Deck 2: A Childs World: How We Discover It

Question 1

A scientific theory is a set of

A)logically related statements seeking to describe,explain,and predict human behavior.
B)facts derived from research.
C)predictions about future outcomes.
D)opinions presented by a well-known authority in a field.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The statement,"If children learn aggression from models,then children who watch violent television shows should be more aggressive than children who watch nonviolent shows," is an example of a

A)theory.
B)finding.
C)hypothesis.
D)conclusion.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true of scientific theories?

A)Theories are the possible explanations for phenomena.
B)Theories can be proved,but never disproved.
C)Theories change to incorporate new findings.
D)Theories are based on assumptions that are true.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

As an assignment for a developmental psychology class,Darius interviewed his grandparents to learn more about their life experiences.In the interview,Darius learned that his grandparents view development as lifelong.The idea that personality development occurs throughout the life span is consistent with ______ theory.

A)Freud's psychosexual
B)Erikson's psychosocial
C)Bandura's social learning
D)Bowlby's ethological

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic issues that theorists address when explaining child development?

A)Assessing whether development is more influenced by heredity or by environment
B)Determining whether children are active or passive in their own development
C)Observing whether development is continuous or occurs in stages
D)Viewing all development as culturally determined

Question 6

A major distinction between Freud's and Erikson's views of development is that Erikson

A)emphasized female development,whereas Freud emphasized male development.
B)viewed development as a lifelong process,whereas Freud emphasized early experiences.
C)focused on unconscious processes,whereas Freud emphasized conscious processes.
D)emphasized biological factors,whereas Freud emphasized cultural factors.

Question 7

Armond argues that unconscious forces motivate people to behave the way they do.Armond's position is similar to the __________ perspective of development.

A)information-processing
B)cognitive
C)ethological
D)psychoanalytic

Question 8

Sigmund Freud believed that people are motivated primarily by

A)extrinsic rewards.
B)unconscious forces.
C)anxiety.
D)their environment.

Question 9

According to Freud,during the first year of life,the part of the personality that represents reason and operates on the "reality principle" becomes more evident in the baby's behavior.This is due to the development of the

A)id.
B)ego.
C)superego.
D)conscience.

Question 10

Each of Erikson's stages of development involves a psychosocial challenge,or _______,hat is important at a particular time.

A)trauma
B)crises
C)historical event
D)phase

Question 11

According to Freud,the element of personality that operates under the pleasure principal is referred to as the

A)libido.
B)id.
C)superego.
D)ego.

Question 12

Before designing her research study,Dr.Bennett predicts that infants who have poor diets will have academic problems later in life.Dr.Bennett's prediction is an example of a(n)

A)hypothesis.
B)theory.
C)interpretation.
D)conclusion.

Question 13

Parents who are up all night attending to the almost insatiable demands of their newborn babies are often frustrated by infants' apparent tendency to operate on the "pleasure principle." The pleasure principle is associated with the

A)id.
B)ego.
C)superego.
D)ego ideal.

Question 14

At age 1,Suzi had a vocabulary of 10 words.Now,at 2 years of age,she has a vocabulary of over 100 words.This reflects a(n)_____ developmental change.

A)autonomous
B)bidirectional
C)qualitative
D)quantitative

Question 15

Joseph hits his brother with a toy while playing and feels guilty about it afterwards.According to Freud,these feelings reflect the operation of the

A)id.
B)ego.
C)superego.
D)defense mechanism.

Question 16

According to Freud,children move through five stages of psychosexual development.The sequence of these stages is

A)anal,phallic,oral,latency,and,genital.
B)oral,anal,phallic,latency,and,genital.
C)anal,oral,genital,latency,and,phallic.
D)oral,latency,genital,anal,and,phallic.

Question 17

According to Freud's theory,a 4-year-old child who has become attached to the parent of the other sex and regards the same-sex parent as a rival is considered to be in the __________ stage of psychosexual development.

A)oral
B)anal
C)phallic
D)latency

Question 18

Freud maintained that children develop in an unvarying sequence of five maturation-based stages of _____ development.

A)psychosocial
B)psychoanalytic
C)unconscious
D)psychosexual

Question 19

Mrs.Dobber,a teacher,believes that fourth graders are at a stage of psychosexual development characterized by relative calm.Mrs.Dobber's students are in the _________ stage,which occurs during middle childhood.

A)phallic
B)superego
C)latency
D)generative

Question 20

Keesha is worried that her mother will find out that she accidentally broke her brother's truck.She is starting to develop a conscience.Which of the following psychosexual stages includes our conception of a "conscience?"

A)Id
B)Ego
C)Superego
D)Libido

Question 21

Two-year-old Eric throws a tantrum whenever he is placed in his car seat.To calm him down,his mother has started giving him a lollipop.In effect,his mother is

A)extinguishing tantrums.
B)reinforcing tantrums.
C)using classical conditioning.
D)using negative reinforcement.

Question 22

Every time Billy tries to open the kitchen cupboard,he gets his fingers pinched in the door.Eventually,Billy no longer tries to open the cupboard door.This is an example of

A)negative reinforcement.
B)intermittent reinforcement.
C)punishment.
D)positive reinforcement.

Question 23

Every time Tanya leaves 2-year-old Timmy at day care,Timmy cries.Tanya always hands Timmy to the same teacher.She notices that Timmy now starts to cry when he sees this teacher from a distance.Timmy's behavior is an example of

A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)social learning.
D)negative reinforcement.

Question 24

Whenever Milo had a tantrum,his father would pick him up and comfort him.Now that he is in preschool,his teachers ignore his tantrums,and over time his tantrums have decreased in frequency.Based on our understanding of operant conditioning,we would say that Milo's tantrum behavior is being __________ in preschool.

A)negatively reinforced
B)punished
C)extinguished
D)aversively conditioned

Question 25

When a school principal uses operant conditioning to eliminate students' undesirable behaviors,he is implementing

A)classical conditioning.
B)punishment.
C)behavior modification.
D)reinforcement.

Question 26

A long-lasting change in behavior as a result of experience or adaptation to the environment is called

A)modification.
B)cognition.
C)learning.
D)behaviorism.

Question 27

An example of negative reinforcement is

A)shouting,"No!" as a consequence of bad behavior.
B)spanking as a consequence of bad behavior.
C)increasing a child's allowance as a consequence of good behavior.
D)canceling a disliked household chore as a consequence of good behavior.

Question 28

Marissa really wants to be in the school play but does not enjoy having to memorize lines.Two weeks before the play is scheduled,her father implements a reward system.As soon as Marissa learns her lines,she does not have to help with the dishes until the play is over.Marissa increases her efforts in practice and learns the lines thoroughly in two days.This is an example of

A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)social learning.
D)psychodynamic learning.

Question 29

June's mother explains that she needs help taking care of their new puppy.June's current task,which she really dislikes,is taking the garbage out.Her mother says that if June will help take care of the puppy,she will assign another sibling to take out the garbage.June agrees immediately,because she will do anything to get out of emptying the garbage.From a behavioral viewpoint,June's decision is based on

A)classical conditioning.
B)positive reinforcement.
C)negative reinforcement.
D)vicarious reinforcement.

Question 30

First,Jacob is praised when he points to his wet diaper.Then,Jacob is praised only if he speaks up before he is wet.Finally,Jacob is praised only when he uses his potty chair.This is an example of

A)extinction.
B)behavior modification.
C)negative reinforcement.
D)aversive conditioning.

Question 31

Children have a tendency to imitate the adults they admire even if some of the observed behavior is not appropriate.This process is known as

A)behavior modification.
B)assimilation.
C)adaptation.
D)social learning.

Question 32

Mr.Whitford's fifth-grade students sit quietly and continue doing their work when Mr.Whitford leaves the room because he rewards them with more recess time if they do so.Learning based on association of behavior with consequences is called

A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)the pleasure principle.
D)the reality principle.

Question 33

In Erikson's theory of development,there are ___ stages of psychosocial development.

A)3
B)5
C)8
D)12

Question 34

To get Michelle to clean her room more often,her parents gave her a piece of candy each time she picked up her toys.This resulted in more frequent room cleaning.However,when her parents stopped giving her candy,Michelle's room-cleaning behavior gradually became less frequent.The weakening of the room-cleaning behavior is called

A)intermittent reinforcement.
B)extinction.
C)punishment.
D)negative reinforcement.

Question 35

The parents of 15-month-old Helen want to discourage her thumb sucking.When Helen takes her thumb out of her mouth,they give her a small cup of raisins,which she loves.The raisins represent

A)a negative stimulus.
B)an unconditioned stimulus.
C)a neutral stimulus.
D)reinforcement.

Question 36

Larry wants his daughter to put her seat belt on when she gets in the car,so he smiles and gives her a hug each time she does so.A consequence of any behavior that increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated is called

A)punishment.
B)reinforcement.
C)aversion.
D)classical conditioning.

Question 37

Daniel was embarrassed by his coach for not making a basket during an important game.Since then,whenever he gets the ball and heads down the court,he gets an overwhelming feeling of anxiety that prevents him from thinking clearly when he tries to shoot the ball.This is an example of

A)operant conditioning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)social learning.
D)intermittent reinforcement.

Question 38

Albert Bandura suggested that the most important element in how children acquire language,deal with aggression,develop a sense of morality,and learn gender-appropriate behavior is

A)classical conditioning.
B)observation and imitation.
C)punishment of inappropriate behavior.
D)shaping of appropriate behavior.

Question 39

Compared to Freud's theory,Erikson placed greater emphasis on

A)physical development.
B)intellectual development.
C)early experiences.
D)social and cultural influences.

Question 40

Behaviorists look for events that will determine whether or not a particular behavior will be repeated.This mental link is referred to as

A)associative learning.
B)unconscious learning.
C)intelligence.
D)personality.

Question 41

According to Piaget,children change their ways of thinking to adapt to new experiences because of the need for

A)satisfaction of id impulses
B)equilibrium.
C)a stable sense of identity
D)parental approval.

Question 42

When Ms.Drew teaches a new concept to her students,she always tries to make a connection to something that they already understand.According to Piaget,which technique is Ms.Drew using?

A)Information processing
B)Accommodation
C)Equilibration
D)Assimilation

Question 43

Which theory portrays people as active in their own learning and emphasizes qualitative and quantitative changes?

A)Behaviorist
B)Cognitive
C)Psychoanalytic
D)Social learning

Question 44

Mara purchased a shape sorter for her 9-month-old daughter,Lucia.Mara notices that Lucia picks up the shapes but has difficulty dropping them into the correct slots.Mara hands a shape to Lucia and guides her hand to the correct slot,slowly turning the shape until it fits.After some practice with Mara,Lucia is able to retrieve a shape and twist it until it fits into the slot.Mara's assistance is consistent with which of the following concepts?

A)Vygotsky's zone of proximal development
B)Piagetian schemes
C)The information-processing perspective
D)Bandura's Social learning

Question 45

Frederika is learning to play a musical instrument.She struggles at first because the experience is unlike anything she has been associated with previously.Slowly she begins to make progress.This best demonstrates Piaget's concept of

A)assimilation.
B)accommodation.
C)vicarious reinforcement.
D)object permanence.

Question 46

Paul's mother has been teaching him to bake bread.She tells him,"I will help you follow the recipe a few more times,but soon you will have to try it on your own." According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory,Paul's mother is engaging in

A)intermittent reinforcement.
B)imprinting.
C)scaffolding.
D)equilibration.

Question 47

Roberto's favorite type of music is American Jazz.After observing a classmate being teased for mentioning that she loved to listen to classical music,Roberto decided that he would keep quiet about his musical preferences.Roberto's decision is a result of

A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)social learning.
D)psychodynamic learning.

Question 48

By receiving feedback on their behavior,children gradually form standards for judging their own actions.They begin to develop a

A)sense of self-efficacy.
B)superego.
C)gender identity.
D)sense of self-esteem.

Question 49

__________ developed the concept known as the "zone of proximal development" to explain the gap between what a child is already able to do and what he or she is not quite ready to do alone.

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Neal Miller
C)Konrad Lorenz
D)Lev Vygotsky

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Piaget's theory of development?

A)It pays little attention to emotional development.
B)It pays little attention to the influence of education on intellectual development.
C)It overestimates the cognitive abilities of young children.
D)It says little about individual differences in ability.

Question 51

Four-year-old Adam sees cows in a field.His mother points to them and says,"Cows." Later,Adam sees goats for the first time and calls them cows.Adam is demonstrating Piaget's concept of

A)equilibration.
B)accommodation.
C)adaptation.
D)assimilation.

Question 52

Neo-Piagetian theories combine both Piagetian theory and elements of _____ theory.

A)social cognitive
B)information-processing
C)behavioral
D)mechanistic

Question 53

Anabelle knows that after she is fed her bottle,she is patted on the back and put down to sleep.This organized pattern of behavior is called

A)equilibration.
B)accommodation.
C)assimilation.
D)a scheme.

Question 54

Sociocultural theory,developed by __________,stresses a child's active involvement with his or her environment.

A)Urie Bronfenbrenner
B)Jean Piaget
C)Lev Vygotsky
D)Margaret Mead

Question 55

According to Piaget,the process of changing existing schemes to adjust to new information is called

A)organization.
B)accommodation.
C)assimilation.
D)disequilibrium.

Question 56

The ______ perspective focuses on thought processes and the behavior that reflects those processes.

A)cognitive
B)behaviorist
C)psychodynamic
D)evolutionary

Question 57

Which of the following are the two key points of Piaget's cognitive perspective?

A)People are controlled by their environment,and behavior develops in a specific order.
B)People are active in their development,and behavior is random at any developmental stage.
C)People are active in their development,and behavior develops in a specific order.
D)People are controlled by their environment,and behavior is random at any developmental stage.

Question 58

According to Piaget,a child builds internal representations of the world called schemes,and develops these into an integrated network of cognitive structures through the process of

A)assimilation.
B)accommodation.
C)organization.
D)equilibration.

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT a general principle of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

A)Children proceed through the same developmental stages in the same order.
B)Individuals reach each stage according to their own timetable.
C)If overgratification occurs at a particular stage,fixation may result.
D)Each stage represents a qualitative change from one type of thinking to another.

Question 60

Tom volunteers to teach children how to play basketball.He finds that when he first tries to teach a skill,such as shooting the ball,he sometimes has to physically guide the children's feet in the correct position.Generally,the more he works with the children and the more knowledge they acquire,the less support he has to provide.This is an example of

A)classical conditioning.
B)information processing.
C)equilibration.
D)scaffolding.

Question 61

According to the __________ perspective,development can be understood only when individual behavior is observed as it interacts with the environment.

A)psychodynamic
B)contextual
C)cognitive
D)behavioral

Question 62

Mr.and Mrs.Johnson were both laid off from their high-paying positions at a local clean energy plant.Both found new jobs,but they are now working far more hours for much less money.The stress is showing at home,with frequent parental arguments and inpatient discipline with the children.The family's home is no longer the nurturing environment that it once was.Which of the following perspectives best explains this situation?

A)Bioecological
B)Ethological
C)Information-processing
D)Cognitive

Question 63

Ramona is walking in a mall when she notices a distressed-looking infant in a stroller.The infant's facial expression engrosses Ramona,and she immediately looks around to see if an adult is there to help the infant.The infant's mother is indeed right there,and Ramona moves on,but the image stays with her.She begins to wonder if humans have some innate ability to communicate with facial expressions that provides an evolutionary advantage.Which of the following theories might support Ramona's idea?

A)Evolutionary
B)Bioecological
C)Sociocultural
D)Cognitive

Question 64

A major distinction between Piaget's theory and the information-processing approach is that Piaget

A)viewed development as continuous,whereas the information-processing approach regards development as occurring in distinct stages.
B)viewed development as an active process,whereas the information-processing approach regards the organism as passive.
C)focused on perception,whereas the information-processing approach focuses on thinking and memory.
D)regarded development as occurring in stages,whereas the information-processing approach views development as continuous.

Question 65

Research that deals with "how much" or "how many" is referred to as

A)qualitative.
B)cross cultural.
C)quasi-experimental.
D)quantitative.

Question 66

The scientific method,as applied in any field of study,is based on which of the following elements?

A)Observation and recording of data
B)Testing of alternative hypotheses
C)Widespread public dissemination of results
D)All of the above

Question 67

Piaget and his wife kept journals noting how their children developed and interacted with one another in the home.According to the bioecological approach,Piaget was studying the children in their

A)microsystem.
B)mesosystem.
C)exosystem.
D)macrosystem.

Question 68

Over time,the relative importance of peers and parents to the developing child changes.Which level of the bioecological theory accounts for this?

A)Microsystem
B)Chronosystem
C)Macrosystem
D)Exosystem

Question 69

Dr.Cortez's undergraduate psychology class is studying the subtle differences between mannerisms of students in the Deep South to those of students in the Northeast.They begin to realize that in order to understand these differences,they must consider the social settings in which the students live.This is an example of the __________ perspective.

A)contextual
B)cognitive
C)information-processing
D)psychodynamic

Question 70

Your psychology professor claims that attachment between an infant and a caregiver must form during a critical period to ensure normal development.Which developmental perspective does your professor support?

A)Behaviorist
B)Ethological
C)Psychoanalytic
D)Informative-processing

Question 71

Due to his parents' chronic unemployment and inability to make ends meet,Oliver frequently moves around,never living in one location for more than a few months.Dr.Zsilak recruited Oliver and his family for a study looking at how this type of instability contributes to children's emotional development.According to the bioecological approach,Dr.Zsilak is investigating influences within the

A)exosystem.
B)chronosystem.
C)macrosystem.
D)microsystem.

Question 72

The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe in the 1990s significantly altered most government institutions there.According to the bioecological approach,this situation reflects a change in people's

A)microsystem.
B)mesosystem.
C)endosystem.
D)macrosystem.

Question 73

Bronfenbrenner's __________ approach examines how environmental factors interact and contribute to child development.

A)interactionist
B)bioecological
C)behaviorist
D)cognitive

Question 74

Which of the following perspectives emphasizes the idea that species-specific behaviors enhance the survival of that species?

A)Behaviorist
B)Social-cognitive
C)Contextual
D)Ethological

Question 75

_____ developed the bioecological perspective of human development which includes five interlocking contextual systems.

A)Vygotsky
B)Pavlov
C)Bronfenbrenner
D)Piaget

Question 76

Dr.Adams,who ascribes to the bioecological approach to human development,is studying the relationship between the quality of parent-child interactions in the home and the success of children in school.Dr.Adams is studying development at the _____ level of environmental influence.

A)microsystem
B)mesosystem
C)exosystem
D)macrosystem

Question 77

_____ extended ethological principles to the study of human development,focusing attention on the mother-infant bond.

A)Mary Ainsworth
B)John Bowlby
C)Konrad Lorenz
D)Niko Tinbergen

Question 78

The information-processing approach to explaining cognitive development compares the brain to a

A)calculator.
B)computer.
C)modem.
D)telephone.

Question 79

Individuals with traits better adapted to their environments survive;those less adapted do not.This statement demonstrates the process of

A)survival of the fittest.
B)ethological development.
C)psychoanalytic development.
D)biological maturation.

Question 80

Those who ascribe to the __________ approach attempt to explain cognitive development by observing and analyzing mental processes involved in perceiving information.

A)social cognitive
B)information-processing
C)social learning
D)behaviorst