Question 1

Describe some explanations of the thought processes that lead to correct or incorrect conclusions.

Accepted Answer

•One class of explanations is that participants choose not to do what the experimenters think they are doing.For instance,it has been argued that it is not natural for people to judge the logical validity of a syllogism.Rather,people tend to judge the truth of the conclusion in the real world.
•It is also argued that many people really do not understand what it means for an argument to be valid and simply judge whether a conclusion is possible given the premises.Participants seem to have a hard time distinguishing between when a conclusion is necessarily true versus possibly true.
•Johnson-Laird (1983)and Johnson-Laird & Steedman (1978)proposed that participants judge whether a conclusion is possible by creating a mental model of a world that satisfies the premises of the syllogism and inspecting that model to see whether the conclusion is satisfied.Participants have considerable difficulty developing alternative models and tend to accept a syllogism if its conclusion is correct in the first mental model they come up with.

Question 2

A is the antecedent,and B is the consequent.Given that B is true,infer that A is true.Which rule of inference is this?

Accepted Answer

A)  modus ponens 
B)  modus tollens 
C)  affirmation of the consequent 
D)  denial of the antecedent 
A)  modus ponens 
B)  modus tollens 
C)  affirmation of the consequent 
D)  denial of the antecedent C

Question 3

Based on what you know of the atmosphere hypothesis,and given the following premises,which conclusion should participants select?
All men are humans.
No humans are women.

Accepted Answer

A)  All men are women. 
B)  Some men are women. 
C)  No men are women. 
D)  Some women are men. 
A)  All men are women. 
B)  Some men are women. 
C)  No men are women. 
D)  Some women are men. C

Question 4

All,no,and some are universal statements.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Participants are _____ the atmosphere hypothesis would predict.

Accepted Answer

A)  more accurate than 
B)  less accurate than 
C)  only slightly less accurate than 
D)  as accurate as 
A)  more accurate than 
B)  less accurate than 
C)  only slightly less accurate than 
D)  as accurate as

Question 6

Quantifiers used in premises predispose us to accept conclusions having the same quantifiers.This is the _____ hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

A)  atmosphere 
B)  categorical 
C)  deductive 
D)  syllogistic 
A)  atmosphere 
B)  categorical 
C)  deductive 
D)  syllogistic

Question 7

If you eat uncooked food,then you will become sick.The then part (you will become sick)is the:

Accepted Answer

A)  antecedent. 
B)  consequent. 
C)  conditional statement. 
D)  syllogism. 
A)  antecedent. 
B)  consequent. 
C)  conditional statement. 
D)  syllogism.

Question 8

Individuals typically find _____ concepts easiest to discover.

Accepted Answer

A)  conjunctive 
B)  disjunctive 
C)  relational 
D)  distant 
A)  conjunctive 
B)  disjunctive 
C)  relational 
D)  distant

Question 9

Which was NOT a type of concept used by Bruner,Goodnow,and Austin (1956)in their study of hypothesis formation?

Accepted Answer

A)  conjunctive 
B)  global 
C)  disjunctive 
D)  relational 
A)  conjunctive 
B)  global 
C)  disjunctive 
D)  relational

Question 10

According to Johnson-Laird (1983),individuals judge whether a conclusion is possible by creating a(n)_____ model.

Accepted Answer

A)  inductive 
B)  deductive 
C)  mental 
D)  situation 
A)  inductive 
B)  deductive 
C)  mental 
D)  situation

Question 11

If you eat uncooked food,then you will become sick. You didn't eat uncooked food.
Therefore,you didn't become sick.
This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  modus ponens. 
B)  modus tollens. 
C)  affirmation of the consequent. 
D)  denial of the antecedent. 
A)  modus ponens. 
B)  modus tollens. 
C)  affirmation of the consequent. 
D)  denial of the antecedent.

Question 12

A rule about a social norm is called a:

Accepted Answer

A)  norm rule. 
B)  permission interpretation. 
C)  permission rule. 
D)  permission schema. 
A)  norm rule. 
B)  permission interpretation. 
C)  permission rule. 
D)  permission schema.

Question 13

There are different interpretations of the logical connective if.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Which is/are a valid form(s)of valid deduction?

Accepted Answer

A)  modus acumens 
B)  modus ponens and modus tollens 
C)  affirmation of the consequent 
D)  affirmation of the consequent and denial of the antecedent 
A)  modus acumens 
B)  modus ponens and modus tollens 
C)  affirmation of the consequent 
D)  affirmation of the consequent and denial of the antecedent

Question 15

What are the limitations of the atmosphere hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

•It tells us little about what the parti

Question 16

What is a syllogism?

Accepted Answer

A syllogism is an ar

Question 17

_____ reasoning is concerned with conclusions that probabilistically follow from their premises.

Accepted Answer

A)  Deductive 
B)  Inductive 
C)  Logical 
D)  Syllogistic 
A)  Deductive 
B)  Inductive 
C)  Logical 
D)  Syllogistic

Question 18

A(n)_____ is an assertion.

Accepted Answer

A)  antecedent 
B)  consequent 
C)  conditional statement 
D)  syllogism 
A)  antecedent 
B)  consequent 
C)  conditional statement 
D)  syllogism

Question 19

Reasoning about problems with meaningful content activates the left prefrontal and temporal-parietal brain regions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

How do the frequency with which people accept valid inferences and the frequency with which people accept invalid inferences compare?

Accepted Answer

People rarely fail to accept a modus pon

Describe some explanations of the thought processes that lead to correct or incorrect conclusions.

A is the antecedent,and B is the consequent.Given that B is true,infer that A is true.Which rule of inference is this?

Based on what you know of the atmosphere hypothesis,and given the following premises,which conclusion should participants select? All men are humans. No humans are women.

All,no,and some are universal statements.

Participants are _____ the atmosphere hypothesis would predict.

Quantifiers used in premises predispose us to accept conclusions having the same quantifiers.This is the _____ hypothesis.

If you eat uncooked food,then you will become sick.The then part (you will become sick)is the:

Individuals typically find _____ concepts easiest to discover.

Which was NOT a type of concept used by Bruner,Goodnow,and Austin (1956)in their study of hypothesis formation?

According to Johnson-Laird (1983),individuals judge whether a conclusion is possible by creating a(n)_____ model.

If you eat uncooked food,then you will become sick. You didn't eat uncooked food. Therefore,you didn't become sick. This is an example of:

A rule about a social norm is called a:

There are different interpretations of the logical connective if.

Which is/are a valid form(s)of valid deduction?

What are the limitations of the atmosphere hypothesis?

What is a syllogism?

_____ reasoning is concerned with conclusions that probabilistically follow from their premises.

A(n)_____ is an assertion.

Reasoning about problems with meaningful content activates the left prefrontal and temporal-parietal brain regions.

How do the frequency with which people accept valid inferences and the frequency with which people accept invalid inferences compare?

The Science of Cognition

Perception

Attention and Performance

Mental Imagery

Representation of Knowledge

Human Memory: Encoding and Storage

Human Memory: Retention and Retrieval

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Exam 10: Reasoning

Describe some explanations of the thought processes that lead to correct or incorrect conclusions.

A is the antecedent,and B is the consequent.Given that B is true,infer that A is true.Which rule of inference is this?

Based on what you know of the atmosphere hypothesis,and given the following premises,which conclusion should participants select? All men are humans. No humans are women.

All,no,and some are universal statements.

Participants are _____ the atmosphere hypothesis would predict.

Quantifiers used in premises predispose us to accept conclusions having the same quantifiers.This is the _____ hypothesis.

If you eat uncooked food,then you will become sick.The then part (you will become sick)is the:

Individuals typically find _____ concepts easiest to discover.

Which was NOT a type of concept used by Bruner,Goodnow,and Austin (1956)in their study of hypothesis formation?

According to Johnson-Laird (1983),individuals judge whether a conclusion is possible by creating a(n)_____ model.

If you eat uncooked food,then you will become sick. You didn't eat uncooked food. Therefore,you didn't become sick. This is an example of:

A rule about a social norm is called a:

There are different interpretations of the logical connective if.

Which is/are a valid form(s)of valid deduction?

What are the limitations of the atmosphere hypothesis?

What is a syllogism?

_____ reasoning is concerned with conclusions that probabilistically follow from their premises.

A(n)_____ is an assertion.

Reasoning about problems with meaningful content activates the left prefrontal and temporal-parietal brain regions.

How do the frequency with which people accept valid inferences and the frequency with which people accept invalid inferences compare?

The Science of Cognition

Perception

Attention and Performance

Mental Imagery

Representation of Knowledge

Human Memory: Encoding and Storage

Human Memory: Retention and Retrieval

Problem Solving

Expertise

Decision Making

Language Structure

Language Comprehension

Individual Differences in Cognition

Filters