Deck 11: B: Understanding Self and Others

Question 1

Fifteen-year-old Angela's belief that she is, in effect, an actor whose performance is watched constantly by her peers is a phenomenon referred to as

A) the imaginary audience.
B) the personal fable.
C) the illusion of invulnerability.
D) perspective-taking.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Veronica describes herself as an "ambitious, fun-loving Catholic who is going to be a nurse someday." Veronica is probably

A) a toddler.
B) a preschooler.
C) an elementary school age child.
D) an adolescent.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Abby is six years old while Sheena is 13 years old. Compared to Abby's self-description, Sheena's self-description is likely to be

A) more abstract.
B) based more on physical characteristics.
C) more closely linked to possessions.
D) less future-oriented.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Chan's self-concept includes statements about his attitudes, personality traits, religious beliefs, and occupational goals. How old is Chan?

A) three years old
B) five years old
C) eight years old
D) 15 years old

Question 5

Rina's self-concept includes mention of emotions, social groups to which she belongs, and comparisons of herself to others. How old is Rina?

A) three years old
B) eight years old
C) 13 years old
D) 17 years old

Question 6

Self-awareness is usually well established by the age of

A) six months.
B) one years.
C) two years.
D) three years.

Question 7

Evidence for growing self-awareness between the ages of 18 and 24 months includes the fact that children of this age

A) cannot recognize themselves in a mirror.
B) look less at photographs of themselves than at photos of other children.
C) do not refer to themselves by name.
D) sometimes know their own age and gender.

Question 8

Teenagers' tendency to believe that their experiences and feelings are unique, and that no one has ever felt or thought as they do is known as

A) the personal fable.
B) the imaginary audience.
C) the illusion of invulnerability.
D) hypothetical reasoning.

Question 9

Sixteen-year-old Ingrid discovered a spot on her blouse after she arrived at school. Ingrid is afraid that everyone will notice the spot and think she is stupid. Which of the following best describes Ingrid's beliefs?

A) adolescent egocentrism
B) imaginary audience
C) personal fable
D) illusion of invulnerability

Question 10

If you ask Eva, a preschooler, to describe herself she is most likely to say

A) "I love swimming."
B) "I'm usually happy."
C) "I'm the fastest runner in my preschool class."
D) "I have blond hair."

Question 11

Adolescent egocentrism is characterized by

A) an inability to understand that others have different perspectives of the world.
B) an indifference about what other people think about them.
C) a belief that they are the focus of others' thinking.
D) having attained identity achievement.

Question 12

The foundation or first step of developing a self-concept occurs when children

A) begin to wonder who they are.
B) become aware that they exist independently of other people and objects in the environment.
C) mention emotions when describing themselves.
D) begin to describe themselves in relation to their peers.

Question 13

As children grow from preschoolers to adolescents, their self-concepts become

A) more concrete.
B) more elaborate and richer.
C) less psychological.
D) less future-oriented.

Question 14

Who is most likely to say, "Mine!" while playing with toys?

A) Parker, a two-year-old who is self-aware
B) Denton, a two-year-old who is not self-aware
C) Parker and Denton are equally likely to say, "Mine!" and both will probably say it a lot.
D) Parker and Denton are equally likely to say, "Mine!" but neither will say it very often.

Question 15

The self-absorption characteristic of the teen-age search for identity is called

A) diffusion.
B) theory of mind.
C) adolescent egocentrism.
D) specification.

Question 16

Between the ages of six and eight, children's descriptions of themselves are likely to

A) be based on characteristics that are observable and concrete.
B) be future-oriented.
C) mention emotions and social groups to which they belong.
D) vary with the setting.

Question 17

Two-year-old Chris "helps" his dad change the oil in the car and ends up with a black oil streak on his cheek. When they come into the house, his dad takes him into the bathroom to clean up. Based on what you know about self-awareness in two-year-olds, what would you expect Chris to do when he looks in the mirror?

A) Reach up and touch the black spot on his cheek.
B) Touch the black spot he sees on the mirror.
C) Look at his dad to see if he, too, has oil on his face.
D) Not show any indication that he notices the spot.

Question 18

The attitudes, behaviours, and values that a person believes make him or her a unique individual are referred to as the person's

A) self-concept.
B) specification.
C) imaginary audience.
D) personal fable.

Question 19

Toddlers who were self-aware were

A) more likely to say "Mine!" when playing with toys than children who are not self-aware.
B) less likely to say positive things to their playmates than children who are not self-aware.
C) more confrontational and aggressive than children who are not self-aware.
D) less likely to consider the toy to be part of a definition of themselves than children who are not self-aware.

Question 20

Dr. Jones conducts a study in which he places a red mark on toddlers' noses and then places them in front of a mirror. Dr. Jones appears to be interested in

A) identity statuses.
B) self-awareness.
C) egocentrism.
D) self-esteem.

Question 21

Troy, a college student, is in the achievement status for career. What does that tell you about his identity status for religion and politics?

A) Troy is in the achievement status for religion and politics.
B) Troy is not in the achievement status for religion and politics.
C) Troy is in the achievement status for religion but not for politics.
D) It is not possible to determine Troy's identity status for religion and politics by knowing his identity status for career.

Question 22

Michael, 15, was just dumped by his girlfriend, Lisa. Michael's dad told him that he knows how he feels but that in time he will feel better. Michael is convinced that his dad does not know how it feels to be dumped by a girlfriend and that his dad does not know what he is talking about. Which of the following terms best describes Michael's beliefs?

A) adolescent egocentrism
B) imaginary audience
C) personal fable
D) illusion of invulnerability

Question 23

Marcia's achievement identity status

A) occurs more in younger than in older adolescents.
B) occurs more in older than in younger adolescents.
C) is not related to age.
D) is achieved in all aspects of identity at the same time.

Question 24

Adolescents who have achieved an ethnic identity

A) are more likely to go to college.
B) worry more.
C) find interactions with peers more frustrating.
D) are more likely to have parents who downplay their cultural heritage.

Question 25

The process of integrating into and adopting the customs of a different culture is called

A) ethnic identity.
B) acculturation.
C) multiculturalism.
D) ethnic crystallization.

Question 26

In Marcia's theory, ________ describes individuals who have identities that are determined largely by adults, rather than from personal exploration.

A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 27

Although 15-year-old Vince hasn't thought about it much, he has decided to become a priest when he grows up because that's what his mother wants. Marcia would describe Vince as being in the ________ phase of achieving identity.

A) foreclosure
B) diffusion
C) achievement
D) moratorium

Question 28

Individuals who have explored alternatives and have deliberately chosen a specific identity are in Marcia's ________ identity status.

A) diffusion
B) achievement
C) moratorium
D) foreclosure

Question 29

In Marcia's theory, ________ describes individuals who are still examining different alternative identities.

A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 30

Antidepressant drugs

A) have effects that last after the individual stops taking the drugs.
B) are more effective than forms of psychotherapy that emphasize cognitive and social skills.
C) should be prescribed in any young person who has been diagnosed with depression.
D) are designed to correct an imbalance in neurotransmitters.

Question 31

Depression among adolescents

A) is caused by higher levels of neurotransmitters.
B) is more common in those who tend to blame others for negative outcomes.
C) is more common in girls than boys..
D) is unrelated to temperament.

Question 32

Adolescents tend to believe that misfortune only happens to others, a belief that is referred to as

A) the personal fable.
B) the illusion of invulnerability.
C) the imaginary audience.
D) hypothetical reasoning.

Question 33

Fourteen-year-old Tyler is overwhelmed by the task of achieving an identity and has done little to achieve one. Tyler appears to be in Marcia's ________ identity status.

A) moratorium
B) achievement
C) foreclosure
D) diffusion

Question 34

As individuals move from early adolescence to young adulthood, Marcia's ________ and ________ identity statuses become less common while ________ and ________ become more common.

A) achievement, moratorium; foreclosure, diffusion
B) moratorium, diffusion; foreclosure, achievement
C) foreclosure, moratorium; diffusion, achievement
D) foreclosure, diffusion; moratorium, achievement

Question 35

On Laurel's 16th birthday, her parents gave her a new car and a Conservative Party bumper sticker. Laurel was happy to accept the car but didn't want to display the bumper sticker. She had begun to read and think about different political parties and, although she hadn't yet decided which political party she supported, she didn't want to be a Conservative just because her parents were. In terms of her political beliefs, Laurel appears to be in Marcia's ________ identity status.

A) diffusion
B) achievement
C) moratorium
D) foreclosure

Question 36

When parents set rules with little justification and enforce them without explanation, children are more likely to remain in Marcia's _____________ status.

A) foreclosure
B) diffusion
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 37

Sixteen-year-old Edward is sexually active but doesn't practice safe sex. He thinks becoming infected with AIDS is something that would happen to other people, but not to him. Which of the following concepts best explains Edward's belief?

A) hypothetical reasoning
B) the personal fable
C) the imaginary audience
D) the illusion of invulnerability

Question 38

Marcia's identity formation statuses typically occur in which order?

A) diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, achievement
B) moratorium, foreclosure, diffusion, achievement
C) foreclosure, moratorium, achievement, diffusion
D) The phases do not necessarily occur in a particular sequence.

Question 39

As adolescents progress towards achieving an identity

A) adolescent egocentrism increases while the imaginary audience, personal fables, and the illusion of invulnerability become less common.
B) adolescent egocentrism decreases while the imaginary audience, personal fables, and the illusion of invulnerability become more common.
C) adolescent egocentrism, the imaginary audience, personal fables, and the illusion of invulnerability become less common.
D) adolescent egocentrism, the imaginary audience, personal fables, and the illusion of invulnerability become more common.

Question 40

Conflicts between parents and their adolescent children

A) usually involve more than mild bickering.
B) usually concern differences of opinion over core values.
C) are the inevitable result of teenagers spending more time with their parents.
D) are often more distressing for parents than teenagers.

Question 41

Nikolai has achieved a distinct ethnic self-concept. He is in the ________ phase of achieving an ethnic identity.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth

Question 42

________ is defined as a person's judgment and feelings about his or her own worth.

A) Self-concept
B) Self-recognition
C) Self-esteem
D) Self-awareness

Question 43

Most adolescents report that they

A) do not love their parents.
B) do not ask their parents for advice.
C) embrace many of their parents' values.
D) feel unloved by their parents.

Question 44

In the earliest phase of achieving an ethnic identity, individuals

A) do not consider ethnic identity to be an important personal issue.
B) begin to explore the personal impact of their ethnic heritage.
C) learn cultural traditions.
D) achieve a distinct ethnic self-concept.

Question 45

Adolescents who have achieved a strong ethnic identity

A) have lower self-esteem.
B) find interactions with family and friends less satisfying.
C) do poorly in school.
D) have parents who encouraged them to explore alternative identities.

Question 46

Adolescents are more likely to reach achievement status when their parents

A) recognize their children's autonomy.
B) discourage discussion.
C) discourage personal experimentation.
D) simply tell them what identity to adopt.

Question 47

Recently, Ramiro has become interested in his ethnic heritage. He has attended some Mexican-American festivals and read some books on the role that Mexican Americans have played in the history of the United States. Ramiro is in which stage of achieving an ethnic identity?

A) first stage
B) second stage
C) third stage
D) fourth stage

Question 48

Who is most likely to reach achievement status?

A) Gabriel, whose parents discourage discussion
B) Amanda, whose parents give her explicit direction for her choices
C) Kathryn, whose parents encourage her to explore alternatives on her own
D) Ashley, whose parents set rules with little justification

Question 49

Children's overall self-worth

A) is, roughly, the average of their self-worth in specialized areas.
B) is determined by some domains more than others.
C) is not influenced by social competence.
D) has fewer contributors as the child gets older.

Question 50

If Hunter is a typical adolescent, he will

A) be rebellious.
B) rely upon his parents for advice.
C) not share many of his parents' values.
D) be unhappy.

Question 51

Juan has very little interest in examining his ethnic roots. Juan is in the ________ phase of achieving an ethnic identity.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth

Question 52

Scholastic competence is measured by how

A) popular or accepted the child feels in social interactions with peers.
B) adequate the child feels about behaving the way one is supposed to.
C) competent the child feels at sports and games requiring physical skill, athletic ability.
D) competent or smart the child feels in doing schoolwork.

Question 53

Anne participates in a study in which she is asked how much statements such as "I'm very good at schoolwork" and "I find it very easy to make friends" apply to her. The study involves measuring

A) perspective-taking.
B) stranger anxiety.
C) self-esteem.
D) basic and complex emotions.

Question 54

Hunter is eager to try any sport and feels that he's pretty good at most of them. Mason doesn't enjoy any sports, mainly because he doesn't think he's very good at them. Hunter's and Mason's perceived competencies are different in the domain of

A) scholastic competence.
B) behavioural conduct.
C) physical appearance.
D) athletic competence.

Question 55

Stella is a depressed adolescent. She is likely to

A) blame others for her failures.
B) have reduced levels of some neurotransmitters.
C) not find psychotherapy a successful way to treat her depression.
D) experience long-lasting treatment effects through short-term drug therapy.

Question 56

In the elementary-school years, all of the following areas of self-esteem stand out EXCEPT

A) emotional stability.
B) physical appearance.
C) scholastic competence.
D) social competence.

Question 57

Which of the following statements about parent-child relations during adolescence is true?

A) Parent-adolescent relations can be accurately summed up as being full of storm-and-stress.
B) Parent-adolescent relationships become more egalitarian throughout adolescence.
C) Parents and adolescents continue to spend the same amount of time together as they did when the adolescent was a child.
D) Adolescents show their parents more affection than they did as children.

Question 58

Depression-prone adolescents

A) have higher levels of norepinephrine and serotonin.
B) are more likely to be boys than girls.
C) are likely to become depressed even when there is no triggering event.
D) are more likely to blame themselves for their failures.

Question 59

The most effective and lasting forms of treatment for depression in adolescence emphasize

A) minimizing discussion of the depressive symptoms.
B) taking personal responsibility for negative outcomes.
C) correcting an imbalance in neurotransmitters.
D) cognitive and social skills.

Question 60

A strong, well-defined ethnic identity is associated with

A) younger rather than older adolescents.
B) lower school achievement.
C) a weakened tie to mainstream culture for all ethnic groups.
D) higher self-esteem.

Question 61

Who is likely to have the highest self-esteem?

A) Abe, who just started high school
B) Tex, who just started junior high school
C) Gus, who is in early elementary school
D) Len, who is in preschool

Question 62

Who is likely to have the lowest self-esteem?

A) Darrin, whose parents don't set rules
B) Donald, whose parents discuss their rules with him
C) Stephen, whose parents are affectionate toward him
D) Troy, whose parents are involved in his extra-curricular activities

Question 63

Academic self-esteem in highest in gifted children who

A) are in special classrooms for gifted children.
B) are in classrooms for gifted children and who value being at the top of the class.
C) are in classrooms for gifted children where common assignments and comparative evaluations are made.
D) are in regular classrooms.

Question 64

Which gifted student's self-esteem is most likely to suffer if she is placed in a class for gifted students?

A) Blythe, who is very intent on mastering challenging academic material
B) Stacey, who values being at the top of the class
C) Holly, whose gifted classroom emphasizes individualized work
D) Blythe, Stacey, and Holly are equally likely to suffer a drop in self-esteem

Question 65

When gifted students are placed in special classes for gifted students, their self-esteem

A) often decreases.
B) often increases.
C) is not usually affected
D) usually changes, but may either increase or decrease.

Question 66

When Kristin makes the transition from elementary school to junior high school, you would expect her self-esteem to

A) decrease.
B) increase.
C) fluctuate up and down unpredictably.
D) remain stable.

Question 67

An individual's self-esteem

A) becomes more differentiated with age.
B) tends to be at similar levels across different domains.
C) is usually highest during the junior high school years.
D) is not affected by how others view them.

Question 68

Which of the following most accurately describes a typical preschooler in terms of self-esteem?

A) full of confidence
B) full of self-doubt
C) at the bottom of the "pecking order"
D) very differentiated

Question 69

As children move from being preschoolers to becoming adolescents

A) they are less likely to compare themselves to peers.
B) self-esteem becomes more differentiated.
C) self-esteem shows large increases.
D) girls' self-esteem drops more than boys' after the transition to junior high.

Question 70

When children move from elementary school to high school

A) self-esteem reaches its peak.
B) self-esteem becomes less differentiated.
C) children become less likely to compare themselves with peers.
D) self-esteem usually drops.

Question 71

At which age would you be most likely to find the highest levels of self-esteem?

A) preschool years
B) early elementary-school years
C) late elementary-school years
D) junior high years

Question 72

A second-order belief such as "Derek thinks that Amy doesn't like the teacher" is referred to as

A) self-reflective perspective taking.
B) recursive thinking.
C) social-informational perspective taking.
D) validated thinking.

Question 73

Courtney loves the way she looks, especially her long, thick hair and big, dark brown eyes. Courtney's self-worth is high in the domain of

A) athletic competence.
B) physical appearance.
C) social acceptance.
D) behavioural conduct.

Question 74

By the end of the elementary-school years, children's self-esteem has usually stabilized because

A) children at that age have established an ethnic identity.
B) children at that age have not yet started comparing themselves to others.
C) children have learned their place in the "pecking order."
D) children at that age believe that they are consistently above average.

Question 75

Who is likely to have the highest self-esteem?

A) John, who likes school and gets good grades.
B) David, who has trouble getting along with his peers
C) Dustin, who doesn't participate in extracurricular activities
D) James, who often has disciplinary problems

Question 76

Which factor accounts for some of the decrease in self-esteem seen during the elementary school years?

A) parents setting more rules
B) children beginning to compare themselves with peers
C) teachers becoming more involved with students
D) a school emphasis on individualized instruction

Question 77

Cole and colleagues (2001) examined developmental changes in various domains of self-esteem in elementary school and high school. They found that

A) academic self-worth showed the greatest changes with age.
B) social self-worth decreases substantially with age.
C) girls have higher behavioural self-worth in the elementary-school years than do boys.
D) boys have higher academic self-worth during the elementary-school years than do girls.

Question 78

According to Cole and colleagues, research on developmental change in different domains of self-worth during elementary school and high school, there is evidence that

A) the nature of developmental change in self-worth depends on the domain.
B) boys' and girls' self-perceptions are similar in all domains.
C) school transitions do not affect self-perceptions.
D) boys' self-worth is higher than girls' self-worth in all domains and ages.

Question 79

How popular a child feels in social interactions with peers is called

A) scholastic competence.
B) athletic competence.
C) social acceptance.
D) behavioural conduct.

Question 80

Bigler & Liben's (2007) findings support the idea that bias and prejudice are by-products of

A) their parents' belief systems.
B) underlying hostility.
C) children's efforts to determine the features in an environment that distinguish different groups.
D) group conflict.