Exam 11: A: Understanding Self and Others

According to Marcia, during the moratorium status, individuals are overwhelmed by the task of achieving an identity and are doing little to achieve one.

High self-esteem in children is related to parents who set rules and are willing to discuss rules and discipline with their children.

In Selman's third-person stage of perspective-taking, children can step out of the immediate situation and see how they and another person are viewed by a third person.

Prejudice lessens as children get older and hits a low in adolescence.

Self-awareness emerges between 18 and 24 months.

Achievement status is attained for all aspects of identity at the same time.

Children with low self-esteem are more likely to suffer from psychological disorders such as depression.

Gifted children in gifted classrooms often have lower academic self-esteem than gifted children in regular classrooms.

Marcia's four phases of identity achievement occur in a specific sequence.

Social competence is one of four specialized areas of self-esteem that stand out in the elementary-school years.

Children with low self-esteem are more likely to be involved in bullying.

As children develop, their descriptions of others become richer, more abstract, and more psychological.

Preschool and kindergarten children are more likely to attribute negative traits to their own group and attribute positive traits to other groups.

In general, self-esteem is highest during adolescence.

Self-aware toddlers look more at photos of themselves than photos of other children.

Family harmony is not related to self-esteem.

As children grow, their self-concepts become richer and more abstract.

Achievement and moratorium statuses are more common in young adolescents.

Prejudice lessens as children learn that social groups are heterogeneous.

Prejudice decreases when children role play being the victims of prejudice.