Deck 9: Expertise

Question 1

As individuals become more proficient at a task,they seem to use _____ of their brains to perform that task.

A) less
B) more
C) much more
D) the same quantity

Answer 1

less

Question 2

In the _____ stage of skill acquisition,errors in initial understanding are detected and eliminated.

A) acquisition
B) associative
C) autonomous
D) cognitive

Answer 2

associative

Question 3

Performance of a cognitive skill shows _____ declines over _____ retention intervals.

A) modest;short
B) large;short
C) modest;long
D) large;long

Answer 3

modest;long

Question 4

Chris can type quickly,without looking at the keyboard.He is in the _____ stage.

A) acquisition
B) associative
C) autonomous
D) cognitive

Question 5

After Chris learns the locations of the keyboard keys,he learns to use the Shift and Control keys.He is in the _____ stage.

A) acquisition
B) associative
C) autonomous
D) cognitive

Question 6

The process of converting declarative knowledge into procedural knowledge is called:

A) conversion.
B) implicitization.
C) pattern-driven application.
D) proceduralization.

Question 7

In the _____ stage of skill acquisition,connections among the elements required for successful performance are strengthened.

A) acquisition
B) associative
C) autonomous
D) cognitive

Question 8

Linear function _____ implies a power function _____.

A) on log-log coordinates;on log-log coordinates
B) on log-log coordinates;in the original scale
C) in the original scale;on log-log coordinates
D) in the original scale;in the original scale

Question 9

According to Hayes (1985),no one reaches genius level without at least _____ years of practice.

A) 40
B) 30
C) 20
D) 10

Question 10

As participants learn to read transformed text,activity in the _____ decreases.

A) basal ganglia
B) hippocampus
C) motor cortex
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 11

Humans are the only species that:

A) acquire skills.
B) communicate.
C) display advanced behavioral plasticity.
D) use tools.

Question 12

Which area of the brain is involved in representing a problem?

A) the parietal cortex
B) the prefrontal cortex
C) the anterior cingulate cortex
D) the temporal cortex

Question 13

According to Skoyles (1999),what drove the expansion of the human brain?

A) the need to acquire expertise in novel environments
B) the need to create mediums for personal expression
C) the need to develop spoken language
D) the need to form societal institutions

Question 14

The benefit of further practice:

A) slowly diminishes.
B) slowly increases.
C) rapidly diminishes.
D) rapidly increases.

Question 15

According to Skoyles (1999),what ability allowed humans to spread throughout the world?

A) the ability to communicate
B) the ability to acquire expertise in novel environments
C) the ability to form societal institutions
D) the ability to adapt to the environment

Question 16

In the _____ stage of skill acquisition,the individual develops a declarative encoding of the skill.

A) acquisition
B) associative
C) autonomous
D) cognitive

Question 17

Chris is learning how to type.He first learns the locations of the keys.He is in the _____ stage.

A) acquisition
B) associative
C) autonomous
D) cognitive

Question 18

Performance of a cognitive skill improves as a power function of:

A) acquisition.
B) practice.
C) proceduralization.
D) retention.

Question 19

As participants learn to read transformed text,activity in the _____ increases.

A) basal ganglia
B) hippocampus
C) motor cortex
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 20

In the _____ stage of skill acquisition,the procedure becomes more and more automated and rapid.

A) acquisition
B) associative
C) autonomous
D) cognitive

Question 21

As one becomes more practiced at a task,brain activation shifts from the:

A) basal ganglia to the prefrontal cortex.
B) basal ganglia to more posterior areas of the cortex.
C) prefrontal cortex to the basal ganglia.
D) prefrontal cortex to more posterior areas of the cortex.

Question 22

Anderson (2007)found that,after 5 days of practice with math problems,there was:

A) comparable activation early versus late in the motor cortex.
B) more activation in the motor cortex early in practice than late in practice.
C) more activation in the motor cortex late in practice than early in practice.
D) no activation of the motor cortex at any time.

Question 23

Using PET,Jenkins et al.(1994)found that there was:

A) comparable activation early versus late in the frontal areas.
B) more activation in the frontal areas early in learning than late in learning.
C) more activation in the frontal areas late in learning than early in learning.
D) no activation in the frontal areas at any time.

Question 24

According to the _____,studying esoteric subjects serves to discipline the mind.

A) doctrine of formal discipline
B) power law of learning
C) theory of identical elements
D) theory of negative transfer

Question 25

_____ is difficult because it requires setting and keeping track of goals and subgoals.

A) Reasoning
B) Reasoning backward
C) Reasoning forward
D) Tactical learning

Question 26

Experts seem to display a special enhanced memory for:

A) all knowledge.
B) knowledge in their domains of expertise.
C) explicit knowledge.
D) implicit knowledge.

Question 27

_____ is the process by which one learns specific procedures for solving specific problems.

A) Learning
B) Proceduralization
C) Tactical learning
D) Strategic learning

Question 28

According to the _____,transfer of skills will span domains that have no content in common.

A) doctrine of formal discipline
B) power law of learning
C) theory of identical elements
D) theory of negative transfer

Question 29

Using PET,Jenkins et al.(1994)found that there was:

A) comparable activation early versus late in the hippocampus.
B) more activation in the hippocampus early in learning than late in learning.
C) more activation in the hippocampus late in learning than early in learning.
D) no activation in the hippocampus at any time.

Question 30

When chess players are presented with random chessboard configurations:

A) duffers remember the random configurations better than do masters.
B) masters remember the random configurations better than do duffers.
C) masters remember the random configurations no better than do duffers.
D) duffers recall random configurations while masters falsely recall actual configurations.

Question 31

Anderson (2007)found that,after 5 days of practice with math problems,there was:

A) comparable activation in the prefrontal cortex early in practice and late in practice.
B) more activation in the prefrontal cortex early in practice than late in practice.
C) more activation in the prefrontal cortex late in practice than early in practice.
D) no activation of the prefrontal cortex at any time.

Question 32

Which area of the brain is involved in the control of cognition?

A) the parietal cortex
B) the prefrontal cortex
C) the anterior cingulate cortex
D) the temporal cortex

Question 33

In deliberate practice,learners are motivated to:

A) learn.
B) perform.
C) practice.
D) perform and practice.

Question 34

_____ refers to a process by which individuals learn to organize their problem solving.

A) Learning
B) Proceduralization
C) Tactical learning
D) Strategic learning

Question 35

_____ eliminates the need to keep track of subgoals.

A) Reasoning
B) Reasoning backward
C) Reasoning forward
D) Tactical learning

Question 36

Anderson (2007)found that,after 5 days of practice with math problems,there was:

A) comparable activation in the parietal cortex early in practice and late in practice.
B) more activation in the parietal cortex early in practice than late in practice.
C) more activation in the parietal cortex late in practice than early in practice.
D) no activation of the parietal cortex at any time.

Question 37

_____ practice can drive neural growth in the adult brain.

A) A little
B) Some
C) Extensive
D) No amount of

Question 38

Anderson (2007)found that,after 5 days of practice with math problems,there was:

A) comparable activation early versus late in the ACC.
B) more activation in the ACC early in practice than late in practice.
C) more activation in the ACC late in practice than early in practice.
D) no activation of the ACC at any time.

Question 39

Which area of the brain is involved in retrieving task instructions?

A) the parietal cortex
B) the prefrontal cortex
C) the anterior cingulate cortex
D) the temporal cortex

Question 40

What did Carraher et al.(1985)discover about Brazilian children who worked as street vendors?

A) The children solved more math problems in the situated context than the lab context.
B) The children solved less math problems in the situated context than the lab context.
C) The children solved an equal number of math problems in both the situated and lab contexts.
D) The children could not solve math problems in the lab context.

Question 41

Compare pattern learning of experts with that of novices.

Question 42

Describe Carraher et al.'s (1985)study on transfer of skill.What was the outcome?

Question 43

According to the _____,the mind is NOT composed of general faculties.

A) doctrine of formal discipline
B) power law of learning
C) theory of identical elements
D) theory of negative transfer

Question 44

The theory of identical elements was _____ in its predictions.

A) accurate
B) too broad
C) too narrow
D) similar to the doctrine of formal discipline

Question 45

What were the findings of Poldrack and Gabrieli's (2001)study and Poldrack et al.'s (1999)study? How do these results relate to the stages of skill acquisition?

Question 46

By providing feedback on learning,intelligent tutors:

A) help students' mastery of complex skills.
B) hinder students' mastery of complex skills.
C) neither help nor hinder students' mastery of complex skills.
D) Intelligent tutors never provide feedback.

Question 47

The doctrine of formal discipline was _____ in its predictions.

A) accurate
B) too broad
C) too narrow
D) similar to the theory of identical elements

Question 48

The MOST extensive use of componential analysis is for:

A) intelligent tutoring systems.
B) private human tutoring.
C) strategic learning analysis.
D) tactical learning analysis.

Question 49

What is the disadvantage of reasoning backward and of reasoning forward?

Question 50

What has supported the evolution of human civilization?

Question 51

Approaches to instruction that begin with an analysis of the elements to be taught are called:

A) componential analyses.
B) intelligent tutoring systems.
C) strategic learning analyses.
D) tactical learning analyses.

Question 52

As one becomes more proficient at a task,what brain change occurs?

Question 53

Private human tutoring is:

A) very ineffective.
B) somewhat ineffective.
C) somewhat effective.
D) very effective.

Question 54

Explain the doctrine of formal discipline.

Question 55

Compare long-term memory of experts with that of novices.

Question 56

There _____ seems to be negative transfer.

A) always
B) sometimes
C) rarely
D) never

Question 57

Learning one skill makes a person worse at learning another skill.This phenomenon is referred to as:

A) positive interference.
B) negative interference.
C) positive transfer.
D) negative transfer.

Question 58

Describe the three stages of skill acquisition.

Question 59

Compare the doctrine of formal discipline with the theory of identical elements.

Question 60

What is proceduralization?

Question 61

As participants learn to read transformed text,activity in the hippocampus decreases.

Question 62

The transition from novices to experts entails the same changes in strategy in all domains.

Question 63

Which statement is an accurate description of the brain activity of participants in Qin,et al.'s (2003)study of mental activity during problem solving?

A) With expertise,the amount of brain activity necessary to solve a problem decreases.
B) Expertise in problem solving serves to tone the brain and make activation of specific brain regions involved in this activity occur more quickly.
C) Overall,brain activity during problem solving increases with greater expertise.
D) Expertise is not a factor in the amount of brain activity during problem solving;fatigue is a much more salient variable.

Question 64

As expertise develops,reliance on procedural knowledge increases.

Question 65

A tactic is a plan for attaining a particular goal.

Question 66

What is negative transfer?

Question 67

Computers achieve expertise differently than humans.

Question 68

Transfer is tied to the identity of surface elements.

Question 69

Adults do not grow new neurons.

Question 70

How can intelligent tutors help students to master complex skills?

Question 71

Performance of a cognitive skill severely declines over long retention intervals.

Question 72

When is there transfer between skills?

Question 73

What is tactical learning? What is strategic learning?

Question 74

Which is NOT a stage in the acquisition of a skill,according to Anderson (1983)?

A) autonomous stage
B) cognitive stage
C) extrapolative stage
D) associative stage

Question 75

How is educational instruction improved?

Question 76

A great deal of deliberate practice is necessary to develop expertise in any field.

Question 77

As a person becomes more proficient at a task,he uses more of his brain to perform that task.

Question 78

The process of converting the deliberate use of declarative knowledge into pattern-driven recognition is called:

A) proceduralization.
B) recognition by components.
C) metacognition.
D) serial processing.

Question 79

What is the role of deliberate practice in the development of expertise?

Question 80

How do computers achieve expertise compared to humans?