Deck 5: Learning

Question 1

When Pavlov placed meat powder or other food in the mouths of canine subjects,they began to salivate.The salivation was a(n)____________.

A)unconditioned response
B)unconditioned stimulus
C)conditioned response
D)conditioned stimulus

Answer 1

unconditioned response

Question 2

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs,and they began to salivate.The food acted as a (an) ____________.

A)unconditioned response
B)unconditioned stimulus
C)conditioned response
D)conditioned stimulus

Answer 2

unconditioned stimulus

Question 3

Changes controlled by a genetic blueprint,such as an increase in height or the size of the brain,are examples of ___________________.

A)maturation
B)learning
C)habituation
D)growth cycles

Answer 3

maturation

Question 4

In a conditioning experiment,a sound is paired with a brief puff of air to the eye of the rabbit.After several pairings,the rabbit ultimately blinks its eye when it hears the sound.Which of the following is true?

A)The blinking of the eye serves as stimulus.
B)The puff of air serves as the unconditioned stimulus.
C)The puff of air serves as the conditioned stimulus.
D)The blinking of the eye serves as the conditioned stimulus.

Question 5

Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry,her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry,by drooling and whining.She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry,the sound of the door had become a(n)______.

A)unconditioned stimulus
B)conditioned stimulus
C)unconditioned response
D)conditioned response

Question 6

As an infant,Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor.When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat,she started to cry.This is an example of _______________.

A)instrumental learning
B)observational learning
C)classical conditioning
D)habituation

Question 7

In the context of classical conditioning,which of following components "elicits" a response?

A)UCR
B)UCS
C)CER
D)CSR

Question 8

The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was _____________.

A)Skinner
B)Tolman
C)Kohler
D)Pavlov

Question 9

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original,natural stimulus is called ________________.

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)memory linkage
D)adaptation

Question 10

The abbreviation UCS stands for ____________.

A)unconditional statement
B)uniform conditioned subject
C)unconditional sensation
D)unconditioned stimulus

Question 11

Learning is said to be a relatively permanent change in behavior because ________.

A)it is thought that learning changes the nerve fiber patterns in your muscles
B)once you learn something,you will never fail to remember it or carry out the correct action
C)it is thought that when learning occurs some part of the brain physically changes
D)memory processes,unlike learning processes,are not permanent

Question 12

Which of the following statements about learning is NOT true?

A)Learning is another word for "maturation."
B)Learning is relatively permanent.
C)Learning involves changes in behavior.
D)Learning involves experiences.

Question 13

Normally,when food is placed in the mouth of any animal,the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion.In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning,salivation would be referred to as ________.

A)an unconditioned response
B)a voluntary response
C)a conditioned response
D)a digestive reflux

Question 14

Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?

A)Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion.
B)Pavlov was elated when his student first noticed that the dogs were salivating before tasting the food.
C)Pavlov continued his Nobel Prize-winning research on digestion after documenting conditioning.
D)Pavlov stressed the importance of speculating about the dog's feelings toward the food.

Question 15

__________ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

A)Learning
B)Adaptation
C)Memory enhancement
D)Muscle memory

Question 16

Every time Maricella goes to work in the morning,she notices that her dog sulks in the corner of the room and looks very sad.Over several weeks,she notices that the dog gets unhappy when she picks up her car keys,immediately before leaving the house.Which phenomenon of learning best describes the dog's behavior?

A)classical conditioning
B)innate learning
C)punishment by removal
D)instinctive drift

Question 17

One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist.However,it was discovered by a ____________.

A)physician who was studying the age at which children start to walk
B)physiologist who was studying memory processes in monkeys
C)physiologist who was studying digestion
D)dog trainer who was trying to come up with the best way to reward animals for their performances in his shows

Question 18

Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank.After a while he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light.In this example,the
________________ is the unconditioned stimulus.

A)presence of Alan near the aquarium
B)fish swimming to the top
C)aquarium light
D)fish food

Question 19

Which of the following events most intrigued Pavlov and led to his discoveries?

A)The dogs seemed to enjoy the food.
B)The assistant salivated along with the dogs when the dogs started to eat.
C)The dogs stopped salivating after seeing the assistant so many times.
D)The dogs started to salivate when they saw Pavlov's assistant and before they got the food.

Question 20

The abbreviation UCR stands for _____________.

A)unconditional reinforcement
B)uniform conditioned rule
C)unconditional retention
D)unconditioned response

Question 21

After Pavlov's dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the metronome,he experimented with sounding the metronome and then failing to present the dogs with any food right away.Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the metronome.This represents the process called ___________________.

A)acquisition
B)testing
C)extinction
D)spontaneous recovery

Question 22

The abbreviation CS stands for _____________.

A)conditioned stimulus
B)correlated stimulus
C)conventional structure
D)conditional situation

Question 23

In Pavlov's classic experiments,the repeated presentations of the metronome along with the food was called the _______________ step of the classical conditioning process.

A)acquisition
B)testing
C)extinction
D)spontaneous recovery

Question 24

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of the dogs,and they began to salivate.Pavlov's student noticed that after a few days the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the student's footsteps.The salivation to the sound of the
Footsteps was a _______.

A)primary reinforcer
B)positive reinforcer
C)conditioned response
D)secondary reinforcer

Question 25

Imagine that you flinch after seeing lightning because in previous instances the lightning is followed by thunder,which scared you.In this scenario,lightning can be interpreted as being a(n):

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Question 26

Imagine that you try to condition someone so that a particular sound elicits a literal "knee jerk response." Which of the following is accurate?

A)The initial strike to the knee is the CS.
B)The initial knee jerk response is the CR.
C)The sound is the CS.
D)The anticipation of being struck in the knee is the CSR.

Question 27

The fact that you prefer blondes because your last love interest was a blonde best illustrates ________.

A)stimulus generalization
B)generalization gradient
C)stimulus discrimination
D)discrimination gradient

Question 28

An animal is conditioned to salivate to a metronome using Pavlovian procedures.After the conditioning is established,the animal is then put through an extinction procedure and the conditioned salivation disappears.Then the animal is removed from the test situation for several days.When returned to the test situation,the conditioned response is seen again.The effect is known as ________.

A)spontaneous recovery
B)higher-order conditioning
C)extinction
D)stimulus generalization

Question 29

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called _____________.

A)stimulus generalization
B)stimulus adaptation
C)response generalization
D)transfer of habit strength

Question 30

You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a metronome.You give the dog a biscuit,and then a second later you sound the metronome.You do this several times,but no conditioning seems to occur.This is probably because ___________.

A)the metronome was not a distinctive sound
B)the metronome should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit
C)you should have had a longer interval between the metronome and the biscuit
D)Pavlov found that the CS and UCS must be only seconds apart in order to condition salivation

Question 31

You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a metronome.You sound the metronome and then several minutes later you give the dog a biscuit.You do this several times but no conditioning seems to occur.This is probably because _________.

A)the metronome was not a distinctive sound
B)the metronome should have been sounded after the animal ate the biscuit
C)you should have had an even longer interval between the metronome and the biscuit
D)the biscuit was given too long after the sound of the metronome

Question 32

You train your dog,Milo,to salivate at the sound of a bell.Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo.He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings.But the next morning,when you ring the bell,Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response?

A)counterconditioning
B)instinctive drift
C)spontaneous recovery
D)stimulus discrimination

Question 33

Miranda notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of the electric can opener.In this example,the sound of the can opener is the ______________.

A)primary stimulus
B)positive reinforcer
C)conditioned stimulus
D)secondary reinforcer

Question 34

Harmony notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of Harmony opening a can with an electric can opener.In this example,the _______________ is the conditioned stimulus.

A)can of cat food
B)sound of the electric can opener
C)dish that Harmony puts the food in
D)cat scurrying into the kitchen

Question 35

What could John Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert's conditioned fear?

A)Show Albert a toy dog instead of a live rat.
B)Let Albert touch a Santa Claus beard repeatedly.
C)Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following.
D)Have Albert hear a loud noise many times without a rat present.

Question 36

The abbreviation CR stands for ______________.

A)conditional reinforcement
B)contingent reflex
C)conditioned response
D)contingent reflection

Question 37

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats,Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit,cotton wool,and a Santa Claus mask.He was studying whether or not _____________________ had occurred.

A)behavior modification
B)stimulus discrimination
C)extinction
D)stimulus generalization

Question 38

When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS (food,in this case),the CR will "die out" in a process called ______________.

A)CR fading
B)extinction
C)habituation
D)generalization fading

Question 39

Which of the following processes occur in both operant conditioning and classical conditioning?

A)extinction
B)spontaneous recovery
C)generalization
D)all of these

Question 40

The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called ______.

A)counterconditioning
B)instinctive drift
C)spontaneous recovery
D)stimulus discrimination

Question 41

Last month Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs,so he no longer likes chili dogs.Walter has experienced ____________.

A)blocking
B)conditioned taste-aversion
C)operant taste conditioning
D)noncontingent conditioning

Question 42

What was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)in the case of Little Albert?

A)a rat
B)a loud noise
C)a high chair
D)a small enclosed space

Question 43

An important discovery stemming from Watson and Rayner's experiment was that:

A)phobias can be reversed.
B)some phobias are more probable due to preparedness.
C)children experience phobias more often than had previously been thought.
D)phobias may be explained by using principles of classical conditioning.

Question 44

An important example of conditioned taste aversions might be ____________.

A)chemotherapy patients losing their appetites for food served around the same time they had their treatments
B)farmers leaving out sheep meat laced with a nauseating substance for coyotes to find in hopes of teaching them not to eat sheep
C)Both of these are examples of taste aversions.
D)Neither of these are examples of conditioned taste aversions.

Question 45

The learning of phobias is a very good example of which certain type of classical conditioning?

A)instinctive drift
B)innate learning
C)conditioned taste aversion
D)conditioned emotional response

Question 46

Little Albert's acquired fear of a white rat was a classic example of a(n)_____________________ response.

A)classical counterconditioned
B)conditioned emotional
C)positively reinforced
D)negatively reinforced

Question 47

Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate at a metronome sound that was paired with a meat stimulus.After the CS-UCS linkage was strongly established,Pavlov then presented the dog with several flashes of a light followed by the metronome sound.After a few days,when the light flashes were presented by themselves,the dog salivated.This is an example of ___________.

A)higher-order conditioning
B)neoclassical conditioning
C)generalization
D)operant conditioning

Question 48

A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his shee

A)Bandura
B)Skinner
C)Tolman
D)Garcia

Question 49

After a CS comes to elicit the CR,the CS now can be paired with a new neutral stimulus and this second neutral stimulus will start to elicit a CR.This process is called _______________.

A)higher-order conditioning
B)neoclassical conditioning
C)generalization
D)operant conditioning

Question 50

When a strongly conditioned CS is used to make another stimulus into a second CS,the effect is known as ____________.

A)spontaneous recovery
B)higher-order conditioning
C)extinction
D)stimulus generalization

Question 51

What is likely to happen to rats that drink a saccharin solution and are then shocked?

A)They will develop an aversion to saccharin.
B)They will refuse to drink any water and die.
C)They will not develop an aversion to saccharin solutions.
D)They will die as a result of the shocks they received in the research.

Question 52

Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be __________.

A)based on classical conditioning
B)deeply rooted in the innate unconscious of infants
C)based on the principle of observational learning
D)based on Skinner's analysis of positive reinforcement

Question 53

In the "Little Albert" study,the fear-producing stimulus used as a UCS was the ______.

A)white rat
B)loud noise
C)fear of the rat
D)fear of the noise

Question 54

Little Albert was conditioned to fear a:

A)white mouse.
B)brown mouse.
C)white rat.
D)white puppy.

Question 55

It is even possible to become classically conditioned by simply watching someone else respond to a stimulus in a process called ________________.

A)vicarious conditioning
B)conditioned emotional responses
C)stimulus generalization
D)higher-order conditioning

Question 56

John Watson offered a live,white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer.The white rat served as the __________________ in his study.

A)discriminative stimulus
B)counterconditioning stimulus
C)conditioned stimulus
D)unconditioned stimulus

Question 57

Which learning theorist is responsible for the discovery of conditioned taste aversions?

A)Seligman
B)Garcia
C)Skinner
D)Watson

Question 58

What would you predict about Little Albert based on the principle of spontaneous recovery?

A)Even after his fear of a rat was extinguished,the fear could come back.
B)After his fear of loud noises was extinguished,the fear could come back.
C)His fear of rats would disappear if he saw a rat without hearing a loud noise.
D)His fear of loud noises would disappear if he heard a loud noise without a rat present.

Question 59

The learning of phobias is a very good example of which certain type of classical conditioning?

A)instinctive drift
B)innate learning
C)conditioned taste aversion
D)conditioned emotional response

Question 60

What was the conditioned stimulus (CS)in the case of Little Albert?

A)a white rat
B)a loud noise
C)a high chair
D)a small enclosed space

Question 61

________ classical conditioning,operant conditioning requires the organism to voluntarily produce the ________.

A)Like;response
B)Unlike;response
C)Unlike;consequence
D)Like;stimulus

Question 62

Human beings generally have an aversion to bitter and sour foods.Some researchers suggest that this is because foods that are inedible or even poisonous are often bitter or sour.The tendency of human beings to find these potentially harmful foods repulsive is an example of _____________________.

A)classical conditioning
B)vicarious conditioning
C)conditioned emotional response
D)biological preparedness

Question 63

Some researchers believe that classical conditioning takes place only because:

A)the pairing of the CS and US doesn't provide useful information about the likelihood of occurrence of the US.
B)the pairing of the CS and UR provides useful information about the likelihood of occurrence of the CS.
C)the pairing of the CS and US provides useful information about the likelihood of occurrence of the US.
D)the pairing of the US and UR provides information about the likelihood of occurrence of the US.

Question 64

Taste aversion is an example of:

A)punishment that is contingent on the behavior exhibited.
B)classical conditioning from a single pairing of CS and US.
C)simultaneous conditioning.
D)operant conditioning

Question 65

There are two kinds of behavior that all organisms are capable of doing.If Inez blinks her eyes because a gnat flies close to them,that's _____________.But if she then swats at the gnat,that's _____________.

A)voluntary;involuntary
B)involuntary;voluntary
C)operant;instrumental
D)instrumental;classical

Question 66

Rescorla's modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that ______________.

A)the CS substitutes for the UCS
B)there is a biological readiness for conditioning to occur between the CS and UCS
C)the CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS
D)reinforcement must occur by providing a pleasant event

Question 67

Conditioned taste aversions are an example of something called __________.

A)biological preparedness
B)inherited conditioned dispositions
C)long-term spontaneous recovery
D)single repetition conditioning

Question 68

Your parakeet eats some cooked spaghetti.Later,the parakeet gets ill.What would the research on biological preparedness predict?

A)The parakeet will probably not eat shell macaroni because it smells similar to spaghetti.
B)The parakeet will probably not eat shell macaroni because it tastes similar to spaghetti.
C)The parakeet will probably not eat linguini noodles because they are long and thin and look similar to spaghetti.
D)The parakeet will eat spaghetti again.

Question 69

A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his shee

A)observational learning
B)latent learning
C)instrumental conditioning
D)conditioned taste aversions

Question 70

Unlike mammals,birds seem to develop conditioned aversions to food based on which sense?

A)taste
B)smell
C)vision
D)touch

Question 71

The current view of why classical conditioning works the way it does,advanced by Rescorla and others,adds the concept of _____________ to conditioning theory.

A)generalization
B)habituation
C)memory loss
D)expectancy

Question 72

Which theorist proposed the cognitive perspective that explains that classical conditioning occurs because of expectancy?

A)Pavlov
B)Garcia
C)Rescorla
D)Skinner

Question 73

Thorndike was known for his work with ______.

A)a Skinner box
B)a puzzle box
C)modeling
D)monkeys

Question 74

Conditioned taste aversions are an example of something called __________.

A)biological preparedness
B)inherited conditioned dispositions
C)long-term spontaneous recovery
D)single repetition conditioning

Question 75

Which is the most important characteristic of a food that is linked to a conditioned taste aversion for birds?

A)taste
B)smell
C)vision
D)touch

Question 76

Pavlov's model of classical conditioning was based on the idea that the conditioned stimulus,through its association close in time with the unconditioned stimulus,came to activate the same place in the animal's brain that was originally activated by the unconditioned stimulus.This was known as _____________.

A)stimulus substitution
B)the cognitive perspective
C)the Skinner model
D)higher-order conditioning

Question 77

Who was one of the first researchers to explore and outline the laws of voluntary responses?

A)Pavlov
B)Watson
C)Skinner
D)Thorndike

Question 78

Generally,it is best to present the CS followed immediately by the US for conditioning to occur.One exception to this rule is illustrated by:

A)food aversions.
B)conditioning voluntary responses.
C)tactile aversions.
D)conditioning eye blink responses.

Question 79

The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called __________________.

A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)effective based learning
D)spontaneous recovery

Question 80

According to Rescorla's theory,the CS must _______ the UCS or conditioning does not occur.

A)replace
B)come after
C)appear simultaneously with
D)predict