Deck 15: Conquering a Continent, 1860-1890

Question 1

For this question,refer to the following map,"Expansion of the Railroad System,1870-1890." The process depicted in the map above reflects

A) competition for land and violent conflict.
B) conflicts between business interests and conservationists.
C) the environmental transformation of regions.
D) increased migrations from Asia and Central and Eastern Europe.

Answer 1

the environmental transformation of regions.

Question 2

Who benefitted most from the General Mining Act of 1872,which allowed individuals who discovered minerals on federally owned land to work the claim and keep the proceeds?

A) Homesteaders
B) Small independent mining prospectors
C) Mexican miners
D) Powerful investors

Answer 2

Powerful investors

Question 3

Which of the following groups called themselves the Exodusters in 1879?

A) Scandinavian settlers in Minnesota
B) Blacks who migrated to Kansas
C) Mexicans who immigrated to the United States
D) Chinese who were forced to leave California

Answer 3

Blacks who migrated to Kansas

Question 4

During and after the Civil War,the Republican Congress implemented its economic vision for the United States by

A) subsidizing the transcontinental railroad.
B) weakening the national banking system.
C) lowering tariffs on foreign goods.
D) enacting a national minimum wage.

Question 5

Which constitutional amendment did the Supreme Court use in the 1870s to the 1890s to protect the rights of corporations-even though it had been written to protect individual rights?

A) First
B) Tenth
C) Thirteenth
D) Fourteenth

Question 6

Republicans used which of the following arguments to justify high tariffs?

A) Low prices of imported goods are beneficial for consumers.
B) Protection against European-style industrial poverty is necessary.
C) Benefits for low-wage workers in England and Germany are needed.
D) American debts must be reduced.

Question 7

Which of the following developments made open ranching feasible on the Great Plains between the 1860s and the 1880s?

A) The cultivation of new feed crops
B) The availability of free land
C) The introduction of barbed-wire fencing
D) The Homestead Act of 1862

Question 8

Why was it necessary for railroads and land speculators to promote settlement of the Great Plains in the late nineteenth century?

A) The U.S.government had not publicized the Homestead Act.
B) Americans thought of the area as the Great American Desert.
C) Without economic incentives,few people could afford homesteads.
D) The region was heavily forested and hard to cultivate.

Question 9

The United States adopted the gold standard in the 1870s for its currency because

A) it hoped to encourage European investment in the United States.
B) geologists predicted huge gold strikes out west.
C) gold was a more durable form of currency than greenbacks.
D) it sought economic development through a larger money supply.

Question 10

Which Reconstruction-era politician created the blueprint for American economic expansion and later imperialism?

A) William Seward
B) Ulysses Grant
C) Thaddeus Stevens
D) Edwin Stanton

Question 11

Which of the following statements accurately characterizes the post-Civil War western cattle boom?

A) The boom aided the later development of agriculture by providing a good source of fertilizer.
B) It attracted both investors seeking large profits and romantics drawn by the allure of the West.
C) It required the extensive introduction of new feed crops.
D) The ranchers demonstrated unusual foresight in protecting the environment.

Question 12

The 1868 Burlingame Treaty achieved the American goal of

A) annexing Hawaii.
B) purchasing Alaska.
C) setting the terms of emigration for Chinese laborers.
D) reopening international access to Japanese ports.

Question 13

In the 1860s and 1870s,Nevada's Comstock Lode,Colorado's Rocky Mountains,and South Dakota's Black Hills were all known for

A) sheep raising.
B) cattle grazing.
C) mining.
D) frontier farming.

Question 14

Which of the following was one of the reasons that the United States encouraged Chinese immigration after the Civil War?

A) The United States needed to populate lands in the American West.
B) It was intended as a gesture of American egalitarianism.
C) Many Chinese were useful railroad workers and farm laborers in the West.
D) The United States needed additional laborers to mine gold deposits in the West.

Question 15

Which of the following events demonstrated the newfound international power of the United States in the immediate aftermath of the Civil War?

A) Annexation of Panama and the Philippines
B) Britain's damage payments to the United States
C) Monroe Doctrine
D) Annexation of Hawaii

Question 16

For this question,refer to the following map,"Expansion of the Railroad System,1870-1890." The map above best serves as evidence of

A) the federal government's violation of treaties between the United States and American Indian nations.
B) the emergence of an industrial culture in the United States.
C) the extension of public control over natural resources,including land and water.
D) questions about the status and legal rights of Hispanics and American Indians.

Question 17

How did the federal and state governments encourage railroad building in the nineteenth century?

A) They operated the American Railroad Corporation.
B) Both granted public lands to private companies.
C) They secured privately owned land through eminent domain.
D) They bailed out failing railroad companies with federal funds.

Question 18

Which of the following technological advances played an important role in opening up the Great Plains to farming?

A) Advanced irrigation techniques
B) Steel plows and other farm machinery
C) Corporate development of drought-resistant grains
D) Scientific development of synthetic pesticides

Question 19

For this question,refer to the following map,"Expansion of the Railroad System,1870-1890." Which of the following was a major cause of the historical process depicted on the map above?

A) Government policies promoting economic development
B) White people seeking religious refuge in the West
C) Corruption in government,especially as it related to big business
D) An increase in international and internal migrations

Question 20

Which of the following describes the Homestead Act of 1862?

A) It provided 160 acres of free land to qualifying white men.
B) Homesteaders were required to occupy and improve the land.
C) Republican leaders hoped it would bring white settlers to the Pacific coastal regions.
D) Land speculators accumulated most of the available homesteads.

Question 21

In 1872,which of the following was established by Congress as the first national park?

A) Yellowstone
B) Yosemite
C) The Black Hills
D) The Grand Canyon

Question 22

The largest mass execution in American history took place as a result of

A) Custer's last stand.
B) the Dakota uprising.
C) the Battle of Bozeman Trail.
D) an Indian uprising against the Dawes Severalty Act.

Question 23

Which of the following was the dominant northern Plains Indian tribe?

A) Iroquois
B) Kiowas
C) Comanches
D) Sioux

Question 24

Which of the following was a consequence of widespread settlement on the Great Plains after the Civil War?

A) Improved Indian relationships
B) A decline in railroad building
C) New rights and opportunities for many women
D) The explosive growth of the mining industry

Question 25

White reformers,such as those who founded the Indian Rights Association,advocated for

A) the preservation of Indian culture.
B) a reservation system as a means of saving Indian lives.
C) the idea that Indians had the innate capacity to become equal with whites.
D) a continuation of tribal authority.

Question 26

What distinguished farming on the plains in the 1880s from frontier farming in America fifty or one hundred years earlier?

A) Plains farmers raised cash crops that sold on the global market.
B) Plains farmers used immigrant laborers rather than slaves.
C) Farmers on the plains focused on livestock rather than crops.
D) Farmers on the plains received federal crop subsidies.

Question 27

Which of the following is true of the Sand Creek massacre?

A) It was the last event in the Indian Wars.
B) A Cheyenne camp under federal protection was brutally attacked by a state militia.
C) John Chivington believed it was necessary because the Cheyenne were so hostile.
D) It killed most Cheyenne men,leaving women and children without support.

Question 28

Which of the following statements describes the agricultural technique known as dry farming?

A) Dry farming was developed by Mormons in the area near the Great Salt Lake.
B) It involved deep planting and quick harrowing after rainfalls.
C) Its chief benefit was that it did not require new machinery.
D) Dry farming was feasible only on small farms of three hundred acres or less.

Question 29

The majority of white settlers on the Great Plains in the late nineteenth century viewed themselves as

A) conquerors over the wilds of nature.
B) warriors who had to defeat the natives.
C) responsible for preserving the environment for future generations.
D) simple subsistence farmers with modest wants and needs.

Question 30

What was the purpose of Indian boarding schools in the late nineteenth century?

A) To teach Native American children the ways of their ancient peoples
B) Only to provide the children with an education in English,mathematics,and other disciplines
C) To assimilate Native American children more easily into white culture
D) To teach the children how to speak their native languages more fluently

Question 31

Which president refashioned U.S.Indian policy in the latter half of the nineteenth century?

A) Buchanan
B) Lincoln
C) Johnson
D) Grant

Question 32

Farmers on the Great Plains in the late nineteenth century often faced which of the following natural challenges that could easily destroy crops?

A) Hurricanes
B) Dust storms
C) Hailstorms
D) Earthquakes

Question 33

Under whose leadership were the Nez Perce when they were fleeing from encroaching whites in the 1870s?

A) Joseph
B) Sitting Bull
C) Lone Wolf
D) Geronimo

Question 34

John Wesley Powell,in his Report on the Lands of the Arid Regions of the United States (1878),famously stated that

A) 160-acre homesteads would serve as the best way to settle and cultivate the Great Plains.
B) individual farmers,not the federal government,should be responsible for their own water needs.
C) massive cooperation under government control was the only way farming would succeed on the Great Plains.
D) the Mormon experiment in Utah was doomed to fail because the land in that territory was totally dry.

Question 35

Which of the following was a reason the U.S.government elected to define small preserves of "uninhabited wilderness" in the 1860s and 1870s?

A) To promote more business for the faltering railroad industry
B) To contribute to the conquest of Native Americans in the West
C) To ensure its permanent right to exploit the regions' natural resources
D) To promote the development of privately owned hotels within national parks

Question 36

Which of the following factors contributed to the failure of the Indian peace policy in the late nineteenth century?

A) The extermination of the bison
B) Rivalries among different Christian missionary groups
C) The federal government's unwillingness to allocate funds
D) Indians' desire to assimilate into white society

Question 37

The phrase "The largest,longest-run agricultural and environmental miscalculation in American history" refers to

A) the plantation system.
B) cotton's reign as king in the South.
C) farming the Great Plains.
D) the cattle kingdom.

Question 38

Why were late-nineteenth-century farms on the Great Plains much larger than eastern farms?

A) Homesteaders were usually able to purchase more than the minimum allotment of land.
B) Dry farming techniques required about three hundred acres to support a family.
C) European immigrant farmers were accustomed to caring for large farms.
D) The land was so fertile that farmers could grow more with less work.

Question 39

Which Indian tribe was pursued 1,100 miles and forced to surrender just south of the Canadian border in 1877?

A) Nez Perce
B) Cheyenne
C) Sioux
D) Dakota

Question 40

Which of the following statements describes women's experience in the West in the late nineteenth century?

A) The Homestead Act reflected the attitudes of the day by excluding women as homesteaders.
B) Single women made up between 5 and 20 percent of homesteaders in North Dakota.
C) Most women living in the West rejected the eastern ideal of domesticity.
D) Women made up only a small percentage of the American population in the West.

Question 41

Answer the following questions :
transcontinental railroad

A)The railway line completed on May 10,1869,that connected the Central Pacific and Union Pacific lines,enabling goods to move by railway from the eastern United States all the way to California.
B)A tax or duty on foreign producers of goods coming into or imported into the United States;these tariffs gave U.S.manufacturers a competitive advantage in America's gigantic domestic market.
C)An 1868 treaty that guaranteed the rights of U.S.missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in the United States.
D)An 1877 Supreme Court case that affirmed that states could regulate key businesses,such as railroads and grain elevators,if those businesses were "clothed in the public interest."
E)The practice of backing a country's currency with its reserves of gold.In 1873 the United States,following Great Britain and other European nations,began converting to this practice.
F)A term used by those critical of an 1873 law directing the U.S.Treasury to cease minting silver dollars,retire Civil War-era greenbacks,and replace them with notes backed by the gold standard from an expanded system of national banks.
G)The 1862 act that gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property.This policy led to the rapid development of the American West after the Civil War;facing arid conditions in the West,however,many homesteaders found themselves unable to live on their land.
H)Authorized by the Morrill Act of 1862,these educational institutions were public universities founded to broaden educational opportunities and foster technical and scientific expertise.These universities were funded by the Morrill Act,which authorized the sale of federal lands to raise money for higher education.
I)An unfounded theory that settlement and farming of the Great Plains caused an increase in rainfall.
J)African Americans who walked or rode out of the Deep South following the Civil War,many settling on farms in Kansas in hopes of finding peace and prosperity.
K)Established in 1872 by Congress,this protected land was the United States's first national park.
L)A federal bureau established in 1871 that made recommendations to stem the decline in wild fish.Its creation was an important step toward wildlife conservation and management.
M)The November 29,1864 massacre of more than a hundred peaceful Cheyennes,largely women and children,by John M.Chivington's Colorado militia.
N)A massacre in December 1866 in which 1,500 Sioux warriors lured Captain William Fetterman and eighty soldiers from a Wyoming fort and attacked them.With the Fetterman massacre the Sioux succeeded in closing the Bozeman Trail,the main route into Montana.
O)A 1903 Supreme Court ruling that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose,ignoring all existing treaties.
P)The 1887 law that gave Native Americans severalty (individual ownership of land)by dividing reservations into homesteads.The law was a disaster for native peoples,resulting over several decades in the loss of 66 percent of lands held by Indians at the time of the law's passage.
Q)The 1876 battle begun when American cavalry under George Armstrong Custer attacked an encampment of Sioux,Arapaho,and Cheyenne Indians who resisted removal to a reservation.Custer's force was annihilated,but with whites calling for U.S.soldiers to retaliate,the Native American military victory was short-lived.
R)Religion of the late 1880s and early 1890s that combined elements of Christianity and traditional Native American religion.It fostered Plains Indians' hope that they could,through sacred dances,resurrect the great bison herds and call up a storm to drive whites back across the Atlantic.
S)The 1890 massacre of Sioux Indians by American cavalry in South Dakota.Sent to suppress the Ghost Dance,soldiers caught up with fleeing Lakotas and killed as many as 300.

Question 42

Why did Indians view reformers as just another white interest group?

A) Indians did not really believe that white reformers cared about them.
B) They suspected that white reform organizations were deceitful.
C) Indians did not understand the goals and the efforts of the white reform groups.
D) Reform groups sent mixed messages and made promises that were not kept.

Question 43

Following the Sioux victory at Little Big Horn,the U.S.government

A) negotiated a treaty in which it made concessions to the Sioux.
B) withdrew from the area and left the Sioux alone.
C) pursued the various bands of Sioux until they surrendered.
D) demonstrated a new respect for the Sioux and other tribes.

Question 44

Which of the following phenomena led the U.S.government to dismantle the Indian reservation system it had previously established?

A) Indian resistance
B) The Office of Indian Affairs
C) White land hunger
D) Indian schools

Question 45

In Lone Wolf v.Hitchcock (1903),the Supreme Court

A) extended citizenship rights to Indians.
B) granted all male Indians the right to vote.
C) upheld the constitutionality of the Dawes Severalty Act.
D) ruled that Congress could ignore all existing Indian treaties.

Question 46

For this question,refer to the following map,"Indian Country in the West,to 1890." The changes depicted on the map above were most directly the result of

A) economic instability in the farming sector.
B) the development of mechanized agriculture.
C) the rise of big business.
D) the use of military force in response to American Indian resistance.

Question 47

The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 was intended to

A) exclude Japanese immigration into California.
B) place Indians on reservations in Arizona and New Mexico.
C) promote Indian assimilation by dividing their lands.
D) encourage ethnic diversity within large industries.

Question 48

Answer the following questions :
Ghost Dance movement

A)The railway line completed on May 10,1869,that connected the Central Pacific and Union Pacific lines,enabling goods to move by railway from the eastern United States all the way to California.
B)A tax or duty on foreign producers of goods coming into or imported into the United States;these tariffs gave U.S.manufacturers a competitive advantage in America's gigantic domestic market.
C)An 1868 treaty that guaranteed the rights of U.S.missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in the United States.
D)An 1877 Supreme Court case that affirmed that states could regulate key businesses,such as railroads and grain elevators,if those businesses were "clothed in the public interest."
E)The practice of backing a country's currency with its reserves of gold.In 1873 the United States,following Great Britain and other European nations,began converting to this practice.
F)A term used by those critical of an 1873 law directing the U.S.Treasury to cease minting silver dollars,retire Civil War-era greenbacks,and replace them with notes backed by the gold standard from an expanded system of national banks.
G)The 1862 act that gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property.This policy led to the rapid development of the American West after the Civil War;facing arid conditions in the West,however,many homesteaders found themselves unable to live on their land.
H)Authorized by the Morrill Act of 1862,these educational institutions were public universities founded to broaden educational opportunities and foster technical and scientific expertise.These universities were funded by the Morrill Act,which authorized the sale of federal lands to raise money for higher education.
I)An unfounded theory that settlement and farming of the Great Plains caused an increase in rainfall.
J)African Americans who walked or rode out of the Deep South following the Civil War,many settling on farms in Kansas in hopes of finding peace and prosperity.
K)Established in 1872 by Congress,this protected land was the United States's first national park.
L)A federal bureau established in 1871 that made recommendations to stem the decline in wild fish.Its creation was an important step toward wildlife conservation and management.
M)The November 29,1864 massacre of more than a hundred peaceful Cheyennes,largely women and children,by John M.Chivington's Colorado militia.
N)A massacre in December 1866 in which 1,500 Sioux warriors lured Captain William Fetterman and eighty soldiers from a Wyoming fort and attacked them.With the Fetterman massacre the Sioux succeeded in closing the Bozeman Trail,the main route into Montana.
O)A 1903 Supreme Court ruling that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose,ignoring all existing treaties.
P)The 1887 law that gave Native Americans severalty (individual ownership of land)by dividing reservations into homesteads.The law was a disaster for native peoples,resulting over several decades in the loss of 66 percent of lands held by Indians at the time of the law's passage.
Q)The 1876 battle begun when American cavalry under George Armstrong Custer attacked an encampment of Sioux,Arapaho,and Cheyenne Indians who resisted removal to a reservation.Custer's force was annihilated,but with whites calling for U.S.soldiers to retaliate,the Native American military victory was short-lived.
R)Religion of the late 1880s and early 1890s that combined elements of Christianity and traditional Native American religion.It fostered Plains Indians' hope that they could,through sacred dances,resurrect the great bison herds and call up a storm to drive whites back across the Atlantic.
S)The 1890 massacre of Sioux Indians by American cavalry in South Dakota.Sent to suppress the Ghost Dance,soldiers caught up with fleeing Lakotas and killed as many as 300.

Question 49

Answer the following questions :
Lone Wolf v.Hitchcock

A)The railway line completed on May 10,1869,that connected the Central Pacific and Union Pacific lines,enabling goods to move by railway from the eastern United States all the way to California.
B)A tax or duty on foreign producers of goods coming into or imported into the United States;these tariffs gave U.S.manufacturers a competitive advantage in America's gigantic domestic market.
C)An 1868 treaty that guaranteed the rights of U.S.missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in the United States.
D)An 1877 Supreme Court case that affirmed that states could regulate key businesses,such as railroads and grain elevators,if those businesses were "clothed in the public interest."
E)The practice of backing a country's currency with its reserves of gold.In 1873 the United States,following Great Britain and other European nations,began converting to this practice.
F)A term used by those critical of an 1873 law directing the U.S.Treasury to cease minting silver dollars,retire Civil War-era greenbacks,and replace them with notes backed by the gold standard from an expanded system of national banks.
G)The 1862 act that gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property.This policy led to the rapid development of the American West after the Civil War;facing arid conditions in the West,however,many homesteaders found themselves unable to live on their land.
H)Authorized by the Morrill Act of 1862,these educational institutions were public universities founded to broaden educational opportunities and foster technical and scientific expertise.These universities were funded by the Morrill Act,which authorized the sale of federal lands to raise money for higher education.
I)An unfounded theory that settlement and farming of the Great Plains caused an increase in rainfall.
J)African Americans who walked or rode out of the Deep South following the Civil War,many settling on farms in Kansas in hopes of finding peace and prosperity.
K)Established in 1872 by Congress,this protected land was the United States's first national park.
L)A federal bureau established in 1871 that made recommendations to stem the decline in wild fish.Its creation was an important step toward wildlife conservation and management.
M)The November 29,1864 massacre of more than a hundred peaceful Cheyennes,largely women and children,by John M.Chivington's Colorado militia.
N)A massacre in December 1866 in which 1,500 Sioux warriors lured Captain William Fetterman and eighty soldiers from a Wyoming fort and attacked them.With the Fetterman massacre the Sioux succeeded in closing the Bozeman Trail,the main route into Montana.
O)A 1903 Supreme Court ruling that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose,ignoring all existing treaties.
P)The 1887 law that gave Native Americans severalty (individual ownership of land)by dividing reservations into homesteads.The law was a disaster for native peoples,resulting over several decades in the loss of 66 percent of lands held by Indians at the time of the law's passage.
Q)The 1876 battle begun when American cavalry under George Armstrong Custer attacked an encampment of Sioux,Arapaho,and Cheyenne Indians who resisted removal to a reservation.Custer's force was annihilated,but with whites calling for U.S.soldiers to retaliate,the Native American military victory was short-lived.
R)Religion of the late 1880s and early 1890s that combined elements of Christianity and traditional Native American religion.It fostered Plains Indians' hope that they could,through sacred dances,resurrect the great bison herds and call up a storm to drive whites back across the Atlantic.
S)The 1890 massacre of Sioux Indians by American cavalry in South Dakota.Sent to suppress the Ghost Dance,soldiers caught up with fleeing Lakotas and killed as many as 300.

Question 50

Answer the following questions :
protective tariff

A)The railway line completed on May 10,1869,that connected the Central Pacific and Union Pacific lines,enabling goods to move by railway from the eastern United States all the way to California.
B)A tax or duty on foreign producers of goods coming into or imported into the United States;these tariffs gave U.S.manufacturers a competitive advantage in America's gigantic domestic market.
C)An 1868 treaty that guaranteed the rights of U.S.missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in the United States.
D)An 1877 Supreme Court case that affirmed that states could regulate key businesses,such as railroads and grain elevators,if those businesses were "clothed in the public interest."
E)The practice of backing a country's currency with its reserves of gold.In 1873 the United States,following Great Britain and other European nations,began converting to this practice.
F)A term used by those critical of an 1873 law directing the U.S.Treasury to cease minting silver dollars,retire Civil War-era greenbacks,and replace them with notes backed by the gold standard from an expanded system of national banks.
G)The 1862 act that gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property.This policy led to the rapid development of the American West after the Civil War;facing arid conditions in the West,however,many homesteaders found themselves unable to live on their land.
H)Authorized by the Morrill Act of 1862,these educational institutions were public universities founded to broaden educational opportunities and foster technical and scientific expertise.These universities were funded by the Morrill Act,which authorized the sale of federal lands to raise money for higher education.
I)An unfounded theory that settlement and farming of the Great Plains caused an increase in rainfall.
J)African Americans who walked or rode out of the Deep South following the Civil War,many settling on farms in Kansas in hopes of finding peace and prosperity.
K)Established in 1872 by Congress,this protected land was the United States's first national park.
L)A federal bureau established in 1871 that made recommendations to stem the decline in wild fish.Its creation was an important step toward wildlife conservation and management.
M)The November 29,1864 massacre of more than a hundred peaceful Cheyennes,largely women and children,by John M.Chivington's Colorado militia.
N)A massacre in December 1866 in which 1,500 Sioux warriors lured Captain William Fetterman and eighty soldiers from a Wyoming fort and attacked them.With the Fetterman massacre the Sioux succeeded in closing the Bozeman Trail,the main route into Montana.
O)A 1903 Supreme Court ruling that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose,ignoring all existing treaties.
P)The 1887 law that gave Native Americans severalty (individual ownership of land)by dividing reservations into homesteads.The law was a disaster for native peoples,resulting over several decades in the loss of 66 percent of lands held by Indians at the time of the law's passage.
Q)The 1876 battle begun when American cavalry under George Armstrong Custer attacked an encampment of Sioux,Arapaho,and Cheyenne Indians who resisted removal to a reservation.Custer's force was annihilated,but with whites calling for U.S.soldiers to retaliate,the Native American military victory was short-lived.
R)Religion of the late 1880s and early 1890s that combined elements of Christianity and traditional Native American religion.It fostered Plains Indians' hope that they could,through sacred dances,resurrect the great bison herds and call up a storm to drive whites back across the Atlantic.
S)The 1890 massacre of Sioux Indians by American cavalry in South Dakota.Sent to suppress the Ghost Dance,soldiers caught up with fleeing Lakotas and killed as many as 300.

Question 51

Which of the following statements describes the historical significance of the Battle of Wounded Knee?

A) The Plains Indians continued a grim guerrilla struggle against white domination,mounting many small attacks.
B) The massacre of the Lakotas there stands as an indictment of U.S.Indian policy and western expansionism.
C) Indians remained a large minority in South Dakota and Oklahoma,averaging 25 percent of the population.
D) It illustrated the U.S.government's faulty approach to Native Americans and led it to abandon the Dawes Plan immediately.

Question 52

Answer the following questions :
Munn v.Illinois

A)The railway line completed on May 10,1869,that connected the Central Pacific and Union Pacific lines,enabling goods to move by railway from the eastern United States all the way to California.
B)A tax or duty on foreign producers of goods coming into or imported into the United States;these tariffs gave U.S.manufacturers a competitive advantage in America's gigantic domestic market.
C)An 1868 treaty that guaranteed the rights of U.S.missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in the United States.
D)An 1877 Supreme Court case that affirmed that states could regulate key businesses,such as railroads and grain elevators,if those businesses were "clothed in the public interest."
E)The practice of backing a country's currency with its reserves of gold.In 1873 the United States,following Great Britain and other European nations,began converting to this practice.
F)A term used by those critical of an 1873 law directing the U.S.Treasury to cease minting silver dollars,retire Civil War-era greenbacks,and replace them with notes backed by the gold standard from an expanded system of national banks.
G)The 1862 act that gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property.This policy led to the rapid development of the American West after the Civil War;facing arid conditions in the West,however,many homesteaders found themselves unable to live on their land.
H)Authorized by the Morrill Act of 1862,these educational institutions were public universities founded to broaden educational opportunities and foster technical and scientific expertise.These universities were funded by the Morrill Act,which authorized the sale of federal lands to raise money for higher education.
I)An unfounded theory that settlement and farming of the Great Plains caused an increase in rainfall.
J)African Americans who walked or rode out of the Deep South following the Civil War,many settling on farms in Kansas in hopes of finding peace and prosperity.
K)Established in 1872 by Congress,this protected land was the United States's first national park.
L)A federal bureau established in 1871 that made recommendations to stem the decline in wild fish.Its creation was an important step toward wildlife conservation and management.
M)The November 29,1864 massacre of more than a hundred peaceful Cheyennes,largely women and children,by John M.Chivington's Colorado militia.
N)A massacre in December 1866 in which 1,500 Sioux warriors lured Captain William Fetterman and eighty soldiers from a Wyoming fort and attacked them.With the Fetterman massacre the Sioux succeeded in closing the Bozeman Trail,the main route into Montana.
O)A 1903 Supreme Court ruling that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose,ignoring all existing treaties.
P)The 1887 law that gave Native Americans severalty (individual ownership of land)by dividing reservations into homesteads.The law was a disaster for native peoples,resulting over several decades in the loss of 66 percent of lands held by Indians at the time of the law's passage.
Q)The 1876 battle begun when American cavalry under George Armstrong Custer attacked an encampment of Sioux,Arapaho,and Cheyenne Indians who resisted removal to a reservation.Custer's force was annihilated,but with whites calling for U.S.soldiers to retaliate,the Native American military victory was short-lived.
R)Religion of the late 1880s and early 1890s that combined elements of Christianity and traditional Native American religion.It fostered Plains Indians' hope that they could,through sacred dances,resurrect the great bison herds and call up a storm to drive whites back across the Atlantic.
S)The 1890 massacre of Sioux Indians by American cavalry in South Dakota.Sent to suppress the Ghost Dance,soldiers caught up with fleeing Lakotas and killed as many as 300.

Question 53

Answer the following questions :
land-grant colleges

A)The railway line completed on May 10,1869,that connected the Central Pacific and Union Pacific lines,enabling goods to move by railway from the eastern United States all the way to California.
B)A tax or duty on foreign producers of goods coming into or imported into the United States;these tariffs gave U.S.manufacturers a competitive advantage in America's gigantic domestic market.
C)An 1868 treaty that guaranteed the rights of U.S.missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in the United States.
D)An 1877 Supreme Court case that affirmed that states could regulate key businesses,such as railroads and grain elevators,if those businesses were "clothed in the public interest."
E)The practice of backing a country's currency with its reserves of gold.In 1873 the United States,following Great Britain and other European nations,began converting to this practice.
F)A term used by those critical of an 1873 law directing the U.S.Treasury to cease minting silver dollars,retire Civil War-era greenbacks,and replace them with notes backed by the gold standard from an expanded system of national banks.
G)The 1862 act that gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property.This policy led to the rapid development of the American West after the Civil War;facing arid conditions in the West,however,many homesteaders found themselves unable to live on their land.
H)Authorized by the Morrill Act of 1862,these educational institutions were public universities founded to broaden educational opportunities and foster technical and scientific expertise.These universities were funded by the Morrill Act,which authorized the sale of federal lands to raise money for higher education.
I)An unfounded theory that settlement and farming of the Great Plains caused an increase in rainfall.
J)African Americans who walked or rode out of the Deep South following the Civil War,many settling on farms in Kansas in hopes of finding peace and prosperity.
K)Established in 1872 by Congress,this protected land was the United States's first national park.
L)A federal bureau established in 1871 that made recommendations to stem the decline in wild fish.Its creation was an important step toward wildlife conservation and management.
M)The November 29,1864 massacre of more than a hundred peaceful Cheyennes,largely women and children,by John M.Chivington's Colorado militia.
N)A massacre in December 1866 in which 1,500 Sioux warriors lured Captain William Fetterman and eighty soldiers from a Wyoming fort and attacked them.With the Fetterman massacre the Sioux succeeded in closing the Bozeman Trail,the main route into Montana.
O)A 1903 Supreme Court ruling that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose,ignoring all existing treaties.
P)The 1887 law that gave Native Americans severalty (individual ownership of land)by dividing reservations into homesteads.The law was a disaster for native peoples,resulting over several decades in the loss of 66 percent of lands held by Indians at the time of the law's passage.
Q)The 1876 battle begun when American cavalry under George Armstrong Custer attacked an encampment of Sioux,Arapaho,and Cheyenne Indians who resisted removal to a reservation.Custer's force was annihilated,but with whites calling for U.S.soldiers to retaliate,the Native American military victory was short-lived.
R)Religion of the late 1880s and early 1890s that combined elements of Christianity and traditional Native American religion.It fostered Plains Indians' hope that they could,through sacred dances,resurrect the great bison herds and call up a storm to drive whites back across the Atlantic.
S)The 1890 massacre of Sioux Indians by American cavalry in South Dakota.Sent to suppress the Ghost Dance,soldiers caught up with fleeing Lakotas and killed as many as 300.

Question 54

For this question,refer to the following map,"Indian Country in the West,to 1890." The map above is best understood in the context of

A) the U.S.government hoping to end American Indian tribal identities through assimilation.
B) the mass movement of people into the nation's cities.
C) the effort of conservationists to protect unspoiled wilderness through various preservationist measures.
D) political debates over economic and social policies.

Question 55

Answer the following questions :
Burlingame Treaty

A)The railway line completed on May 10,1869,that connected the Central Pacific and Union Pacific lines,enabling goods to move by railway from the eastern United States all the way to California.
B)A tax or duty on foreign producers of goods coming into or imported into the United States;these tariffs gave U.S.manufacturers a competitive advantage in America's gigantic domestic market.
C)An 1868 treaty that guaranteed the rights of U.S.missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in the United States.
D)An 1877 Supreme Court case that affirmed that states could regulate key businesses,such as railroads and grain elevators,if those businesses were "clothed in the public interest."
E)The practice of backing a country's currency with its reserves of gold.In 1873 the United States,following Great Britain and other European nations,began converting to this practice.
F)A term used by those critical of an 1873 law directing the U.S.Treasury to cease minting silver dollars,retire Civil War-era greenbacks,and replace them with notes backed by the gold standard from an expanded system of national banks.
G)The 1862 act that gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property.This policy led to the rapid development of the American West after the Civil War;facing arid conditions in the West,however,many homesteaders found themselves unable to live on their land.
H)Authorized by the Morrill Act of 1862,these educational institutions were public universities founded to broaden educational opportunities and foster technical and scientific expertise.These universities were funded by the Morrill Act,which authorized the sale of federal lands to raise money for higher education.
I)An unfounded theory that settlement and farming of the Great Plains caused an increase in rainfall.
J)African Americans who walked or rode out of the Deep South following the Civil War,many settling on farms in Kansas in hopes of finding peace and prosperity.
K)Established in 1872 by Congress,this protected land was the United States's first national park.
L)A federal bureau established in 1871 that made recommendations to stem the decline in wild fish.Its creation was an important step toward wildlife conservation and management.
M)The November 29,1864 massacre of more than a hundred peaceful Cheyennes,largely women and children,by John M.Chivington's Colorado militia.
N)A massacre in December 1866 in which 1,500 Sioux warriors lured Captain William Fetterman and eighty soldiers from a Wyoming fort and attacked them.With the Fetterman massacre the Sioux succeeded in closing the Bozeman Trail,the main route into Montana.
O)A 1903 Supreme Court ruling that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose,ignoring all existing treaties.
P)The 1887 law that gave Native Americans severalty (individual ownership of land)by dividing reservations into homesteads.The law was a disaster for native peoples,resulting over several decades in the loss of 66 percent of lands held by Indians at the time of the law's passage.
Q)The 1876 battle begun when American cavalry under George Armstrong Custer attacked an encampment of Sioux,Arapaho,and Cheyenne Indians who resisted removal to a reservation.Custer's force was annihilated,but with whites calling for U.S.soldiers to retaliate,the Native American military victory was short-lived.
R)Religion of the late 1880s and early 1890s that combined elements of Christianity and traditional Native American religion.It fostered Plains Indians' hope that they could,through sacred dances,resurrect the great bison herds and call up a storm to drive whites back across the Atlantic.
S)The 1890 massacre of Sioux Indians by American cavalry in South Dakota.Sent to suppress the Ghost Dance,soldiers caught up with fleeing Lakotas and killed as many as 300.

Question 56

As a result of the Dawes Severalty Act,Indian tribes

A) lost almost two-thirds of their land.
B) remained united against the federal government.
C) adjusted to an agricultural lifestyle.
D) migrated farther west.

Question 57

Answer the following questions :
Sand Creek massacre

A)The railway line completed on May 10,1869,that connected the Central Pacific and Union Pacific lines,enabling goods to move by railway from the eastern United States all the way to California.
B)A tax or duty on foreign producers of goods coming into or imported into the United States;these tariffs gave U.S.manufacturers a competitive advantage in America's gigantic domestic market.
C)An 1868 treaty that guaranteed the rights of U.S.missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in the United States.
D)An 1877 Supreme Court case that affirmed that states could regulate key businesses,such as railroads and grain elevators,if those businesses were "clothed in the public interest."
E)The practice of backing a country's currency with its reserves of gold.In 1873 the United States,following Great Britain and other European nations,began converting to this practice.
F)A term used by those critical of an 1873 law directing the U.S.Treasury to cease minting silver dollars,retire Civil War-era greenbacks,and replace them with notes backed by the gold standard from an expanded system of national banks.
G)The 1862 act that gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property.This policy led to the rapid development of the American West after the Civil War;facing arid conditions in the West,however,many homesteaders found themselves unable to live on their land.
H)Authorized by the Morrill Act of 1862,these educational institutions were public universities founded to broaden educational opportunities and foster technical and scientific expertise.These universities were funded by the Morrill Act,which authorized the sale of federal lands to raise money for higher education.
I)An unfounded theory that settlement and farming of the Great Plains caused an increase in rainfall.
J)African Americans who walked or rode out of the Deep South following the Civil War,many settling on farms in Kansas in hopes of finding peace and prosperity.
K)Established in 1872 by Congress,this protected land was the United States's first national park.
L)A federal bureau established in 1871 that made recommendations to stem the decline in wild fish.Its creation was an important step toward wildlife conservation and management.
M)The November 29,1864 massacre of more than a hundred peaceful Cheyennes,largely women and children,by John M.Chivington's Colorado militia.
N)A massacre in December 1866 in which 1,500 Sioux warriors lured Captain William Fetterman and eighty soldiers from a Wyoming fort and attacked them.With the Fetterman massacre the Sioux succeeded in closing the Bozeman Trail,the main route into Montana.
O)A 1903 Supreme Court ruling that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose,ignoring all existing treaties.
P)The 1887 law that gave Native Americans severalty (individual ownership of land)by dividing reservations into homesteads.The law was a disaster for native peoples,resulting over several decades in the loss of 66 percent of lands held by Indians at the time of the law's passage.
Q)The 1876 battle begun when American cavalry under George Armstrong Custer attacked an encampment of Sioux,Arapaho,and Cheyenne Indians who resisted removal to a reservation.Custer's force was annihilated,but with whites calling for U.S.soldiers to retaliate,the Native American military victory was short-lived.
R)Religion of the late 1880s and early 1890s that combined elements of Christianity and traditional Native American religion.It fostered Plains Indians' hope that they could,through sacred dances,resurrect the great bison herds and call up a storm to drive whites back across the Atlantic.
S)The 1890 massacre of Sioux Indians by American cavalry in South Dakota.Sent to suppress the Ghost Dance,soldiers caught up with fleeing Lakotas and killed as many as 300.

Question 58

Answer the following questions :
"rain follows the plow"

A)The railway line completed on May 10,1869,that connected the Central Pacific and Union Pacific lines,enabling goods to move by railway from the eastern United States all the way to California.
B)A tax or duty on foreign producers of goods coming into or imported into the United States;these tariffs gave U.S.manufacturers a competitive advantage in America's gigantic domestic market.
C)An 1868 treaty that guaranteed the rights of U.S.missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in the United States.
D)An 1877 Supreme Court case that affirmed that states could regulate key businesses,such as railroads and grain elevators,if those businesses were "clothed in the public interest."
E)The practice of backing a country's currency with its reserves of gold.In 1873 the United States,following Great Britain and other European nations,began converting to this practice.
F)A term used by those critical of an 1873 law directing the U.S.Treasury to cease minting silver dollars,retire Civil War-era greenbacks,and replace them with notes backed by the gold standard from an expanded system of national banks.
G)The 1862 act that gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property.This policy led to the rapid development of the American West after the Civil War;facing arid conditions in the West,however,many homesteaders found themselves unable to live on their land.
H)Authorized by the Morrill Act of 1862,these educational institutions were public universities founded to broaden educational opportunities and foster technical and scientific expertise.These universities were funded by the Morrill Act,which authorized the sale of federal lands to raise money for higher education.
I)An unfounded theory that settlement and farming of the Great Plains caused an increase in rainfall.
J)African Americans who walked or rode out of the Deep South following the Civil War,many settling on farms in Kansas in hopes of finding peace and prosperity.
K)Established in 1872 by Congress,this protected land was the United States's first national park.
L)A federal bureau established in 1871 that made recommendations to stem the decline in wild fish.Its creation was an important step toward wildlife conservation and management.
M)The November 29,1864 massacre of more than a hundred peaceful Cheyennes,largely women and children,by John M.Chivington's Colorado militia.
N)A massacre in December 1866 in which 1,500 Sioux warriors lured Captain William Fetterman and eighty soldiers from a Wyoming fort and attacked them.With the Fetterman massacre the Sioux succeeded in closing the Bozeman Trail,the main route into Montana.
O)A 1903 Supreme Court ruling that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose,ignoring all existing treaties.
P)The 1887 law that gave Native Americans severalty (individual ownership of land)by dividing reservations into homesteads.The law was a disaster for native peoples,resulting over several decades in the loss of 66 percent of lands held by Indians at the time of the law's passage.
Q)The 1876 battle begun when American cavalry under George Armstrong Custer attacked an encampment of Sioux,Arapaho,and Cheyenne Indians who resisted removal to a reservation.Custer's force was annihilated,but with whites calling for U.S.soldiers to retaliate,the Native American military victory was short-lived.
R)Religion of the late 1880s and early 1890s that combined elements of Christianity and traditional Native American religion.It fostered Plains Indians' hope that they could,through sacred dances,resurrect the great bison herds and call up a storm to drive whites back across the Atlantic.
S)The 1890 massacre of Sioux Indians by American cavalry in South Dakota.Sent to suppress the Ghost Dance,soldiers caught up with fleeing Lakotas and killed as many as 300.

Question 59

Answer the following questions :
gold standard

A)The railway line completed on May 10,1869,that connected the Central Pacific and Union Pacific lines,enabling goods to move by railway from the eastern United States all the way to California.
B)A tax or duty on foreign producers of goods coming into or imported into the United States;these tariffs gave U.S.manufacturers a competitive advantage in America's gigantic domestic market.
C)An 1868 treaty that guaranteed the rights of U.S.missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in the United States.
D)An 1877 Supreme Court case that affirmed that states could regulate key businesses,such as railroads and grain elevators,if those businesses were "clothed in the public interest."
E)The practice of backing a country's currency with its reserves of gold.In 1873 the United States,following Great Britain and other European nations,began converting to this practice.
F)A term used by those critical of an 1873 law directing the U.S.Treasury to cease minting silver dollars,retire Civil War-era greenbacks,and replace them with notes backed by the gold standard from an expanded system of national banks.
G)The 1862 act that gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property.This policy led to the rapid development of the American West after the Civil War;facing arid conditions in the West,however,many homesteaders found themselves unable to live on their land.
H)Authorized by the Morrill Act of 1862,these educational institutions were public universities founded to broaden educational opportunities and foster technical and scientific expertise.These universities were funded by the Morrill Act,which authorized the sale of federal lands to raise money for higher education.
I)An unfounded theory that settlement and farming of the Great Plains caused an increase in rainfall.
J)African Americans who walked or rode out of the Deep South following the Civil War,many settling on farms in Kansas in hopes of finding peace and prosperity.
K)Established in 1872 by Congress,this protected land was the United States's first national park.
L)A federal bureau established in 1871 that made recommendations to stem the decline in wild fish.Its creation was an important step toward wildlife conservation and management.
M)The November 29,1864 massacre of more than a hundred peaceful Cheyennes,largely women and children,by John M.Chivington's Colorado militia.
N)A massacre in December 1866 in which 1,500 Sioux warriors lured Captain William Fetterman and eighty soldiers from a Wyoming fort and attacked them.With the Fetterman massacre the Sioux succeeded in closing the Bozeman Trail,the main route into Montana.
O)A 1903 Supreme Court ruling that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose,ignoring all existing treaties.
P)The 1887 law that gave Native Americans severalty (individual ownership of land)by dividing reservations into homesteads.The law was a disaster for native peoples,resulting over several decades in the loss of 66 percent of lands held by Indians at the time of the law's passage.
Q)The 1876 battle begun when American cavalry under George Armstrong Custer attacked an encampment of Sioux,Arapaho,and Cheyenne Indians who resisted removal to a reservation.Custer's force was annihilated,but with whites calling for U.S.soldiers to retaliate,the Native American military victory was short-lived.
R)Religion of the late 1880s and early 1890s that combined elements of Christianity and traditional Native American religion.It fostered Plains Indians' hope that they could,through sacred dances,resurrect the great bison herds and call up a storm to drive whites back across the Atlantic.
S)The 1890 massacre of Sioux Indians by American cavalry in South Dakota.Sent to suppress the Ghost Dance,soldiers caught up with fleeing Lakotas and killed as many as 300.

Question 60

Why did the Ghost Dance movement spread so quickly on Native American reservations in the late 1880s and early 1890s?

A) Native American people thought the dance might end the long drought.
B) It was a purely Native American dance that represented their culture.
C) The dance served as a pleasant distraction from the ills of life on the reservation.
D) The dance fostered Native peoples' hope that they could drive away white settlers.

Question 61

Answer the following questions :
Exodusters

A)The railway line completed on May 10,1869,that connected the Central Pacific and Union Pacific lines,enabling goods to move by railway from the eastern United States all the way to California.
B)A tax or duty on foreign producers of goods coming into or imported into the United States;these tariffs gave U.S.manufacturers a competitive advantage in America's gigantic domestic market.
C)An 1868 treaty that guaranteed the rights of U.S.missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in the United States.
D)An 1877 Supreme Court case that affirmed that states could regulate key businesses,such as railroads and grain elevators,if those businesses were "clothed in the public interest."
E)The practice of backing a country's currency with its reserves of gold.In 1873 the United States,following Great Britain and other European nations,began converting to this practice.
F)A term used by those critical of an 1873 law directing the U.S.Treasury to cease minting silver dollars,retire Civil War-era greenbacks,and replace them with notes backed by the gold standard from an expanded system of national banks.
G)The 1862 act that gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property.This policy led to the rapid development of the American West after the Civil War;facing arid conditions in the West,however,many homesteaders found themselves unable to live on their land.
H)Authorized by the Morrill Act of 1862,these educational institutions were public universities founded to broaden educational opportunities and foster technical and scientific expertise.These universities were funded by the Morrill Act,which authorized the sale of federal lands to raise money for higher education.
I)An unfounded theory that settlement and farming of the Great Plains caused an increase in rainfall.
J)African Americans who walked or rode out of the Deep South following the Civil War,many settling on farms in Kansas in hopes of finding peace and prosperity.
K)Established in 1872 by Congress,this protected land was the United States's first national park.
L)A federal bureau established in 1871 that made recommendations to stem the decline in wild fish.Its creation was an important step toward wildlife conservation and management.
M)The November 29,1864 massacre of more than a hundred peaceful Cheyennes,largely women and children,by John M.Chivington's Colorado militia.
N)A massacre in December 1866 in which 1,500 Sioux warriors lured Captain William Fetterman and eighty soldiers from a Wyoming fort and attacked them.With the Fetterman massacre the Sioux succeeded in closing the Bozeman Trail,the main route into Montana.
O)A 1903 Supreme Court ruling that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose,ignoring all existing treaties.
P)The 1887 law that gave Native Americans severalty (individual ownership of land)by dividing reservations into homesteads.The law was a disaster for native peoples,resulting over several decades in the loss of 66 percent of lands held by Indians at the time of the law's passage.
Q)The 1876 battle begun when American cavalry under George Armstrong Custer attacked an encampment of Sioux,Arapaho,and Cheyenne Indians who resisted removal to a reservation.Custer's force was annihilated,but with whites calling for U.S.soldiers to retaliate,the Native American military victory was short-lived.
R)Religion of the late 1880s and early 1890s that combined elements of Christianity and traditional Native American religion.It fostered Plains Indians' hope that they could,through sacred dances,resurrect the great bison herds and call up a storm to drive whites back across the Atlantic.
S)The 1890 massacre of Sioux Indians by American cavalry in South Dakota.Sent to suppress the Ghost Dance,soldiers caught up with fleeing Lakotas and killed as many as 300.

Question 62

What environmental conditions did the homesteaders confront on the plains? How did they respond to those conditions,and what were the consequences of that response?

Question 63

Answer the following questions :
Homestead Act

A)The railway line completed on May 10,1869,that connected the Central Pacific and Union Pacific lines,enabling goods to move by railway from the eastern United States all the way to California.
B)A tax or duty on foreign producers of goods coming into or imported into the United States;these tariffs gave U.S.manufacturers a competitive advantage in America's gigantic domestic market.
C)An 1868 treaty that guaranteed the rights of U.S.missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in the United States.
D)An 1877 Supreme Court case that affirmed that states could regulate key businesses,such as railroads and grain elevators,if those businesses were "clothed in the public interest."
E)The practice of backing a country's currency with its reserves of gold.In 1873 the United States,following Great Britain and other European nations,began converting to this practice.
F)A term used by those critical of an 1873 law directing the U.S.Treasury to cease minting silver dollars,retire Civil War-era greenbacks,and replace them with notes backed by the gold standard from an expanded system of national banks.
G)The 1862 act that gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property.This policy led to the rapid development of the American West after the Civil War;facing arid conditions in the West,however,many homesteaders found themselves unable to live on their land.
H)Authorized by the Morrill Act of 1862,these educational institutions were public universities founded to broaden educational opportunities and foster technical and scientific expertise.These universities were funded by the Morrill Act,which authorized the sale of federal lands to raise money for higher education.
I)An unfounded theory that settlement and farming of the Great Plains caused an increase in rainfall.
J)African Americans who walked or rode out of the Deep South following the Civil War,many settling on farms in Kansas in hopes of finding peace and prosperity.
K)Established in 1872 by Congress,this protected land was the United States's first national park.
L)A federal bureau established in 1871 that made recommendations to stem the decline in wild fish.Its creation was an important step toward wildlife conservation and management.
M)The November 29,1864 massacre of more than a hundred peaceful Cheyennes,largely women and children,by John M.Chivington's Colorado militia.
N)A massacre in December 1866 in which 1,500 Sioux warriors lured Captain William Fetterman and eighty soldiers from a Wyoming fort and attacked them.With the Fetterman massacre the Sioux succeeded in closing the Bozeman Trail,the main route into Montana.
O)A 1903 Supreme Court ruling that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose,ignoring all existing treaties.
P)The 1887 law that gave Native Americans severalty (individual ownership of land)by dividing reservations into homesteads.The law was a disaster for native peoples,resulting over several decades in the loss of 66 percent of lands held by Indians at the time of the law's passage.
Q)The 1876 battle begun when American cavalry under George Armstrong Custer attacked an encampment of Sioux,Arapaho,and Cheyenne Indians who resisted removal to a reservation.Custer's force was annihilated,but with whites calling for U.S.soldiers to retaliate,the Native American military victory was short-lived.
R)Religion of the late 1880s and early 1890s that combined elements of Christianity and traditional Native American religion.It fostered Plains Indians' hope that they could,through sacred dances,resurrect the great bison herds and call up a storm to drive whites back across the Atlantic.
S)The 1890 massacre of Sioux Indians by American cavalry in South Dakota.Sent to suppress the Ghost Dance,soldiers caught up with fleeing Lakotas and killed as many as 300.

Question 64

What were the last acts of Native American resistance? What were the consequences of that resistance?

Question 65

Answer the following questions :
Fetterman massacre

A)The railway line completed on May 10,1869,that connected the Central Pacific and Union Pacific lines,enabling goods to move by railway from the eastern United States all the way to California.
B)A tax or duty on foreign producers of goods coming into or imported into the United States;these tariffs gave U.S.manufacturers a competitive advantage in America's gigantic domestic market.
C)An 1868 treaty that guaranteed the rights of U.S.missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in the United States.
D)An 1877 Supreme Court case that affirmed that states could regulate key businesses,such as railroads and grain elevators,if those businesses were "clothed in the public interest."
E)The practice of backing a country's currency with its reserves of gold.In 1873 the United States,following Great Britain and other European nations,began converting to this practice.
F)A term used by those critical of an 1873 law directing the U.S.Treasury to cease minting silver dollars,retire Civil War-era greenbacks,and replace them with notes backed by the gold standard from an expanded system of national banks.
G)The 1862 act that gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property.This policy led to the rapid development of the American West after the Civil War;facing arid conditions in the West,however,many homesteaders found themselves unable to live on their land.
H)Authorized by the Morrill Act of 1862,these educational institutions were public universities founded to broaden educational opportunities and foster technical and scientific expertise.These universities were funded by the Morrill Act,which authorized the sale of federal lands to raise money for higher education.
I)An unfounded theory that settlement and farming of the Great Plains caused an increase in rainfall.
J)African Americans who walked or rode out of the Deep South following the Civil War,many settling on farms in Kansas in hopes of finding peace and prosperity.
K)Established in 1872 by Congress,this protected land was the United States's first national park.
L)A federal bureau established in 1871 that made recommendations to stem the decline in wild fish.Its creation was an important step toward wildlife conservation and management.
M)The November 29,1864 massacre of more than a hundred peaceful Cheyennes,largely women and children,by John M.Chivington's Colorado militia.
N)A massacre in December 1866 in which 1,500 Sioux warriors lured Captain William Fetterman and eighty soldiers from a Wyoming fort and attacked them.With the Fetterman massacre the Sioux succeeded in closing the Bozeman Trail,the main route into Montana.
O)A 1903 Supreme Court ruling that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose,ignoring all existing treaties.
P)The 1887 law that gave Native Americans severalty (individual ownership of land)by dividing reservations into homesteads.The law was a disaster for native peoples,resulting over several decades in the loss of 66 percent of lands held by Indians at the time of the law's passage.
Q)The 1876 battle begun when American cavalry under George Armstrong Custer attacked an encampment of Sioux,Arapaho,and Cheyenne Indians who resisted removal to a reservation.Custer's force was annihilated,but with whites calling for U.S.soldiers to retaliate,the Native American military victory was short-lived.
R)Religion of the late 1880s and early 1890s that combined elements of Christianity and traditional Native American religion.It fostered Plains Indians' hope that they could,through sacred dances,resurrect the great bison herds and call up a storm to drive whites back across the Atlantic.
S)The 1890 massacre of Sioux Indians by American cavalry in South Dakota.Sent to suppress the Ghost Dance,soldiers caught up with fleeing Lakotas and killed as many as 300.

Question 66

What did the U.S.government do during the Civil War and Reconstruction to advance the integration of the national economy and consolidate a continental empire? In what ways was this process beneficial? How was it also detrimental?

Question 67

Although frontier history is generally treated as an Anglo-American story,it is much more about ethnic diversity in the far West.Explain.

Question 68

Answer the following questions :
Wounded Knee

A)The railway line completed on May 10,1869,that connected the Central Pacific and Union Pacific lines,enabling goods to move by railway from the eastern United States all the way to California.
B)A tax or duty on foreign producers of goods coming into or imported into the United States;these tariffs gave U.S.manufacturers a competitive advantage in America's gigantic domestic market.
C)An 1868 treaty that guaranteed the rights of U.S.missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in the United States.
D)An 1877 Supreme Court case that affirmed that states could regulate key businesses,such as railroads and grain elevators,if those businesses were "clothed in the public interest."
E)The practice of backing a country's currency with its reserves of gold.In 1873 the United States,following Great Britain and other European nations,began converting to this practice.
F)A term used by those critical of an 1873 law directing the U.S.Treasury to cease minting silver dollars,retire Civil War-era greenbacks,and replace them with notes backed by the gold standard from an expanded system of national banks.
G)The 1862 act that gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property.This policy led to the rapid development of the American West after the Civil War;facing arid conditions in the West,however,many homesteaders found themselves unable to live on their land.
H)Authorized by the Morrill Act of 1862,these educational institutions were public universities founded to broaden educational opportunities and foster technical and scientific expertise.These universities were funded by the Morrill Act,which authorized the sale of federal lands to raise money for higher education.
I)An unfounded theory that settlement and farming of the Great Plains caused an increase in rainfall.
J)African Americans who walked or rode out of the Deep South following the Civil War,many settling on farms in Kansas in hopes of finding peace and prosperity.
K)Established in 1872 by Congress,this protected land was the United States's first national park.
L)A federal bureau established in 1871 that made recommendations to stem the decline in wild fish.Its creation was an important step toward wildlife conservation and management.
M)The November 29,1864 massacre of more than a hundred peaceful Cheyennes,largely women and children,by John M.Chivington's Colorado militia.
N)A massacre in December 1866 in which 1,500 Sioux warriors lured Captain William Fetterman and eighty soldiers from a Wyoming fort and attacked them.With the Fetterman massacre the Sioux succeeded in closing the Bozeman Trail,the main route into Montana.
O)A 1903 Supreme Court ruling that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose,ignoring all existing treaties.
P)The 1887 law that gave Native Americans severalty (individual ownership of land)by dividing reservations into homesteads.The law was a disaster for native peoples,resulting over several decades in the loss of 66 percent of lands held by Indians at the time of the law's passage.
Q)The 1876 battle begun when American cavalry under George Armstrong Custer attacked an encampment of Sioux,Arapaho,and Cheyenne Indians who resisted removal to a reservation.Custer's force was annihilated,but with whites calling for U.S.soldiers to retaliate,the Native American military victory was short-lived.
R)Religion of the late 1880s and early 1890s that combined elements of Christianity and traditional Native American religion.It fostered Plains Indians' hope that they could,through sacred dances,resurrect the great bison herds and call up a storm to drive whites back across the Atlantic.
S)The 1890 massacre of Sioux Indians by American cavalry in South Dakota.Sent to suppress the Ghost Dance,soldiers caught up with fleeing Lakotas and killed as many as 300.

Question 69

Would it be possible to write an account of the settlement of the Great Plains and Far West without taking account of the natural environment? Explain your answer.

Question 70

What survival strategies did conquered Native Americans develop?

Question 71

Answer the following questions :
U.S.Fisheries Commission

A)The railway line completed on May 10,1869,that connected the Central Pacific and Union Pacific lines,enabling goods to move by railway from the eastern United States all the way to California.
B)A tax or duty on foreign producers of goods coming into or imported into the United States;these tariffs gave U.S.manufacturers a competitive advantage in America's gigantic domestic market.
C)An 1868 treaty that guaranteed the rights of U.S.missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in the United States.
D)An 1877 Supreme Court case that affirmed that states could regulate key businesses,such as railroads and grain elevators,if those businesses were "clothed in the public interest."
E)The practice of backing a country's currency with its reserves of gold.In 1873 the United States,following Great Britain and other European nations,began converting to this practice.
F)A term used by those critical of an 1873 law directing the U.S.Treasury to cease minting silver dollars,retire Civil War-era greenbacks,and replace them with notes backed by the gold standard from an expanded system of national banks.
G)The 1862 act that gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property.This policy led to the rapid development of the American West after the Civil War;facing arid conditions in the West,however,many homesteaders found themselves unable to live on their land.
H)Authorized by the Morrill Act of 1862,these educational institutions were public universities founded to broaden educational opportunities and foster technical and scientific expertise.These universities were funded by the Morrill Act,which authorized the sale of federal lands to raise money for higher education.
I)An unfounded theory that settlement and farming of the Great Plains caused an increase in rainfall.
J)African Americans who walked or rode out of the Deep South following the Civil War,many settling on farms in Kansas in hopes of finding peace and prosperity.
K)Established in 1872 by Congress,this protected land was the United States's first national park.
L)A federal bureau established in 1871 that made recommendations to stem the decline in wild fish.Its creation was an important step toward wildlife conservation and management.
M)The November 29,1864 massacre of more than a hundred peaceful Cheyennes,largely women and children,by John M.Chivington's Colorado militia.
N)A massacre in December 1866 in which 1,500 Sioux warriors lured Captain William Fetterman and eighty soldiers from a Wyoming fort and attacked them.With the Fetterman massacre the Sioux succeeded in closing the Bozeman Trail,the main route into Montana.
O)A 1903 Supreme Court ruling that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose,ignoring all existing treaties.
P)The 1887 law that gave Native Americans severalty (individual ownership of land)by dividing reservations into homesteads.The law was a disaster for native peoples,resulting over several decades in the loss of 66 percent of lands held by Indians at the time of the law's passage.
Q)The 1876 battle begun when American cavalry under George Armstrong Custer attacked an encampment of Sioux,Arapaho,and Cheyenne Indians who resisted removal to a reservation.Custer's force was annihilated,but with whites calling for U.S.soldiers to retaliate,the Native American military victory was short-lived.
R)Religion of the late 1880s and early 1890s that combined elements of Christianity and traditional Native American religion.It fostered Plains Indians' hope that they could,through sacred dances,resurrect the great bison herds and call up a storm to drive whites back across the Atlantic.
S)The 1890 massacre of Sioux Indians by American cavalry in South Dakota.Sent to suppress the Ghost Dance,soldiers caught up with fleeing Lakotas and killed as many as 300.

Question 72

How did cattle ranching develop on the western grasslands and become part of the integrated national economy?

Question 73

Why has the West had such a powerful impact on the American imagination?

Question 74

Answer the following questions :
Crime of 1873

A)The railway line completed on May 10,1869,that connected the Central Pacific and Union Pacific lines,enabling goods to move by railway from the eastern United States all the way to California.
B)A tax or duty on foreign producers of goods coming into or imported into the United States;these tariffs gave U.S.manufacturers a competitive advantage in America's gigantic domestic market.
C)An 1868 treaty that guaranteed the rights of U.S.missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in the United States.
D)An 1877 Supreme Court case that affirmed that states could regulate key businesses,such as railroads and grain elevators,if those businesses were "clothed in the public interest."
E)The practice of backing a country's currency with its reserves of gold.In 1873 the United States,following Great Britain and other European nations,began converting to this practice.
F)A term used by those critical of an 1873 law directing the U.S.Treasury to cease minting silver dollars,retire Civil War-era greenbacks,and replace them with notes backed by the gold standard from an expanded system of national banks.
G)The 1862 act that gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property.This policy led to the rapid development of the American West after the Civil War;facing arid conditions in the West,however,many homesteaders found themselves unable to live on their land.
H)Authorized by the Morrill Act of 1862,these educational institutions were public universities founded to broaden educational opportunities and foster technical and scientific expertise.These universities were funded by the Morrill Act,which authorized the sale of federal lands to raise money for higher education.
I)An unfounded theory that settlement and farming of the Great Plains caused an increase in rainfall.
J)African Americans who walked or rode out of the Deep South following the Civil War,many settling on farms in Kansas in hopes of finding peace and prosperity.
K)Established in 1872 by Congress,this protected land was the United States's first national park.
L)A federal bureau established in 1871 that made recommendations to stem the decline in wild fish.Its creation was an important step toward wildlife conservation and management.
M)The November 29,1864 massacre of more than a hundred peaceful Cheyennes,largely women and children,by John M.Chivington's Colorado militia.
N)A massacre in December 1866 in which 1,500 Sioux warriors lured Captain William Fetterman and eighty soldiers from a Wyoming fort and attacked them.With the Fetterman massacre the Sioux succeeded in closing the Bozeman Trail,the main route into Montana.
O)A 1903 Supreme Court ruling that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose,ignoring all existing treaties.
P)The 1887 law that gave Native Americans severalty (individual ownership of land)by dividing reservations into homesteads.The law was a disaster for native peoples,resulting over several decades in the loss of 66 percent of lands held by Indians at the time of the law's passage.
Q)The 1876 battle begun when American cavalry under George Armstrong Custer attacked an encampment of Sioux,Arapaho,and Cheyenne Indians who resisted removal to a reservation.Custer's force was annihilated,but with whites calling for U.S.soldiers to retaliate,the Native American military victory was short-lived.
R)Religion of the late 1880s and early 1890s that combined elements of Christianity and traditional Native American religion.It fostered Plains Indians' hope that they could,through sacred dances,resurrect the great bison herds and call up a storm to drive whites back across the Atlantic.
S)The 1890 massacre of Sioux Indians by American cavalry in South Dakota.Sent to suppress the Ghost Dance,soldiers caught up with fleeing Lakotas and killed as many as 300.

Question 75

What factors drew homesteaders to the Great Plains,and what role did they play in the Republicans' vision for the post-Civil War nation?

Question 76

Answer the following questions :
Battle of Little Big Horn

A)The railway line completed on May 10,1869,that connected the Central Pacific and Union Pacific lines,enabling goods to move by railway from the eastern United States all the way to California.
B)A tax or duty on foreign producers of goods coming into or imported into the United States;these tariffs gave U.S.manufacturers a competitive advantage in America's gigantic domestic market.
C)An 1868 treaty that guaranteed the rights of U.S.missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in the United States.
D)An 1877 Supreme Court case that affirmed that states could regulate key businesses,such as railroads and grain elevators,if those businesses were "clothed in the public interest."
E)The practice of backing a country's currency with its reserves of gold.In 1873 the United States,following Great Britain and other European nations,began converting to this practice.
F)A term used by those critical of an 1873 law directing the U.S.Treasury to cease minting silver dollars,retire Civil War-era greenbacks,and replace them with notes backed by the gold standard from an expanded system of national banks.
G)The 1862 act that gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property.This policy led to the rapid development of the American West after the Civil War;facing arid conditions in the West,however,many homesteaders found themselves unable to live on their land.
H)Authorized by the Morrill Act of 1862,these educational institutions were public universities founded to broaden educational opportunities and foster technical and scientific expertise.These universities were funded by the Morrill Act,which authorized the sale of federal lands to raise money for higher education.
I)An unfounded theory that settlement and farming of the Great Plains caused an increase in rainfall.
J)African Americans who walked or rode out of the Deep South following the Civil War,many settling on farms in Kansas in hopes of finding peace and prosperity.
K)Established in 1872 by Congress,this protected land was the United States's first national park.
L)A federal bureau established in 1871 that made recommendations to stem the decline in wild fish.Its creation was an important step toward wildlife conservation and management.
M)The November 29,1864 massacre of more than a hundred peaceful Cheyennes,largely women and children,by John M.Chivington's Colorado militia.
N)A massacre in December 1866 in which 1,500 Sioux warriors lured Captain William Fetterman and eighty soldiers from a Wyoming fort and attacked them.With the Fetterman massacre the Sioux succeeded in closing the Bozeman Trail,the main route into Montana.
O)A 1903 Supreme Court ruling that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose,ignoring all existing treaties.
P)The 1887 law that gave Native Americans severalty (individual ownership of land)by dividing reservations into homesteads.The law was a disaster for native peoples,resulting over several decades in the loss of 66 percent of lands held by Indians at the time of the law's passage.
Q)The 1876 battle begun when American cavalry under George Armstrong Custer attacked an encampment of Sioux,Arapaho,and Cheyenne Indians who resisted removal to a reservation.Custer's force was annihilated,but with whites calling for U.S.soldiers to retaliate,the Native American military victory was short-lived.
R)Religion of the late 1880s and early 1890s that combined elements of Christianity and traditional Native American religion.It fostered Plains Indians' hope that they could,through sacred dances,resurrect the great bison herds and call up a storm to drive whites back across the Atlantic.
S)The 1890 massacre of Sioux Indians by American cavalry in South Dakota.Sent to suppress the Ghost Dance,soldiers caught up with fleeing Lakotas and killed as many as 300.

Question 77

Why do you think the federal government's Indian policies rarely met the expectations of either Native Americans or settlers?

Question 78

Answer the following questions :
Yellowstone National Park

A)The railway line completed on May 10,1869,that connected the Central Pacific and Union Pacific lines,enabling goods to move by railway from the eastern United States all the way to California.
B)A tax or duty on foreign producers of goods coming into or imported into the United States;these tariffs gave U.S.manufacturers a competitive advantage in America's gigantic domestic market.
C)An 1868 treaty that guaranteed the rights of U.S.missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in the United States.
D)An 1877 Supreme Court case that affirmed that states could regulate key businesses,such as railroads and grain elevators,if those businesses were "clothed in the public interest."
E)The practice of backing a country's currency with its reserves of gold.In 1873 the United States,following Great Britain and other European nations,began converting to this practice.
F)A term used by those critical of an 1873 law directing the U.S.Treasury to cease minting silver dollars,retire Civil War-era greenbacks,and replace them with notes backed by the gold standard from an expanded system of national banks.
G)The 1862 act that gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property.This policy led to the rapid development of the American West after the Civil War;facing arid conditions in the West,however,many homesteaders found themselves unable to live on their land.
H)Authorized by the Morrill Act of 1862,these educational institutions were public universities founded to broaden educational opportunities and foster technical and scientific expertise.These universities were funded by the Morrill Act,which authorized the sale of federal lands to raise money for higher education.
I)An unfounded theory that settlement and farming of the Great Plains caused an increase in rainfall.
J)African Americans who walked or rode out of the Deep South following the Civil War,many settling on farms in Kansas in hopes of finding peace and prosperity.
K)Established in 1872 by Congress,this protected land was the United States's first national park.
L)A federal bureau established in 1871 that made recommendations to stem the decline in wild fish.Its creation was an important step toward wildlife conservation and management.
M)The November 29,1864 massacre of more than a hundred peaceful Cheyennes,largely women and children,by John M.Chivington's Colorado militia.
N)A massacre in December 1866 in which 1,500 Sioux warriors lured Captain William Fetterman and eighty soldiers from a Wyoming fort and attacked them.With the Fetterman massacre the Sioux succeeded in closing the Bozeman Trail,the main route into Montana.
O)A 1903 Supreme Court ruling that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose,ignoring all existing treaties.
P)The 1887 law that gave Native Americans severalty (individual ownership of land)by dividing reservations into homesteads.The law was a disaster for native peoples,resulting over several decades in the loss of 66 percent of lands held by Indians at the time of the law's passage.
Q)The 1876 battle begun when American cavalry under George Armstrong Custer attacked an encampment of Sioux,Arapaho,and Cheyenne Indians who resisted removal to a reservation.Custer's force was annihilated,but with whites calling for U.S.soldiers to retaliate,the Native American military victory was short-lived.
R)Religion of the late 1880s and early 1890s that combined elements of Christianity and traditional Native American religion.It fostered Plains Indians' hope that they could,through sacred dances,resurrect the great bison herds and call up a storm to drive whites back across the Atlantic.
S)The 1890 massacre of Sioux Indians by American cavalry in South Dakota.Sent to suppress the Ghost Dance,soldiers caught up with fleeing Lakotas and killed as many as 300.

Question 79

What prompted the U.S.government to set aside natural reserves such as Yellowstone? What were the results of that policy?

Question 80

Answer the following questions :
Dawes Severalty Act

A)The railway line completed on May 10,1869,that connected the Central Pacific and Union Pacific lines,enabling goods to move by railway from the eastern United States all the way to California.
B)A tax or duty on foreign producers of goods coming into or imported into the United States;these tariffs gave U.S.manufacturers a competitive advantage in America's gigantic domestic market.
C)An 1868 treaty that guaranteed the rights of U.S.missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in the United States.
D)An 1877 Supreme Court case that affirmed that states could regulate key businesses,such as railroads and grain elevators,if those businesses were "clothed in the public interest."
E)The practice of backing a country's currency with its reserves of gold.In 1873 the United States,following Great Britain and other European nations,began converting to this practice.
F)A term used by those critical of an 1873 law directing the U.S.Treasury to cease minting silver dollars,retire Civil War-era greenbacks,and replace them with notes backed by the gold standard from an expanded system of national banks.
G)The 1862 act that gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property.This policy led to the rapid development of the American West after the Civil War;facing arid conditions in the West,however,many homesteaders found themselves unable to live on their land.
H)Authorized by the Morrill Act of 1862,these educational institutions were public universities founded to broaden educational opportunities and foster technical and scientific expertise.These universities were funded by the Morrill Act,which authorized the sale of federal lands to raise money for higher education.
I)An unfounded theory that settlement and farming of the Great Plains caused an increase in rainfall.
J)African Americans who walked or rode out of the Deep South following the Civil War,many settling on farms in Kansas in hopes of finding peace and prosperity.
K)Established in 1872 by Congress,this protected land was the United States's first national park.
L)A federal bureau established in 1871 that made recommendations to stem the decline in wild fish.Its creation was an important step toward wildlife conservation and management.
M)The November 29,1864 massacre of more than a hundred peaceful Cheyennes,largely women and children,by John M.Chivington's Colorado militia.
N)A massacre in December 1866 in which 1,500 Sioux warriors lured Captain William Fetterman and eighty soldiers from a Wyoming fort and attacked them.With the Fetterman massacre the Sioux succeeded in closing the Bozeman Trail,the main route into Montana.
O)A 1903 Supreme Court ruling that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose,ignoring all existing treaties.
P)The 1887 law that gave Native Americans severalty (individual ownership of land)by dividing reservations into homesteads.The law was a disaster for native peoples,resulting over several decades in the loss of 66 percent of lands held by Indians at the time of the law's passage.
Q)The 1876 battle begun when American cavalry under George Armstrong Custer attacked an encampment of Sioux,Arapaho,and Cheyenne Indians who resisted removal to a reservation.Custer's force was annihilated,but with whites calling for U.S.soldiers to retaliate,the Native American military victory was short-lived.
R)Religion of the late 1880s and early 1890s that combined elements of Christianity and traditional Native American religion.It fostered Plains Indians' hope that they could,through sacred dances,resurrect the great bison herds and call up a storm to drive whites back across the Atlantic.
S)The 1890 massacre of Sioux Indians by American cavalry in South Dakota.Sent to suppress the Ghost Dance,soldiers caught up with fleeing Lakotas and killed as many as 300.