Deck 2: Theories-And-Causes

Question 1

What is an underlying assumption with regard to abnormal child behavior?​

A)Abnormal development is solely determined by the child's genetic makeup.
B)Abnormal development is solely determined by the child's environment.
C)Abnormal development involves continuities and discontinuities.
D)Abnormal development focuses on extreme or bizarre behavior.

Answer 1

Abnormal development involves continuities and discontinuities.

Question 2

Brain maturity occurs in a(n)____ fashion.

A)mostly random
B)strictly organized
C)strictly hierarchical
D)organized and hierarchical

Answer 2

organized and hierarchical

Question 3

Which statement about neural development is false?​

A)Most developing axons reach their destination even before a baby is born.
B)Synapses both proliferate and disappear in early childhood.
C)Brain connections are relatively pre-determined and cannot be changed by the environment.
D)Primitive areas of the brain develop first.

Answer 3

Brain connections are relatively pre-determined and cannot be changed by the environment.

Question 4

The dynamic interaction of child and environment is referred to as ____.

A)mutuality
B)etiology
C)transaction
D)continuity

Question 5

A central tenet of developmental psychopathology is that to understand maladaptive behavior,we must consider ____.

A)one's genetic predisposition
B)how problematic behaviors develop over time
C)the child's familial history for maladjustment
D)what is normative for a given period of development

Question 6

A child's problems must be considered in relation to the influence of the ____.

A)individual
B)family
C)community/culture
D)all of these

Question 7

Which statement about neural development is true?​

A)Major restructuring of the brain in relation to puberty occurs between 6 and 9 years of age.
B)The brain stops developing after 3 years of age.
C)Primitive areas of the brain mature last.
D)The prefrontal cortex and the cerebellum are not wired until a person is 5 to 7 years old.

Question 8

The failure to master or progress in accomplishing developmental milestones is referred to as a(n)____.

A)adaptational failure
B)developmental disintegration
C)discontinuity
D)dysregulation

Question 9

Which statement about our genetic makeup is false?​

A)Genes determine behavior.
B)Genes are composed of DNA.
C)Genes produce proteins.
D)The expression of genes is influenced by the environment.

Question 10

Victor is fearful of approaching new situations and often appears inhibited.Victor's mother reports that she struggles with similar difficulties and he may have inherited it from her.This is an example of ____.

A)emotional influences
B)biological influences
C)cognitive influences
D)behavioral influences

Question 11

Most often,adaptational failure is due to a(n)____.

A)single,definable cause
B)longstanding biological maladaptation
C)ongoing interaction between the individual and environment
D)sudden onset of an environmental challenge

Question 12

The windows of time during which environmental influences on development are enhanced are called ____.

A)sensitive periods
B)critical periods
C)crucial periods
D)necessary periods

Question 13

Because development is ____,sensitive periods play a meaningful role in any discussion of normal and abnormal behavior.

A)disorganized
B)organized
C)hierarchical
D)organized and hierarchical

Question 14

Children's development occurs in a(n)____ manner.

A)mostly random
B)strictly organized
C)strictly hierarchical
D)organized and hierarchical

Question 15

Etiology refers to the ____ of childhood disorders.

A)causation
B)treatments
C)correlates
D)prevention

Question 16

An organizational view of development implies a(n)____ process.

A)static
B)unchanging
C)dynamic
D)fixed

Question 17

Isabella is 3 years old,and frequently demands attention,overreacts,and refuses to go to bed.These behaviors are considered ____.

A)common because of her age
B)diagnosable as clinical disorders
C)signs of an overly sensitive child
D)early warning signs of future difficulties

Question 18

Which theoretical orientation best explains the various behaviors or disorders in childhood?

A)biological
B)psychological
C)family
D)integrative

Question 19

Children's early caretaking experiences play an important role in designing parts of the brain that involve ____.

A)planning and complex processes
B)problem solving skills
C)emotion,personality,and behavior
D)fine motor skills

Question 20

The developmental psychopathology approach to studying childhood disorders emphasizes the importance of developmental____.

A)disruptions
B)processes and tasks
C)regressions
D)obstacles

Question 21

Behavioral geneticists have concluded that ____.

A)many psychological disorders can be accounted for by an individual gene
B)much of our development and behaviors are influenced by a small number of genes
C)both genetic and environmental influences affect behavior
D)behavior is largely influenced by the environment

Question 22

What is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces overall arousal and levels of anger,hostility,and aggression?​

A)serotonin
B)benzodiazepine-GABA
C)norepinephrine
D)dopamine

Question 23

The ____ gives us the distinct qualities that make us human and allows us to think about the future,to be playful,and to be creative.

A)cerebral cortex
B)limbic system
C)brainstem
D)hippocampus

Question 24

The glands located on top of the kidneys are important because they produce hormones that ____.

A)orchestrate the body's regulatory functions
B)control the entire HPA axis
C)energize us and prepare for possible threats in the environment
D)allow our cellular functions to relax and rejuvenate

Question 25

ACTH causes the adrenal glands to release ____.

A)benzodiazepine-GABA
B)cortisol
C)serotonin
D)dopamine

Question 26

A child who cannot control his temper has problems in emotion ____.

A)sensitivity
B)reactivity
C)regulation
D)deregulation

Question 27

Emotions serve ____.

A)as external monitoring systems
B)to provide motivation for action
C)to promote risk-taking behaviors
D)as a cognitive backbone

Question 28

The neurotransmitter implicated in regulatory problems,such as eating and sleep disorders,is ____.

A)norepinephrine
B)serotonin
C)benzodiazepine-GABA
D)dopamine

Question 29

Which part of the brain is implicated in disorders affecting motor behavior?​

A)hypothalamus
B)hindbrain
C)basal ganglia
D)limbic system

Question 30

The ____ gland produces epinephrine in response to stress.

A)hypothalamus
B)thyroid
C)adrenal
D)pituitary

Question 31

James often appears to be in a bad mood and he is easily frustrated when given challenging tasks.His temperament would be described as ____.

A)angry and intense
B)negative affect or irritability
C)fearful or inhibited
D)positive affect and approach

Question 32

The ____ gland plays a role in energy metabolism and growth,and is implicated in certain eating disorders.

A)hypothalamus
B)thyroid
C)adrenal
D)pituitary

Question 33

____ has been implicated in several psychological disorders,especially those connected to a person's response to stress and ability to regulate emotions.

A)The HPA axis
B)BZ-GABA
C)Norepinephrine
D)Dopamine

Question 34

____ acts like a "switch" in the brain,turning on various circuits associated with certain types of behavior.

A)Serotonin
B)Benzodiazepine-GABA
C)Norepinephrine
D)Dopamine

Question 35

____ serve(s)as a filter for organizing large amounts of new information and avoiding potential harm.

A)Cognitions
B)Emotions
C)The HPA axis
D)Benzodiazepine-GABA

Question 36

The _________ lobes contain the functions underlying much of our thinking and reasoning abilities.

A)temporal
B)frontal
C)parietal
D)occipital

Question 37

Which part of the brain is most responsible for regulating our emotional experiences,expressions,and impulses?​

A)hypothalamus
B)hindbrain
C)basal ganglia
D)limbic system

Question 38

Epinephrine is also known as ____.

A)dopamine
B)serotonin
C)cortisol
D)adrenaline

Question 39

The problem with family aggregation studies is that they ____.

A)are difficult to carry out
B)do not control for environmental variables
C)only tell us about the influence of the environment
D)only tell us about chromosomal abnormalities

Question 40

The ____ gland oversees the body's regulatory functions by producing several hormones,including estrogen and testosterone.

A)pineal
B)pituitary
C)thyroid
D)adrenal

Question 41

_____ theorists argue that a child's behavior can only be understood in terms of relationships with others.

A)Cognitive
B)Behavioral
C)Family systems
D)Genetic

Question 42

Bronfenbrenner's (1977)model includes a consideration of the ____.

A)child only
B)child and family members
C)family members and society in which the child lives
D)child,family members,and society in which the child lives

Question 43

____ explain the acquisition of problem behavior on the basis of paired associations between previously neutral stimuli (e.g.,homework),and unconditioned stimuli (e.g.,parental anger).

A)Operant models
B)Classical conditioning models
C)Social learning models
D)Social cognition models

Question 44

Which phrase describes the "slow-to-warm-up child",who is cautious in approaching novel or challenging situations?​

A)positive affect and approach
B)fearful or inhibited
C)negative affect or irritability
D)adaptive with negative mood

Question 45

Infants that explore the environment with little affective interaction with the caregiver are likely to have a(n)____ attachment pattern.

A)secure
B)anxious-avoidant
C)anxious-resistant
D)disorganized

Question 46

Today's research and thinking accepts the notion that many childhood disorders:​

A)cannot be overcome
B)are treatable with the use of medications
C)receive too much media attention
D)share many clinical features and causes

Question 47

____ theorists emphasize attributional biases,modeling,and cognitions in their explanation of abnormal behavior.

A)Behavior
B)Psychodynamic
C)Social learning
D)Biological

Question 48

The process of attachment typically begins between ____ of age.

A)0 to 2 months
B)6 to 12 months
C)12 to 18 months
D)18 to 24 months

Question 49

Temperament ____.

A)refers to a child's unpredictable behavior
B)shapes a child's approach to the environment and vice versa
C)is not related to personality
D)forms very late in development

Question 50

Which attachment pattern has been linked to conduct problems and aggressive behavior?​

A)secure
B)anxious-avoidant
C)anxious-resistant
D)disorganized

Question 51

_______ relates to how children think about themselves and others,resulting in mental representations of themselves,relationships,and their social world.

A)Social cognition
B)Observational learning
C)Cognitive mediation
D)Cognitive development

Question 52

The _____ view of child development recognizes the importance of balancing the abilities of individuals with the challenges and risks of their environments.

A)health promotion
B)family systems
C)attachment
D)psychopathological

Question 53

ABA involves the examination of ____.

A)behavior only
B)antecedents and consequences only
C)behavior and consequences only
D)behavior,antecedents,and consequences

Question 54

Infants that are wary of new situations and strangers and who often cannot be comforted by the caregiver are likely to have a(n)____ attachment pattern.

A)secure
B)anxious-avoidant
C)anxious-resistant
D)disorganized

Question 55

Attachment theory considers crying (in an infant)to be a behavior that ____.

A)serves to keep predators away
B)stimulates the immune system
C)irritates others
D)enhances relationships with the caregiver

Question 56

Which attachment pattern has been linked to phobias and anxiety problems?​

A)secure
B)anxious-avoidant
C)anxious-resistant
D)disorganized

Question 57

Which term describes a child's model of relationships in terms of what the child expects from others and how the child relates to others?​

A)internal working model
B)external working model
C)internal attachment model
D)external attachment model

Question 58

Individual differences in emotion ____ account for differing responses to a stressful environment.

A)affectivity
B)sensitivity
C)reactivity
D)regulation

Question 59

____ problems refer to weak or absent control structures,whereas ____ problems indicate that existing control structures operative in a maladaptive way.

A)Regulation; dysregulation
B)Dysregulation; regulation
C)Reactivity; regulation
D)Regulation; reactivity

Question 60

____ models portray the child's environment as a series of nested and interconnected structures.

A)Environmental
B)Ecological
C)Societal
D)Macroparadigm

Question 61

What is meant by using an integrative approach to understanding factors that influence a child's behavior?​

Question 62

Distinguish between continuous and discontinuous patterns of behavior development.

Question 63

Discuss the importance of attachment and how it affects a child's internal working model of relationships.

Question 64

Describe how sensitive periods can impact children's development.Can developmental change occur outside of these periods?​

Question 65

Distinguish between emotion reactivity and emotion regulation.

Question 66

Discuss the main principles of a developmental psychopathology perspective.

Question 67

Discuss how children learn from their emotions and the emotional expression of others.

Question 68

How can a baby with a difficult temperament influence and be influenced by the environment?​

Question 69

Discuss the three major underlying assumptions regarding abnormal child behavior.

Question 70

Briefly describe the three primary dimensions of temperament.

Question 71

Explain why an integrative approach is important in abnormal psychology.

Question 72

Why do family systems theorists stress the importance of looking at the whole family as opposed to one individual's difficulties?

Question 73

How permanent are early neuronal connections?​

Question 74

Provide everyday examples of positive and negative reinforcement,extinction,and punishment.

Question 75

Discuss the major functions of four major neurotransmitters in the brain and their implicated role in psychopathology.