Deck 4: Mental Imagery

Question 1

In the Shepard and Metzler's task,subjects are asked to:

A) mentally rotate the hands on a clock to the same degree of angle as a standard clock.
B) mentally compare the size of a rabbit to a fly.
C) mentally rotate two-dimensional test cubes to decide if they were the same as original cubes.
D) rehearse and then imagine they were reciting a verbal jingle.

Answer 1

mentally rotate two-dimensional test cubes to decide if they were the same as original cubes.

Question 2

Roland and Friberg found that engaging in a verbal-jingle task will activate brain regions near _____ area.

A) Broca's
B) Dennett's
C) Posner's
D) Wundt's

Answer 2

Broca's

Question 3

A mental experience that does NOT have any functional role in information processing is referred to as a(n):

A) epiphenomenon.
B) distortion.
C) image.
D) Ponzo illusion.

Answer 3

epiphenomenon.

Question 4

Asked to estimate the size of two animals,subjects generally:

A) took longer to estimate size when the difference was small.
B) took longer to estimate size as the difference increased.
C) were very inaccurate in estimating as the absolute size of the animals decreased.
D) were unable to estimate size accurately as the difference increased.

Question 5

Georgopoulos and coworkers studied the neural activation patterns in monkeys who were required to rotate a handle the number of degrees required by a stimulus.These investigators found evidence that:

A) the spatial mapping region in the monkey's brain was in a different location compared with human subjects.
B) the primitive monkey brain does not have a spatial area equivalent to the human brain.
C) different cells in the motor cortex tend to fire for different movements.
D) the occipital cortex of the monkey has orientation but not location detectors.

Question 6

Mental rotation research suggests that:

A) it is harder to rotate an object in depth than in the picture plane.
B) we have neural diagrams actually rotating in our head.
C) people prefer to rotate objects in a clockwise direction.
D) subjects imagine an object moving in continuous stages as they mentally rotate it.

Question 7

Mental images are:

A) neural cells activated in a spatial pattern that literally recreate external scenes in the head.
B) patterned responses in the brain's feature detectors that result in illusory content.
C) produced by segmenting scenes into geons that coincide with key object features.
D) the mind's representation of external scenes or objects that makes it seem as though one is seeing the object being envisioned.

Question 8

Which question would subjects take the LONGEST time to answer?

A) Which is larger,a cat or a mouse?
B) Which is larger,a worm or a centipede?
C) Which is larger,a deer or a bear?
D) Which is larger,a sparrow or an ostrich?

Question 9

When subjects were asked to judge which of two animals was larger,Moyer (1973)found that subjects were influenced by:

A) differences in animal type.
B) differences in animal size.
C) familiarity with the animals.
D) degree of attachment to animals.

Question 10

Roland and Friberg used a(n)_____ measurement technique to map brain activity with visual and verbal stimuli.

A) electroencephalograph
B) blood flow
C) magnetic resonance imagery
D) evoked response potential

Question 11

Brooks (1968)asked subjects to point,tap,or verbalize responses to diagrams or sentences.What statement BEST explains the outcome?

A) Subjects took longer to classify sentences in the verbal condition than they did to classify diagrams in the pointing condition.
B) Subjects could classify sentences in the verbal condition as rapidly as they could classify diagrams in the pointing condition.
C) Subjects were fastest at classifying diagrams by pointing,but their accuracy rate was low.
D) Subjects took longest to classify diagrams in the pointing condition than in any other condition.

Question 12

Research on mental rotation and scanning seems to suggest that:

A) mental imagery may appear subjectively real to the person,but the processes bear little relationship to the physical events.
B) the brain is furnished with very powerful specialized neurons that can rotate objects just as one would physically rotate them.
C) the mental processes people go through in such tasks seem to be analogous to the physical process of rotating or scanning.
D) these functions are very tightly localized in just one area of the brain.

Question 13

Santa presented an array of three geometric objects and then tested subjects with either the same configuration or a linear rearrangement of the objects.The results showed that:

A) subjects were faster when the test array preserved the original spatial information.
B) subjects were faster when the test array was presented in linear form.
C) there was no difference between the spatial and the linear presentations.
D) subject were more accurate in the linear configuration but faster in the spatial configuration.

Question 14

The combined results of Brook's (1968)study and Baddeley's (1976)study suggest that the interference that occurs when scanning an image while also processing spatial information is:

A) a spatial conflict,not visual.
B) a visual conflict,not spatial.
C) due to an interaction between visual and spatial details that conflict.
D) due to a conflict between feature detectors and location detectors.

Question 15

It is clear from Roland and Friberg's study that:

A) verbal information is processed in a brain region that is distinct from the region where visual information is processed.
B) the brain processes visual and verbal information in the same region of the brain.
C) cognitive functions are highly localized,if not compartmentalized.
D) cognitive processes are widely distributed across global neural calculational arrays.

Question 16

Roland and Friberg's study showed that:

A) the brain had elevated electrical activity across all regions whether the subject imagined a verbal jingle or a spatial route.
B) neural response increased in Broca's area during the spatial-route task,but increased in the occipital area during the verbal-jingle task.
C) increased blood flow differed from one brain region to another depending on whether subjects imagined a verbal jingle or a spatial route.
D) the brain had increased blood flow across all brain regions whether the subject imagined a verbal jingle or a spatial route.

Question 17

In Santa's study of verbal and visual processing,the results revealed that subjects were faster to verify:

A) linear ordering for both words and geometric figures.
B) linear ordering for words and spatial configuration for geometric figures.
C) spatial configuration for words and linear ordering for geometric figures.
D) spatial configuration for both words and geometric figures.

Question 18

Dennett argued that mental images are:

A) real perceptual experiences.
B) functional.
C) epiphenomenal.
D) allocentric.

Question 19

What evidence supports the notion that,in mental rotation tasks,subjects rotate one object until it is congruent with the other?

A) Subjects are much faster when they rotate simple letters than when they rotate complex figures.
B) There is little difference between rotating objects in the picture plane versus the depth plane.
C) Subjects find it hard to recognize that one object is larger than the other.
D) Judgment time is a linear function of the number of degrees of rotation required to complete the rotation.

Question 20

Santa presented an array of three words arranged in a spatial configuration and then tested subjects with either a spatial configuration or a linear arrangement of the words.The results showed that:

A) subjects were faster when the spatial arrangement of the words was preserved.
B) subjects were more accurate in the linear configuration but faster in the spatial arrangement.
C) subjects were faster when the arrangement of words was linear.
D) there were no differences between the spatial and the linear presentations.

Question 21

Route maps are to _____ as survey maps are to _____.

A) action plans;visual images
B) visual images;action plans
C) 2-D representations;3-D representations
D) 3-D representations;2-D representations

Question 22

Research on mental imagery suggests that there is/are:

A) just one type of mental imagery tied to the visual modality.
B) two types of mental imagery,one that preserves visual detail and one not tied to the visual modality.
C) one type of mental imagery that encodes spatial information and is not tied to the visual modality.
D) two types of mental imagery,one tied to the visual modality and one to the verbal.

Question 23

What part of the brain is important in supporting egocentric representations?

A) the thalamus
B) the hippocampus
C) the parietal lobe
D) the basal ganglia

Question 24

Neuropsychological studies using visual and spatial tasks suggest that:

A) damage to the temporal lobe interferes with spatial processing,but not visual detail.
B) spatial judgments and visual detail are both occipital lobe functions.
C) spatial judgments are mediated by the temporal lobe,but visual detail is mediated by the occipital lobe.
D) different areas of the brain appear to be involved in processing spatial information as opposed to visual information.

Question 25

In their study of a person with bilateral inferior temporal damage,Levine,Warach,and Farah provided evidence that:

A) the temporal lobe seems to mediate imagery tasks that require access to visual detail and not those that require spatial judgments.
B) visual and spatial processing both occur in the temporal lobe.
C) the temporal lobe mediates spatial judgment tasks,but not visual detail tasks.
D) the temporal lobe remains the primary auditory processing system with no involvement in spatial or visual tasks.

Question 26

What part of the brain is important in supporting allocentric representations?

A) the thalamus
B) the hippocampus
C) the parietal lobe
D) the basal ganglia

Question 27

Subjects asked to look at reversible figures and form an interpretation were:

A) able to find multiple interpretations,whether looking at the figure or imagining the figure.
B) able to find more interpretations for the mental image than the physical figure.
C) unable to find an alternate interpretation for the physical figure.
D) unable to find a second interpretation for the mental image of the figure,but able to form a different interpretation when drawing the figure.

Question 28

How do physical maps differ from cognitive maps?

A) Cognitive maps show the effects of orientation.
B) Physical maps show the effects of orientation.
C) Cognitive maps are often distorted.
D) Physical maps are often distorted.

Question 29

A subject participates in a study in which he has to first identify the object and then mentally rotate the object 180 degrees.The subject is unable to correctly rotate the object 180 degrees.This subject probably has damage to the _____ region of the brain.

A) parietal
B) temporal
C) frontal
D) occipital

Question 30

A path that indicates specific places but contains no 2-D information is called a _____ map.

A) distorted
B) Metzler
C) route
D) survey

Question 31

Comparing very similar mental images takes longer than comparing very different mental images.This phenomenon suggests that:

A) feature detectors produce conflicting signals for similar images,leading to confusion and longer reaction times.
B) large differences provide much more detail to guide the comparison process,thus reducing reaction time.
C) mental comparison processes cause discrimination problems similar to those encountered when making perceptual discriminations.
D) small differences are feature-poor and require that the person make more inferences before reacting.

Question 32

In their study of a person with bilateral parietal-occipital damage,Levine,Warach,and Farah provided evidence that:

A) the parietal lobe seems to mediate imagery tasks that require access to visual detail and not those that require spatial judgments.
B) visual and spatial processing both occur in the parietal lobe.
C) the parietal lobe mediates spatial-judgment tasks,but not visual-detail tasks.
D) the parietal lobe remains the primary auditory processing system with no involvement in spatial or visual tasks.

Question 33

The _____ responds preferentially to faces.

A) LGN
B) LLA
C) PPA
D) FFA

Question 34

A map that acts like a spatial image of the environment is referred to as a _____ map.

A) distorted
B) Metzler
C) route
D) survey

Question 35

The imaginal representations that we have of our world are often referred to as:

A) mental images.
B) cognitive maps.
C) survey maps.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 36

With regard to navigation,cognitive psychologists differentiate between representing space as we see it (_____ representation)and representing space free of any particular viewpoint (_____ representation).

A) subjective;objective
B) 2-D;3-D
C) egocentric;allocentric
D) viewer-specific;viewer-independent

Question 37

Little Tommy Jones tries to give Mr.Smith directions to the grocery store over the phone.Mr.Smith is not able to understand the directions because Tommy explained how to get to the store from his house instead of from Mr.Smith"s house.This is an example of:

A) allocentric representation.
B) a spatial deficit.
C) egocentric representation.
D) a map distortion.

Question 38

Which brain structure has been strongly implicated in the ability to navigate through the environment using a map?

A) the thalamus
B) the hippocampus
C) the parietal lobe
D) the basal ganglia

Question 39

Which piece of evidence has NOT been used to infer that visual images are similar to visual perception?

A) Rotation of mental images takes about the same time as rotation of the real object.
B) Subjects can imagine transformations of images as though they are composite images.
C) Subjects can reproduce the classic Ponzo illusion in imagery.
D) Different parts of the brain appear to be involved in processing visual images and spatial information.

Question 40

Which question would subjects take the SHORTEST time to answer?

A) Which is larger,a cat or a mouse?
B) Which is larger,a worm or a centipede?
C) Which is larger,a deer or a bear?
D) Which is larger,a sparrow or an ostrich?

Question 41

When people judge relative locations of cities based on mental images,they tend to:

A) rely on abstract facts about relative locations.
B) use fairly complex and detailed mental maps.
C) segment the region into subsections,with increasing detail as the subsections get smaller.
D) anchor to the north/south axis first,then the east/west axis,to precisely fix locations.

Question 42

Discuss the two components of imagery studied by Farah and colleagues.Based on neuropsychological research,which brain area seems to support each component?

Question 43

What is a route map? What is a survey map?

Question 44

What have brain-imaging studies revealed about visual imagery and brain areas?

Question 45

Describe the study by Stevens and Coupe (1978).What does this study teach us about mental imagery?

Question 46

What do studies of visual comparison of magnitudes imply about the similarity between visual perception and visual imagery? Make sure to explain the work of Johnson (1939)and Moyer (1973).

Question 47

According to Santa's research,how are verbal processing and visual processing different?

Question 48

What is the relationship between mental rotation and reaction time?

Question 49

Mental maps have a _____ structure.

A) parallel
B) linear
C) hierarchical
D) serial

Question 50

How do physical maps differ from cognitive maps?

Question 51

What conclusions can be drawn from Moyer's research on visual comparison of magnitudes?

Question 52

What conclusions can be drawn from Brook's research on visual scanning?

Question 53

Your path from location A to location B is blocked.What will happen if you are using a route map? What will happen if you are using a survey map?

Question 54

In an experiment,subjects were asked to remember a map and then judge which of two cities was farther north or which of two cities was farther east.Which detail would probably affect the time it takes the subjects to make these judgments?

A) whether the city is on a river
B) whether the subject's location is more north/south versus east/west
C) whether there is a state border between the two cities
D) whether the map is bordered

Question 55

What evidence suggests that it is more difficult to process an image than a real perception?

Question 56

How are visual perceptions different from visual images? Make sure to discuss the work of Chambers and Reisberg (1985).

Question 57

What is mental rotation? Describe the seminal work on mental rotation.How does mental rotation relate to the larger topic of mental imagery?

Question 58

Describe the evidence that suggests visual images are like visual perception.

Question 59

What has research with monkeys taught us about mental rotation?

Question 60

When Stevens and Coupe presented congruent or incongruent maps to people and asked them to make judgments about location of cities,they found that:

A) most subjects were able to ignore regional incongruence and still report city location accurately.
B) subjects tend to use larger areas to locate smaller units like cities.
C) subjects were unable to correct for incongruence,and judgments broke down completely.
D) people generally depend on feature-level detail rather than higher-order data in making judgments.

Question 61

Moyer's (1973)study of discrimination decisions based on mental imagery yielded which result?

A) It is easier for participants to answer "yes" or "no" to verbal questions while performing a mental imagery task if they can tap the hand once for "yes" and twice for "no" rather than answering aloud.
B) The same visual pathways are employed for both visual perception and visual imagery.
C) Participants' cognitive maps are skewed as to the north/south and east/west locations of well-known locations.
D) Participants find it more difficult to make "larger-smaller" determinations between animal species if the animals are similar in size.

Question 62

A survey map is a path that indicates specific places but contains no 2-D information.

Question 63

When subjects try to discriminate between two objects on the basis of size,the time it takes for them to do so increases as the difference in size between the two objects increases.

Question 64

Shepard and Metzler (1971)demonstrated that people rotate objects equally quickly,regardless of the orientation in which the objects are presented.

Question 65

Why are mental maps sometimes distorted?

Question 66

Neuroscience research done on mental imagery has provided evidence that the spatial component of imagery is processed by the neurons in the _____,while the neurons in the _____ process the visual component.

A) preoptic area;suprechiasmatic nucleus
B) prefrontal cortex;V5
C) parietal lobe;temporal lobe
D) LGN;MGN

Question 67

Verbal information and visual information are processed by different parts of the brain in different ways.

Question 68

Which conclusion was reached in the study by Farah,et al.(1988)?

A) The brain pathways involved in visual imagery are very similar to those activated in visual perception.
B) Visual imagery is a qualitatively different process than other types of imagery.
C) The temporal lobe is activated by imagery tasks involving visual detail,but not those that require spatial judgment.
D) The superior colliculus is an important structure in visual imagery.

Question 69

Spatial features are NOT a component of mental images.

Question 70

Verbal descriptions are quite difficult to convert into cognitive maps.

Question 71

For mental imagery,there is evidence that the parietal lobe supports the visual aspects and the temporal lobe supports the spatial aspects.

Question 72

In the study by O'Craven and Kanwisher (2000),it was determined that the _____ becomes activated when facial imagery is required,while the _____ becomes activated when imagery for scenes is required.

A) parietal lobe;hippocampus
B) area 19;area 17
C) left hemisphere;right hemisphere
D) FFA;PPA

Question 73

Shepard and Metzler's (1971)study of mental rotation abilities that employed two-dimensional representations of block designs found that participants showed increased reaction times when:

A) their attention was divided.
B) the task was novel for them.
C) the angular difference between the block designs was great.
D) the block designs were darkly colored.

Question 74

Describe the evidence that links the hippocampus to humans' ability to navigate through their world.

Question 75

One region of the temporal cortex responds preferentially to pictures of locations.

Question 76

Visual images share many properties with actual products of visual perception.

Question 77

The terms visual and spatial imagery can be used interchangeably.

Question 78

In mental rotation tasks,the reaction time increases as the amount of rotation increases.

Question 79

Evidence suggests that it is easier to process an image than a real perception.

Question 80

What is the significance of Chambers and Reisberg's (1985)mental imagery experiment that employed the reversible duck-rabbit figure?

A) There is a difference between a mental image and visual perception of a real object.
B) Perception of ambiguous objects is greatly influenced by perceptual priming.
C) Verbal processing of ambiguous figures disrupts an individual's ability to perceive both images.
D) There are age differences in visual images-adolescents and young adults have a greater ability to perceive both parts of an ambiguous image.