention to high-intensity antics of social models
C) spontaneously produce visual images to remember what they have observed
D) spontaneously produce verbal mediators to remember what they have observed

Question 59

Toddlers' willingness to imitate modeled responses

A) is greater if the model's intentions are clear rather than ambiguous
B) if the model was successful rather than unsuccessful at achieving his aim
C) if they have previously failed themselves to accomplish the goal that the model achieves through his or her actions
D) is greater if the model's intentions are clear rather than ambiguous and if the model was successful rather than unsuccessful at achieving his aim
E) all of these

Question 60

Which of the following statements best captures Bandura's position on the relationship between children and their environments?

A) the ways in which children develop depend on the environments that adults structure for them
B) children are active in shaping the environments that will influence their growth and development
C) the child is father to the man
D) most outcomes of lasting, developmental significance represent a long and involved interplay between children's genetic endowments and their environments

Question 61

Piaget's notion that his cognitive stages represent an invariant developmental sequence implies that

A) all children progress through these stages in precisely the same order
B) stages can never be skipped
C) each stage builds from its precedessor
D) all children progress through these stages in precisely the same order and stages can never be skipped
E) all of these

Question 62

Piaget's four broad stages of cognitive development occur in the following order:

A) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
B) preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational
C) sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational
D) either a or c, depending on the individual child

Question 63

To start off down the road in your standard-shift automobile, you let out the clutch and simultaneously depress the accelerator. According to Piaget, this sequence is best described as a(n) _____.

A) symbolic scheme
B) mental scheme
C) operational scheme
D) behavioral scheme

Question 64

According to Piaget, assimilation and accommodation are components of a process called _____. They often occur together to _____.

A) organization; resolve cognitive disequilibriums
B) organization; provide the child with primary and secondary reinforcers
C) adaptation; resolve cognitive disequilibriums
D) adaptation; provide the child with primary and secondary reinforcers

Question 65

Primary circular reactions differ from secondary circular reactions in that primary circular reactions are

A) repetitious
B) pleasurable
C) centered on the body
D) discovered by chance

Question 66

Changing one's schemes to make them more compatible with new experiences is a process that Piaget calls

A) accommodation
B) assimilation
C) organization
D) compensation

Question 67

A young child with the scheme that objects fall when dropped may be quite surprised by a helium-filled balloon that rises; constructing an understanding of this novel event involves

A) assimilation
B) accommodation
C) conservation
D) intuitive reasoning

Question 68

Calm and contented 3-month-old Dan discovers that he can make interesting sounds when he coos, so he coos over and over again for the sheer pleasure of hearing the sounds he can make. According to Piaget this child is displaying

A) a primary circular reaction
B) a secondary circular reaction
C) inner experimentation
D) deferred imitation

Question 69

A child who is able to perform mental activities such as subtraction on his objects of thought is said by Piaget to be capable of constructing _____.

A) formal operations
B) operational schemes
C) symbolic schemes
D) images

Question 70

According to Piaget, behavioral or sensorimotor schemes refer to representation of objects and events through

A) abstract ideas
B) mental representations
C) overt actions
D) internal mental activities

Question 71

Finding the china cabinet open, an infant throws each dish onto the floor, slightly varying the angle of each "throw" and observing whether or not the throw causes the dish to break. This behavior is best characterized as

A) a secondary circular reaction
B) a tertiary circular reaction
C) deferred imitation
D) inner experimentation

Question 72

In Piaget's theory, circular reactions are viewed as

A) reflexive responses
B) the first evidence of the child's symbolic capabilities
C) imitative schemes that are eventually deferred
D) pleasurable actions that are repeated for their own sake

Question 73

A toddler's initial reaction on seeing her first horse is to point and say "doggie." According to Piaget, this youngster is providing us with an example of _____.

A) organization
B) accommodation
C) assimilation
D) integration

Question 74

In order to reach the cookie jar, a young child combines two behavior patterns-jumping and reaching-into a single coordinated activity. Piaget would see this as an example of

A) assimilation
B) accommodation
C) integration
D) organization

Question 75

A child who labels a shoebox as a baby's crib and plays with this object as if it were a crib has formed a(n)

A) symbolic scheme
B) behavioral scheme
C) sensorimotor scheme
D) operational scheme

Question 76

A child discovers that she can make a toy duck quack by squeezing it, and she repeats this act over and over to hear the sound that the duck makes. According to Piaget, this child

A) is displaying a primary circular reaction
B) is displaying a secondary circular reaction
C) is showing inner experimentation
D) is probably mentally retarded

Question 77

Cognitive-developmental theorists such as Piaget view human beings as

A) epistemologists
B) constructivists
C) passive creatures who are shaped by their environments
D) all of these

Question 78

Piaget believed that _____ schemes first appear as the child begins to internalize his/her _____ schemes.

A) mental (or symbolic); behavioral
B) mental (or symbolic); operational
C) behavioral; mental (or symbolic)
D) operational; mental (or symbolic)

Question 79

Recent research implies that ______ may account for neonate's ability to imitate some facial features of another person

A) an early capacity of emulation
B) deferred imitative capabilities
C) construction of symbolic schemes
D) activation of mirror neurons

Question 80

The advance that Piaget saw as underlying such notable sensorimotor achievements as inner experimentation and deferred imitation was

A) intentionality in one's behavior
B) trial and error experimentation
C) symbolic mental activity
D) reversibility