Exam 2: A Childs World: How We Discover It

Sociocultural theory,developed by __________,stresses a child's active involvement with his or her environment.

Dr.Cortez's undergraduate psychology class is studying the subtle differences between mannerisms of students in the Deep South to those of students in the Northeast.They begin to realize that in order to understand these differences,they must consider the social settings in which the students live.This is an example of the __________ perspective.

Freud maintained that children develop in an unvarying sequence of five maturation-based stages of _____ development.

An advantage of the cross-sectional research method is that it

Which theory portrays people as active in their own learning and emphasizes qualitative and quantitative changes?

Parents who are up all night attending to the almost insatiable demands of their newborn babies are often frustrated by infants' apparent tendency to operate on the "pleasure principle." The pleasure principle is associated with the

According to Freud,during the first year of life,the part of the personality that represents reason and operates on the "reality principle" becomes more evident in the baby's behavior.This is due to the development of the

Individuals with traits better adapted to their environments survive;those less adapted do not.This statement demonstrates the process of

A researcher who studies identical twins separated at birth and reared in different environments is using a ________ experiment.

Over a 10-year period,Professor Dohner followed the same group of schoolchildren,measuring their performance on an intelligence test twice a year.Which method of data collection did Professor Dohner use?

Magdalene conducts a study examining the number of books in the family home and children's verbal skills in third grade.She finds a positive correlation;she can thus conclude that books in the house cause children to be smarter.

Payton finds a correlation between global warming and number of pirates;as the number of pirates has decreased,global warming has increased.This is an example of a negative correlation.

Imagine you are a new student teacher in a fourth-grade classroom.You have been asked to "back up" your lesson plans with the appropriate developmental theories.Define Erikson's theory of psychosocial development,and describe how it was influenced by and differed from Freud's psychosexual theory.Give an example of how you would apply each theory in a fourth-grade classroom.

Each of Erikson's stages of development involves a psychosocial challenge,or _______,hat is important at a particular time.

Paul's mother has been teaching him to bake bread.She tells him,"I will help you follow the recipe a few more times,but soon you will have to try it on your own." According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory,Paul's mother is engaging in

Whenever Milo had a tantrum,his father would pick him up and comfort him.Now that he is in preschool,his teachers ignore his tantrums,and over time his tantrums have decreased in frequency.Based on our understanding of operant conditioning,we would say that Milo's tantrum behavior is being __________ in preschool.

Mara purchased a shape sorter for her 9-month-old daughter,Lucia.Mara notices that Lucia picks up the shapes but has difficulty dropping them into the correct slots.Mara hands a shape to Lucia and guides her hand to the correct slot,slowly turning the shape until it fits.After some practice with Mara,Lucia is able to retrieve a shape and twist it until it fits into the slot.Mara's assistance is consistent with which of the following concepts?

According to Freud,the element of personality that operates under the pleasure principal is referred to as the

A researcher interested in qualitative research focuses on fundamental changes in development with age.

June's mother explains that she needs help taking care of their new puppy.June's current task,which she really dislikes,is taking the garbage out.Her mother says that if June will help take care of the puppy,she will assign another sibling to take out the garbage.June agrees immediately,because she will do anything to get out of emptying the garbage.From a behavioral viewpoint,June's decision is based on