Deck 10: Reasoning

Question 1

An argument consisting of two premises and a conclusion is called a(n):

A) deduction.
B) induction.
C) logical syllogism.
D) logical fallacy.

Answer 1

logical syllogism.

Question 2

Which is/are an invalid induction(s)?

A) modus ponens
B) modus ponens and modus tollens
C) affirmation of the consequent and denial of the antecedent
D) None of the answers is correct.

Answer 2

None of the answers is correct.

Question 3

_____ reasoning is concerned with conclusions that follow with certainty from their premises.

A) Deductive
B) Inductive
C) Logical
D) Syllogistic

Answer 3

Deductive

Question 4

If you eat uncooked food,then you will become sick. You didn't become sick.
Therefore,you didn't eat uncooked food.
This is an example of:

A) modus ponens.
B) modus tollens.
C) affirmation of the consequent.
D) denial of the antecedent.

Question 5

If you eat uncooked food,then you will become sick. You ate uncooked food.
Therefore,you became sick.
This is an example of:

A) modus ponens.
B) modus tollens.
C) affirmation of the consequent.
D) denial of the antecedent.

Question 6

Which is/are a form(s)of valid induction?

A) modus ponens
B) modus ponens and modus tollens
C) affirmation of the consequent and denial of the antecedent
D) None of the answers is correct.

Question 7

A is the antecedent,and B is the consequent.Given that B is false,infer that A is false.Which rule of inference is this?

A) modus ponens
B) modus tollens
C) affirmation of the consequent
D) denial of the antecedent

Question 8

If you eat uncooked food,then you will become sick.The if part (you eat uncooked food)is the:

A) antecedent.
B) consequent.
C) conditional statement.
D) syllogism.

Question 9

Craig and Delia are married.Delia is the mother of Jane.That Craig is the father of Jane is a(n)_____ inference.

A) deductive
B) inductive
C) antecedent
D) consequent

Question 10

A is the antecedent,and B is the consequent.Given that A is true,infer that B is true.Which rule of inference is this?

A) modus ponens
B) modus tollens
C) affirmation of the consequent
D) denial of the antecedent

Question 11

Modus tollens allows us to infer:

A) the antecedent from the consequent.
B) the consequent from the antecedent.
C) that the antecedent is false if the consequent is false.
D) that the consequent is false if the antecedent is false.

Question 12

_____ reasoning is concerned with conclusions that probabilistically follow from their premises.

A) Deductive
B) Inductive
C) Logical
D) Syllogistic

Question 13

If you eat uncooked food,then you will become sick.The then part (you will become sick)is the:

A) antecedent.
B) consequent.
C) conditional statement.
D) syllogism.

Question 14

Which is/are a valid form(s)of valid deduction?

A) modus acumens
B) modus ponens and modus tollens
C) affirmation of the consequent
D) affirmation of the consequent and denial of the antecedent

Question 15

Craig and Delia are married.Delia is the mother of Jane.That Delia is older than Jane is a(n)_____ inference.

A) deductive
B) inductive
C) antecedent
D) consequent

Question 16

When judging meaningful content,_____ regions are active.

A) parietal
B) left-prefrontal
C) temporal-parietal
D) both left-prefrontal and temporal-parietal

Question 17

When judging content-free material,_____ regions are active.

A) parietal
B) left-prefrontal
C) temporal-parietal
D) left-prefrontal regions and temporal-parietal

Question 18

Modus ponens allows us to infer:

A) the antecedent from the consequent.
B) the consequent from the antecedent.
C) that the antecedent is false if the consequent is false.
D) that the consequent is false if the antecedent is false.

Question 19

Which is an invalid deduction?

A) modus ponens
B) modus ponens and modus tollens
C) affirmation of the consequent
D) affirmation of the consequent and denial of the antecedent

Question 20

A(n)_____ is an assertion.

A) antecedent
B) consequent
C) conditional statement
D) syllogism

Question 21

A statement containing two premises,a conclusion,and quantifiers is called a(n):

A) induction.
B) deduction.
C) categorical syllogism.
D) syllogism.

Question 22

Participants are _____ the atmosphere hypothesis would predict.

A) more accurate than
B) less accurate than
C) only slightly less accurate than
D) as accurate as

Question 23

Which is a particular statement?

A) All balloons are red.
B) Some balloons are red.
C) No balloons are red.
D) Each statement is a particular statement.

Question 24

A is the antecedent,and B is the consequent.Given that A is false,infer that B is false.Which rule of inference is this?

A) modus ponens
B) modus tollens
C) affirmation of the consequent
D) denial of the antecedent

Question 25

Participants select cards in the Wason task that will be informative under a(n)_____ model.

A) induction
B) logical
C) permission
D) probabilistic

Question 26

If you eat uncooked food,then you will become sick. You became sick.
Therefore,you ate uncooked food.
This is an example of:

A) modus ponens.
B) modus tollens.
C) affirmation of the consequent.
D) denial of the antecedent.

Question 27

Based on what you know of the atmosphere hypothesis,and given the following premises,which conclusion should participants select?
All men are humans.
No humans are women.

A) All men are women.
B) Some men are women.
C) No men are women.
D) Some women are men.

Question 28

If you eat uncooked food,then you will become sick. You didn't eat uncooked food.
Therefore,you didn't become sick.
This is an example of:

A) modus ponens.
B) modus tollens.
C) affirmation of the consequent.
D) denial of the antecedent.

Question 29

Knowledge about real-world situations _____ performance on logical reasoning tasks.

A) decreases
B) increases
C) decreases or increases
D) does not influence

Question 30

Which is NOT a logical quantifier?

A) "all"
B) "some"
C) "no"
D) "maybe"

Question 31

Which is NOT a universal statement?

A) All rabbits are furry.
B) Some rabbits are furry.
C) No rabbits are furry.
D) Every rabbit is furry.

Question 32

Patients with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex perform:

A) better on the Wason card-selection task presented with meaningful content.
B) better on the Wason card-selection task presented without meaningful content.
C) equally well on the Wason card-selection task,regardless of content.
D) equally poorly on the Wason card-selection task,regardless of content.

Question 33

Based on what you know of the atmosphere hypothesis,and given the following premises,which conclusion should participants select?
All men are humans.
All humans are women.

A) All men are women.
B) Some men are women.
C) No men are women.
D) Some women are men.

Question 34

Based on what you know of the atmosphere hypothesis,and given the following premises,which conclusion should participants select?
Some men are humans.
Some humans are women.

A) All men are women.
B) Some men are women.
C) No men are women.
D) Some women are men.

Question 35

Based on what you know of the atmosphere hypothesis,and given the following premises,which conclusion should participants select?
All men are humans.
Some humans are women.

A) All men are women.
B) Some men are women.
C) No men are women.
D) Some women are men.

Question 36

Quantifiers used in premises predispose us to accept conclusions having the same quantifiers.This is the _____ hypothesis.

A) atmosphere
B) categorical
C) deductive
D) syllogistic

Question 37

Based on what you know of the atmosphere hypothesis,and given the following premises,which conclusion should participants select?
No men are humans.
No humans are women.

A) All men are women.
B) Some men are women.
C) No men are women.
D) Some women are men.

Question 38

A is the antecedent,and B is the consequent.Given that B is true,infer that A is true.Which rule of inference is this?

A) modus ponens
B) modus tollens
C) affirmation of the consequent
D) denial of the antecedent

Question 39

A rule about a social norm is called a:

A) norm rule.
B) permission interpretation.
C) permission rule.
D) permission schema.

Question 40

Training in logic _____ in better performance on the original Wason card-selection task.

A) results
B) does not result
C) does not necessarily result
D) usually results

Question 41

How does the scientific community protect against confirmation bias?

Question 42

Describe some explanations of the thought processes that lead to correct or incorrect conclusions.

Question 43

According to Bruner et al.'s (1956)_____ concept,only one selected feature needs to be present.

A) conjunctive
B) disjunctive
C) relational
D) distant

Question 44

Which is NOT an example of probabilistic reasoning?

A) diagnosing a disease
B) forming a hypothesis
C) solving a mystery
D) solving an equation

Question 45

According to Johnson-Laird (1983),individuals make errors in reasoning because:

A) they overlook possible explanations of the conclusion.
B) they overlook possible explanations of the premises.
C) the mental models they create are lacking.
D) the situation models they create are lacking.

Question 46

What is meant by affirmation of the consequent? What is meant by denial of the antecedent?

Question 47

Describe the Wason card-selection task.What is the typical outcome and what does it signify?

Question 48

Compare human reasoning with artificial intelligence (AI)systems.

Question 49

What was different about Griggs and Cox's (1982)version of the Wason card-selection task? What was the outcome?

Question 50

Deductive reasoning is localized in the:

A) left hemisphere.
B) right hemisphere.
C) anterior portions of the brain.
D) posterior portions of the brain.

Question 51

What brain regions are activated when people reason about problems with meaningful content versus when people reason about problems without content?

Question 52

What are the limitations of the atmosphere hypothesis?

Question 53

What is a syllogism?

Question 54

In testing a hypothesis,individuals often focus on instances that are _____ with their hypothesis.This can cause difficulties if their hypothesis is too _____.

A) consistent;broad
B) consistent;narrow
C) inconsistent;broad
D) inconsistent;narrow

Question 55

Individuals typically find _____ concepts easiest to discover.

A) conjunctive
B) disjunctive
C) relational
D) distant

Question 56

According to Johnson-Laird (1983),individuals judge whether a conclusion is possible by creating a(n)_____ model.

A) inductive
B) deductive
C) mental
D) situation

Question 57

According to Bruner et al.'s (1956)_____ concept,all selected features must be present.

A) conjunctive
B) disjunctive
C) relational
D) distant

Question 58

Inductive reasoning is localized in the:

A) left hemisphere.
B) right hemisphere.
C) anterior portions of the brain.
D) posterior portions of the brain.

Question 59

According to Bruner et al.'s (1956)_____ concept,an association between two or more features is specified.

A) conjunctive
B) disjunctive
C) relational
D) distant

Question 60

What neurological evidence supports the mental model explanation?

Question 61

Participants perform better on the Wason card-selection task when they take the perspective of detecting whether a social rule has been violated.

Question 62

Which type of reasoning is concerned with conclusions that follow with certainty from their premises?

A) syllogistic
B) deductive
C) conditional
D) inductive

Question 63

What is attribute identification? What is rule learning?

Question 64

Conjunctive concepts are easiest to discover.

Question 65

Individuals are generally bad at recognizing valid syllogisms when these are stated with neutral content.

Question 66

There are different interpretations of the logical connective if.

Question 67

Which is a central rule of inference in the logic of the conditional statement that allows us to infer the consequent if you are given the antecedent?

A) Bayes's theorem
B) permission schema
C) modus ponens
D) probabilistic interpretation

Question 68

The atmosphere hypothesis tries to predict what conclusions individuals will accept.

Question 69

Explain the weakness of Oaksford and Chater's explanation of Wason card-selection task errors.

Question 70

All,no,and some are universal statements.

Question 71

Modus ponens inferences and modus tollens inferences are frequently accepted.

Question 72

How do the frequency with which people accept valid inferences and the frequency with which people accept invalid inferences compare?

Question 73

How do deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning differ?

Question 74

What is the mental model theory?

Question 75

Okada and Simon found that individuals were more successful than pairs at completing a task.

Question 76

How can behavior in the Wason card-selection task be explained?

Question 77

What is confirmation bias?

Question 78

What is the atmosphere hypothesis?

Question 79

Affirmation of the consequent is an example of a valid inference.

Question 80

Reasoning about problems with meaningful content activates the left prefrontal and temporal-parietal brain regions.