Deck 11: Section 2: Attachment to Others and Development of Self

Question 1

Infants are typically equally comforted by all caregivers in which of Bowlby's phases?

A) reciprocal relationships
B) attachment-in-the-making
C) clear-cut attachment
D) preattachment

Answer 1

D

Question 2

From an evolutionary standpoint, attachment is similar to which mechanism?

A) imprinting
B) development of the id
C) theory of mind
D) identification

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Harlow and colleagues' studies with infant rhesus monkeys reared in isolation demonstrated that, compared to monkeys reared normally with their mothers, those reared in isolation and then placed with other monkeys:

A) rose into leadership positions.
B) died early of unusual infections.
C) were unable to communicate effectively with other monkeys.
D) had intense attachments to the other monkeys.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Infants respond preferentially to familiar caregivers in which of Bowlby's phases?

A) reciprocal relationships
B) attachment-in-the-making
C) clear-cut attachment
D) preattachment

Question 5

Attachments are:

A) enduring emotional bonds formed by children to their primary caregivers.
B) compulsive needs of children to hold security items, such as pacifiers and blankets.
C) connections between siblings that are maintained throughout the life span.
D) qualities that are central to one's identity.

Question 6

Which assertion BEST describes Bowlby's view of the attachment process and the quality of infants' attachments?

A) Both the attachment process and the quality of attachments are innate.
B) Both the attachment process and the quality of attachments are dependent on the nature of infants' experiences with caregivers.
C) The attachment process is dependent on the nature of infants' experiences with caregivers, but the quality of their attachments is innate.
D) The attachment process has an innate basis, but the quality of infants' attachments is dependent on the nature of their experiences with caregivers.

Question 7

Separation anxiety is first exhibited in which of Bowlby's phases?

A) reciprocal relationships
B) attachment-in-the-making
C) clear-cut attachment
D) preattachment

Question 8

Internal working models of attachment:

A) persist throughout childhood, but not into adulthood.
B) involve individuals' feelings about being worthy or unworthy of love.
C) are possessed only by securely attached individuals.
D) are entirely due to biology.

Question 9

When the presence of a trusted caregiver provides an infant or toddler with the ability to explore the environment, the child is using the caregiver as a:

A) security object.
B) dependent attachment figure.
C) secure base.
D) working model.

Question 10

Darrell exhibits separation distress when his mother leaves and happily greets her when she returns. He uses her as a secure base and actively seeks out contact with his mother. Bowlby would consider Darrell to be in which phase of the development of attachment?

A) attachment-in-the-making
B) reciprocal relationships
C) preattachment
D) clear-cut attachment

Question 11

Bowlby proposed that an individual's internal working model of attachment contains:

A) expectations about whether or not interpersonal relationships will be rewarding.
B) thoughts about whether or not one is physically attractive.
C) notions about whether or not other people are generally intelligent.
D) All of these are parts of an individual's internal working model of attachment according to Bowlby.

Question 12

Which statement is NOT part of Bowlby's conception of the primary caregiver as a secure base?

A) enables child to learn about the world
B) is a source of entertainment and learning
C) provides a sense of assurance
D) serves as a safe place when an infant feels scared

Question 13

Which list presents Bowlby's phases in the correct developmental sequence?

A) attachment-in-the-making, preattachment, clear-cut attachment, reciprocal relationships
B) preattachment, reciprocal relationships, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment
C) reciprocal relationships, attachment-in-the-making, preattachment, clear-cut attachment
D) preattachment, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment, reciprocal relationships

Question 14

Separation anxiety typically declines in which of Bowlby's phases?

A) reciprocal relationships
B) attachment-in-the-making
C) clear-cut attachment
D) preattachment

Question 15

Emmy responds more positively to her mother than to other people. She smiles and laughs more often in her mother's presence than in the presence of other people. She does not exhibit separation distress, nor does she actively seek out her mother. Bowlby would consider Emmy to be in which phase of the development of attachment?

A) attachment-in-the-making
B) reciprocal relationships
C) preattachment
D) clear-cut attachment

Question 16

Bowlby proposed that attachment:

A) occurs toward the first moving person an infant sees.
B) is rooted in evolution.
C) is necessary for identity development.
D) has at its center the notion of a needy, dependent infant.

Question 17

An individual's mental representation of the self, of attachment figures, and of relationships in general that is based on early experiences with caregivers is referred to as his or her:

A) attachment security.
B) personal fable.
C) internal working model.
D) identity.

Question 18

The study of parent‒child attachment was prompted by:

A) interviews with parents of children with Down syndrome.
B) observations of children growing up in orphanages in the 1940s.
C) studies of aggression in monkeys.
D) an analysis of children who were physically abused by their parents.

Question 19

Attachment theory was proposed by:

A) Harlow.
B) Ainsworth.
C) Bowlby.
D) Lorenz.

Question 20

When Baby Joseph cries, he is easily comforted by his mother. He is comforted just as easily by his father, his grandparents, and his babysitter, as well as by strangers. Bowlby would consider Joseph to be in which phase of the development of attachment?

A) attachment-in-the-making
B) disorganized/disoriented
C) reciprocal relationships
D) preattachment

Question 21

Which group of infants is typified by indifference toward the mother?

A) disorganized/disoriented
B) insecure/resistant
C) secure
D) insecure/avoidant

Question 22

Which behaviour during the Strange Situation is characteristic of infants who are classified as insecure/avoidant?

A) ignoring mother when she returns to room
B) displaying severe distress when mother leaves room
C) clinging to mother rather than playing with toys
D) while playing, looking back to check on mother

Question 23

Which action is NOT part of the Strange Situation?

A) separations from the caregiver
B) reunions with the caregiver
C) interactions with a stranger
D) contact with novel, scary objects

Question 24

Which statement about the association between infants' behaviour in the Strange Situation and their behaviour at home is true?

A) Infants classified as securely attached in the Strange Situation often appear more insecurely attached at home.
B) The behaviours of infants classified as insecure in the Strange Situation often switch, with insecure resistant infants appearing more avoidant in the home and insecure/avoidant infants appearing more clingy in the home.
C) Infants' behaviour in the Strange Situation is related to interactions with their mothers at home.
D) There is little association between infants' behaviour in the two settings.

Question 25

In the Strange Situation, baby Olivia clings to her mother, plays little with the toys in the room, and is extremely distressed when her mother leaves the room. When her mother returns to the room and picks her up, Olivia arches her back to get away from her mother. Olivia falls into which attachment category?

A) disorganized/disoriented
B) insecure/resistant
C) secure
D) insecure/avoidant

Question 26

Insecure/resistant infants are also referred to as:

A) avoidant.
B) ambivalent.
C) disorganized.
D) secure.

Question 27

Mary Ainsworth concluded that the quality of infant attachments can be determined by looking at:

A) infant reactions to separations from the caregiver and the infant's use of the caregiver as a secure base.
B) infant smiling directed at the caregiver and caregiver nonverbal communication toward the infant.
C) mutual verbal and nonverbal communication between the infant and the caregiver.
D) the infant's use of the caregiver as a secure base and smiling versus crying in the presence of the caregiver.

Question 28

The majority of infants in Canada fall into which attachment category?

A) insecure/avoidant
B) disorganized/disoriented
C) secure
D) insecure/resistant

Question 29

Which statement about parents' attachment models is true?

A) There is little association between parents' models of attachment and their infants' attachment security.
B) Preoccupied parents tend to be warm and sensitive toward their infants.
C) Parents' attachment models may have less to do with the adults' own attachment to their parents and more to do with their personal theories of child rearing.
D) All securely attached infants have autonomous parents.

Question 30

Mary Ainsworth's laboratory test used for measuring infants' attachment to their caregivers is referred to as the:

A) Strange Situation.
B) Internal Working Model.
C) Reciprocity Test.
D) Stranger Interaction Test.

Question 31

Mary Ainsworth's observations of families in Uganda and in the United States led her to the conclusion that information about infants' attachments to their caregivers can be obtained from observations of infants':

A) smiling directed at their caregivers.
B) verbal and nonverbal communication with their caregivers.
C) reactions to separations from their caregivers.
D) crying in the presence of their caregivers.

Question 32

The Adult Attachment Interview is designed to measure adults':

A) perceptions of their infants' attachments.
B) beliefs about child rearing.
C) evaluations of their adult relationships.
D) perceptions of their early childhood relationships.

Question 33

Which portion of the Strange Situation MOST indicates the quality of the attachment bond?

A) separations from the caregiver
B) reunions with the caregiver
C) interactions with a stranger
D) contact with novel objects

Question 34

Melissa, the mother of two children, remembers her childhood as difficult. When asked about it, she discusses her past in a consistent and cohesive manner, but reports that although there were some happy times, her parents were not always supportive. Which statement about Melissa is likely to be true?

A) Her children are unlikely to be securely attached to her.
B) She would most likely be classified into the autonomous adult attachment group.
C) She probably experienced physical abuse at the hands of her parents.
D) All of these statements are likely to be true.

Question 35

From responses to the Adult Attachment Interview, individuals were classified into all of these groups EXCEPT:

A) dismissing.
B) disorganized/disoriented.
C) preoccupied.
D) autonomous.

Question 36

Infants who approach their mothers and also regard them as a source of fear are considered to have which type of attachment?

A) disorganized/disoriented
B) insecure/resistant
C) secure
D) insecure/avoidant

Question 37

In the Strange Situation, baby Jacob plays actively with the toys in the room, occasionally looking back to check on his mother, and is mildly distressed when his mother leaves the room, but he is easily comforted by her return. Jacob falls into which attachment category?

A) disorganized/disoriented
B) insecure/resistant
C) secure
D) insecure/avoidant

Question 38

Sonal, the mother of two children, remembers her childhood as difficult. When asked about it, she discusses her past in a consistent and cohesive manner, but reports that although there were some happy times, her parents were not always supportive. Sonal is MOST likely to be classified as:

A) dismissing.
B) unresolved/disorganized.
C) preoccupied.
D) autonomous.

Question 39

Securely attached infants are MOST likely to have parents whose own adult attachment status is:

A) dismissing.
B) unresolved.
C) preoccupied.
D) autonomous.

Question 40

Which behaviour might be exhibited during the Strange Situation by an infant who is classified as disorganized/disoriented?

A) displaying fearful smiles while approaching mother
B) demonstrating severe distress when mother leaves room
C) clinging to mother rather than playing with toys
D) all of these behaviours.

Question 41

Which attachment category is often associated with infants whose mothers exhibit abusive behaviour?

A) insecure/resistant
B) secure
C) disorganized/distressed
D) insecure/avoidant

Question 42

What have researchers found to be true about parents who maltreat their children?

A) Interventions rarely are effective at reestablishing attachment.
B) Most parents who mistreat their children still have secure relationships with their children.
C) An effective way to establish secure attachment between a parent and a mistreated child is to have the child develop close attachment with an outside caregiver.
D) An effective way to establish secure attachment between a parent and a mistreated child is to provide the parent with sensitivity training.

Question 43

Children of young mothers with unresolved attachment often exhibit which of the following?

A) severe emotional withdrawal
B) controlling behaviour
C) speech delays
D) an overeagerness to please their mother.

Question 44

What has been demonstrated by research on the links between specific genes and attachment behaviours?

A) There is no clear evidence linking genes and attachment.
B) Insecure attachments, but not secure attachments, have a strong genetic component.
C) Certain genes cause individuals to be more sensitive to the quality of the environment.
D) Links between adult attachment and infant attachment are a result of shared genetics.

Question 45

Mothers who resist their infants' attempts at physical closeness and who are emotionally unavailable are more likely than other mothers to have infants who are:

A) insecure/resistant.
B) securely attached.
C) disorganized/disoriented.
D) insecure/avoidant.

Question 46

Which piece of evidence is the BEST support for the causal effect of infant attachment security on later social functioning?

A) Children who were securely attached as infants are more likely than other children to be socially and emotionally competent.
B) When security of attachment changes because of stress in the home, parent‒child interactions at the time are associated with social and emotional competence at that age.
C) Among children who functioned poorly during preschool, those who had a secure attachment during infancy were more socially and emotionally competent in middle childhood than were other children.
D) None of the answers supports this effect.

Question 47

Parental sensitivity involves:

A) responding quickly to the needs of a crying baby.
B) smiling, laughing, and making sounds at baby.
C) being emotionally available.
D) All of these comprise parental sensitivity.

Question 48

In a study conducted in 1986, in comparison with U.S. infants, Japanese infants appeared to be _____ likely to be securely attached, _____ likely to be insecure/resistant, and _____ likely to be insecure/avoidant.

A) as; less; more
B) as; more; less
C) less; more; more
D) more; less; less

Question 49

The MOST likely source of the differences in peer relationships between children who were securely attached as infants and those who were insecurely attached as infants are differences in:

A) the quality of adult models.
B) opportunities for peer interaction.
C) abilities to use social comparisons.
D) internal working models.

Question 50

The text describes a study in which mothers of irritable infants were taught how to be more sensitive to their infants. When infants whose mothers were trained were compared to infants in a control group, the intervention group demonstrated _____ rates of secure attachment in infancy and/but _____ rates of secure attachment when the children were of preschool age.

A) similar; similar
B) similar; higher
C) higher; similar
D) higher; higher

Question 51

Compared to children who were insecurely attached as infants, children who were securely attached as infants are more likely to demonstrate:

A) intensely close romantic relationships as adults.
B) anxiety and depression.
C) concern for others.
D) all of these.

Question 52

Which assertion about attachment behaviours in different cultures is true?

A) Attachment is biologically driven, and thus infants in all cultures display the same types of attachment behaviours and are classified into the same major attachment groups.
B) Although infants of many cultures can be classified into the major attachment categories, some cultures show quite different patterns.
C) Infants in all other cultures show entirely different patterns of attachment behaviour and cannot be classified into the same groups as infants in the Canada
D) Attachment behaviours are entirely dependent on culture, and the Strange Situation can only be used to classify infants in Canada

Question 53

Compared to children who were insecurely attached as infants, children who were securely attached as infants demonstrate:

A) more social competence.
B) less anxiety and depression.
C) better ability to understand other's emotions.
D) all of these traits.

Question 54

The self refers to:

A) one's physical appearance.
B) one's thoughts and attitudes about oneself.
C) one's personality and intelligence.
D) all of these traits.

Question 55

Mothers who are easily overwhelmed and who are inconsistent in responding to their infants are more likely than other mothers to have infants who are:

A) insecure/resistant.
B) disorganized/disoriented.
C) difficult.
D) insecure/avoidant.

Question 56

Attachment theorists believe that the MOST important contributor to the development of a secure attachment is:

A) parental sensitivity.
B) physical contact between parent and child.
C) infant temperament.
D) continuous, uninterrupted attention by the parent.

Question 57

Which trait in adolescent mothers has been shown to lead to more disruptive behaviour toward their infants?

A) insecure attachment
B) unresolved attachment
C) anxious attachment
D) avoidant attachment

Question 58

Which factor MOST impedes researchers' ability to fully understand the association between attachment security during infancy and later functioning?

A) difficulty with conducting longitudinal studies
B) the stable nature of the quality of parent‒child interactions
C) developmental changes in attachment characteristics
D) changes in family dynamics over the course of the child's development

Question 59

Which factor has NOT been shown to be associated with the quality of infants' attachment?

A) maternal trauma
B) socioeconomic status
C) specific genes
D) number of children in the family

Question 60

Which statement demonstrates that parental sensitivity and secure attachment in children are causally related?

A) Parents who respond to their children's cries quickly are more likely than other parents to have children with secure attachments.
B) Children who are temperamentally easy are more likely to have secure attachments to their caregivers.
C) Parents who are taught to be responsive to their irritable children are more likely than parents who are not taught this to have children who are securely attached.
D) Adults who were securely attached to their parents during their childhood are more likely than other adults to have children with secure attachments.

Question 61

Deborah, an adolescent, is preoccupied with how she appears to other people. She feels like everyone notices her and her every behaviour. This feeling is referred to as:

A) a belief in an imaginary audience.
B) a personal fable.
C) a belief in the all-important self.
D) egocentric.

Question 62

Children recognize themselves in the mirror starting at approximately what age?

A) 12 months old
B) 18 months old
C) 24 months old
D) 36 months old

Question 63

When asked to describe himself, Marcus says, "I have a lot of friends because I am fun to be with and I stand up for my friends. I am pretty smart in reading, but I feel kind of dumb in science because all of the other kids get better grades on their tests than I do. Even though I don't study as much as I should, and I am not as fast a runner as the other kids, other kids like me and I like myself." Marcus is MOST likely to be how old?

A) 3 years old
B) 7 years old
C) 10 years old
D) 14 years old

Question 64

Noticing discrepancies between one's own performance and others' performance is founded on:

A) social comparison.
B) self-esteem.
C) overconfidence.
D) an adolescent sense of self.

Question 65

_____ is(are) used to test whether toddlers have a sense of self.

A) The Strange Situation
B) Children's reactions when their own arm movements control movement of a mobile
C) Placing rouge on child's face before placing the child in front of a mirror
D) All of these

Question 66

Which behaviour is NOT considered an indicator that a child has a developing sense of self?

A) displaying separation distress
B) demonstrating joint attention
C) turning toward a noise
D) showing happiness when controlling objects

Question 67

When an experimenter surreptitiously places a dot of rouge on Deeana's face and then puts her in front of the mirror, she touches the spot on her face. Deeana is MOST likely to be at what age?

A) 14 months old
B) 17 months old
C) 20 months old
D) 11 months old

Question 68

Which behaviour is an indication that an infant has a sense of self?

A) making independent movements
B) crying
C) separation distress
D) talking

Question 69

Which concept is typical of a 3-year-old child's sense of self?

A) involves comparisons of themselves with others
B) includes global views of themselves that are not directly tied to specific behaviours
C) is focused on observable features
D) involves others' evaluations of them

Question 70

Young adolescents' self-conceptions are:

A) abstract.
B) focused to a considerable degree on their social competence.
C) often seemingly contradictory.
D) all of these.

Question 71

The concept of the personal fable refers to adolescents' inclination to:

A) lie to their parents.
B) boast about their abilities.
C) regard their feelings as unique and special.
D) believe they are invincible.

Question 72

Which milestone is NOT an indication that a child has a sense of self?

A) experiencing embarrassment
B) recognizing self in the mirror
C) attempting to set own goals in opposition to parents' goals
D) imitating others' facial expressions

Question 73

The personal fable is a form of:

A) sense of self.
B) identity.
C) coping mechanism.
D) egocentrism.

Question 74

Which emotion is an indicator that a child has a sense of self?

A) happiness
B) anger
C) sadness
D) shame

Question 75

The "terrible twos" are an indication of:

A) insecure attachment.
B) self-awareness.
C) negative identity.
D) parental insensitivity.

Question 76

Annalee is 3 years old. If asked to describe herself, which statement is she LEAST likely to say?

A) "I am a great dancer. See, I can do a pirouette."
B) "I love to go apple picking."
C) "I have brown hair."
D) "My sister is a faster runner than me."

Question 77

By what age is a rudimentary sense of self evident?

A) 2 to 4 months
B) 7 to 8 months
C) 12 to 14 months
D) 18 to 20 months

Question 78

Which description would NOT apply to the self-concept of a typical late-elementary-school child in comparison to the self-concept of a typical preschool child?

A) more complex
B) based to a greater extent on peer relationships
C) more likely to involve positive illusions of abilities
D) more likely to include social comparisons

Question 79

When an experimenter surreptitiously places a dot of rouge on Marlon's face and then puts him in front of the mirror, he touches the spot on his face. When the experimenter shows Marlon a photo of himself alongside photos of two other boys his age, Marlon does not recognize himself. Marlon is MOST likely to be at what age?

A) 14 months old
B) 17 months old
C) 19 months old
D) 24 months old

Question 80

Hina is a young adolescent. If asked to describe herself, which statement is she LEAST likely to say?

A) "I just don't understand why sometimes I am so nice and other times I am so mean."
B) "I don't have that many friends."
C) "I have more friends than Kate because she isn't as nice a person as I am."
D) "I can be a real introvert sometimes."