Deck 11: A: Understanding Self and Others

Question 1

According to Marcia, during the achievement status individuals have explored alternatives and have deliberately chosen a specific identity.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Achievement status is attained for all aspects of identity at the same time.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

As children grow, their self-concepts become richer and more abstract.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Marcia's four phases of identity achievement occur in a specific sequence.

Question 5

The first step in the development of self-concept is the child's awareness that he or she exists independently of others.

Question 6

Self-awareness emerges between 18 and 24 months.

Question 7

Adolescents are more likely to achieve an ethnic identity when their parents encourage them to explore alternatives rather than pressuring them to adopt a particular identity.

Question 8

Research supports the idea that adolescence is a time of storm and stress.

Question 9

Self-aware toddlers look more at photos of themselves than photos of other children.

Question 10

According to Marcia, during the moratorium status, individuals are overwhelmed by the task of achieving an identity and are doing little to achieve one.

Question 11

Preschoolers' self-concepts focus on attitudes and personality traits.

Question 12

Social competence is one of four specialized areas of self-esteem that stand out in the elementary-school years.

Question 13

Adolescents' self-concepts include religious and political beliefs.

Question 14

Achievement and moratorium statuses are more common in young adolescents.

Question 15

Adolescents' belief that others are constantly watching their behaviour is called the personal fable.

Question 16

Self-esteem becomes less differentiated during adolescence.

Question 17

Adolescents' belief that their experiences and feelings are unique is called the illusion of vulnerability.

Question 18

In the first phase of achieving an ethnic identity, adolescents begin to explore the personal impact of their ethnic heritage.

Question 19

Self-aware toddlers are more likely to say, "Mine!" while playing with toys than are children who were not yet self-aware.

Question 20

Self-esteem refers to a person's judgments and feelings about his or her own self-worth.

Question 21

Children with low self-esteem are more likely to be involved in bullying.

Question 22

Encouraging contact between children from different groups is sufficient to reduce prejudice.

Question 23

As children develop, their descriptions of others become richer, more abstract, and more psychological.

Question 24

Children are more likely to view themselves positively when their parents are affectionate with them.

Question 25

In Selman's third-person stage of perspective-taking, children can step out of the immediate situation and see how they and another person are viewed by a third person.

Question 26

High self-esteem in children is related to parents who set rules and are willing to discuss rules and discipline with their children.

Question 27

By five years of age, children use the information in their descriptions of others to predict others' future behaviour.

Question 28

Prejudice lessens as children get older and hits a low in adolescence.

Question 29

During the elementary school years, self-esteem drops as children begin to compare themselves to their peers.

Question 30

Prejudice decreases when children role play being the victims of prejudice.

Question 31

Family harmony is not related to self-esteem.

Question 32

Preschool and kindergarten children are more likely to attribute negative traits to their own group and attribute positive traits to other groups.

Question 33

Children's self-worth depends on being valued regardless of actual competence.

Question 34

Prejudice lessens as children learn that social groups are heterogeneous.

Question 35

Gifted children in gifted classrooms often have lower academic self-esteem than gifted children in regular classrooms.

Question 36

Children with low self-esteem are more likely to suffer from psychological disorders such as depression.

Question 37

In general, self-esteem is highest during adolescence.

Question 38

In Selman's social-informational stage of perspective-taking, children know that self and others often have different thoughts and feelings, but often confuse the two.