Deck 6: Basic Processes in Long-Term Memory

Question 1

_______ refers to how many times an item of information is experienced,while _______ refers to how that item is thought about internally.

A)Rehearsal;repetition
B)Repetition;rehearsal
C)Massed practice;distributed practice
D)Maintenance rehearsal;elaborative rehearsal

Answer 1

Repetition;rehearsal

Question 2

_______ memory is to the past as _______ memory is to the future.

A)Explicit;implicit
B)Implicit;explicit
C)Prospective;retrospective
D)Retrospective;prospective

Answer 2

Retrospective;prospective

Question 3

A critical difference in prospective and retrospective memory is that

A)retrospective memory is explicit,and prospective memory is implicit.
B)in retrospective memory,there is typically an explicit cue to remember;in prospective memory,there isn't.
C)retrospective memory requires that a person "remember to remember";prospective memory doesn't.
D)only retrospective memory plays a role in action slips;prospective memory isn't involved.

Answer 3

in retrospective memory,there is typically an explicit cue to remember;in prospective memory,there isn't.

Question 4

Maintenance rehearsal

A)helps performance on a recall memory test,but not on a recognition memory test.
B)helps performance on a recognition memory test,but not on a recall memory test.
C)helps performance on both recall and recognition memory tests.
D)helps performance on neither recall nor recognition memory tests.

Question 5

_______ memory is memory for personally experienced events,while ______ memory refers to knowledge about the world.

A)Semantic;episodic
B)Episodic;semantic
C)Implicit;explicit
D)Explicit;implicit

Question 6

A subject is given a word fragment completion test in which 15 are fragments of words seen previously,and 15 are fragments of words not seen previously.Of the 15 previously seen words,the subject completes nine successfully (60%).Of the 15 previously unseen words,the subject completes six successfully (40%).What is the priming in this experiment?

A)10%
B)20%
C)30%
D)50%

Question 7

Implicit memory is tested by

A)word-fragment completion.
B)recognition.
C)cued recall.
D)free recall.

Question 8

Which of these combinations of repetition/rehearsal would lead to the best memory?

A)Massed/elaborative
B)Distributed/elaborative
C)Distributed/maintenance
D)Massed/maintenance

Question 9

Under incidental learning conditions,

A)no levels of processing effect are found.
B)there is no effect of encoding specificity.
C)people do not know their memory is going to be tested.
D)priming is used to measure memory performance.

Question 10

According to the levels of processing paradigm,how well you remember something depends on

A)the length of time that the information is processed.
B)the type of processing performed on the item.
C)the way that memory is tested.
D)whether or not the words to be remembered rhyme.

Question 11

Jan remembered her six-digit PIN number for her ATM card by noting that the first two digits were the year she was born,the second two digits were the year her son was born,and the last two digits were the year she graduated from high school.This is an example of

A)the serial position effect.
B)prospective memory.
C)maintenance rehearsal.
D)elaborative rehearsal.

Question 12

Research on the long-term retention of knowledge learned through formal instruction leads to the conclusion that retention depends on the length of time over which initial learning takes place.According to your text,this is another instance of the powerful mnemonic benefits of

A)distributed repetition.
B)a deep level of processing.
C)subjective organization.
D)visual imagery.

Question 13

Episodic memories

A)are typically very resistant to forgetting.
B)are generally associated with a recollective experience.
C)typically include an affective (i.e. ,emotional)component.
D)tend to be very accurate.

Question 14

According to the levels of processing approach,which one of these ways would result in the deepest level of processing for the word "flower"?

A)Repeating the word "flower" over and over again to yourself
B)Producing as many rhyming words as you could for "flower," such as "power"
C)Thinking about how you loved to pick flowers with your grandmother in her garden
D)Spending more time processing the word,regardless of how it is processed

Question 15

_______ refers to the processes involved in the acquisition of material.

A)Explicit memory
B)Retrieval
C)Storage
D)Encoding

Question 16

When you're attempting to remember what you did last night,this would be an ________ memory task that taps into________ memory.

A)explicit;episodic
B)explicit;semantic
C)implicit;episodic
D)implicit;semantic

Question 17

Semantic memories

A)are generally retrieved in the absence of a recollective experience.
B)tend to be more vulnerable to forgetting than episodic memories.
C)typically include an affective (i.e. ,emotional)component.
D)aren't all that important in day-to-day living.

Question 18

Declarative is to procedural as _____ is to

A)short-term;long-term.
B)knowing that;knowing how.
C)semantic;episodic.
D)facts;personal history.

Question 19

Memory tests that assess how experiences and events influence our behavior without consciously being recalled are termed

A)recognition tests.
B)recall tests.
C)implicit memory tests.
D)explicit memory tests.

Question 20

Memory for well-learned skills,like riding a bike,is termed

A)procedural memory.
B)semantic memory.
C)episodic memory.
D)explicit memory.

Question 21

The main idea of material-appropriate processing is

A)the type of processing should complement the material;for example,relational processing for material that is not well organized.
B)the type of processing should match the material;for example,organized processing for organized material.
C)the type of processing should complement the material;for example,distinctive processing for information that has little structure.
D)the type of processing should match the material;for example,relational processing for organized material.

Question 22

The general format of a context-dependency study involves two encoding conditions,A and B,and two retrieval conditions,A and B.Which of the following comparison among conditions would be a test of the encoding specificity principle?

A)Comparing the AA group to the BA group
B)Comparing the BB group to the AB group
C)Comparing the AA group to the AB group
D)Comparing the AB group to the BA group

Question 23

If someone has answer stuck "on the tip of their tongue," this means that the information he or she wants is

A)available and accessible.
B)accessible,but not available.
C)available,but not accessible.
D)neither accessible nor available.

Question 24

Context-dependency effects are most likely to be observed

A)on a recognition test.
B)on a free recall test.
C)on a cued recall test.
D)only when all other cues outshine the context cues.

Question 25

What is organization's effect on memory?

A)It has considerable memory benefits,but only if based on some objective scheme (e.g. ,semantic categories).
B)It has considerable memory benefits,but only if it's subjective (i.e. ,based on a person's own groupings).
C)It has considerable memory benefits,whether it's objective or subjective.
D)It has memory benefits,but only on tests of recognition memory.

Question 26

If people are given unorganized information to process,they will attempt to

A)use distinctiveness processing to aid memory.
B)impose their own structure and use subjective,idiosyncratic categories.
C)use material-appropriate processing to aid memory.
D)remember it using maintenance rehearsal.

Question 27

Godden and Baddeley (1975)tested divers' memory for words by having them encode on the beach or under water.The results indicated

A)support for the encoding specificity principle because words encoded on the beach were remembered better on the beach than under water.
B)support for the encoding specificity principle because subjects who encoded and retrieved the words on the beach did better than subjects who encoded underwater and then retrieved on the beach.
C)support for transfer-appropriate processing because words encoded on the beach were remembered better on the beach than under water.
D)support for context-dependency effects because words encoded and retrieved under water were remembered better than words encoded and retrieved on the beach.

Question 28

In a classic study by Thomson and Tulving (1970),participants encoded a series of weakly related word pairs (e.g. ,glue-chair).Later,they were tested via cued recall.They were to recall the right-hand member of each pair (chair,in the present example),given either the weakly related word,or a very strong associate (e.g. ,table).What happened in this study?

A)Strong associates were better cues than the originally encoded weak associates.
B)Originally encoded weak associates were better cues than the strong associates.
C)The originally encoded weak associates and the strong associates were equally effective.
D)Having no cue at all led to the highest levels of recall.

Question 29

A study by Roediger and Karpicke (2006)had subjects either study a prose passage four separate times (the SSSS group)or study the prose passage one time,then take three tests on the material (the STTT group).The results of this study were that

A)there was no difference between the groups at the immediate memory test,but at the delayed memory test,the SSSS group had better memory.
B)the STTT group had better memory on the immediate memory test,but at the delayed memory test,there was no difference between the groups.
C)when memory was tested almost immediately,the SSSS group had better memory.
D)when memory was tested almost immediately,the STTT group had better memory.

Question 30

In their studies of fitness-relevant processing,Nairne and his colleagues found that

A)processing words in any type of action scenario involving nature led to enhanced recall.
B)processing words in terms of their survival value led to benefits similar to self-relevant processing.
C)the benefit of encoding in terms of hunting only occurred when it was framed as a hunting contest.
D)the benefit of encoding in terms of hunting only occurred when it was framed as hunting for survival.

Question 31

In an experiment testing the idea of transfer-appropriate processing,Morris,Bransford,and Franks (1977)had subjects encode words either semantically or phonologically.The results of their experiment were that

A)semantically encoded words were remembered best in both types of recognition tests.
B)semantically encoded words were remembered best in the free recall test.
C)phonologically encoded words were remembered better than semantically encoded words in the standard recognition test.
D)phonologically encoded words were remembered better than semantically encoded words in the rhyme recognition test.

Question 32

The transfer-appropriate processing approach proposed by Morris,Bransford,and Franks (1977)added an important qualification to the levels of processing notion.What was this qualification?

A)That the levels of processing effect depends on whether incidental or intentional learning is used
B)That the levels of processing effect occurs only for single words,not for any other type of stimuli)
C)That the levels of processing effect depends on exactly how memory is tested
D)That the levels of processing effect depends on the time spent processing,in addition to the nature of processing

Question 33

If I show one group of subjects a list of phrases,such as "break the toothpick," and then had a second group of subjects actually perform the actions,which group would be more likely to remember the action phrases?

A)The group that studied the verbal phrases
B)The group that performed the actions
C)Both groups would remember the phrases about the same
D)The verbal group on a recall test;the action group on a recognition test

Question 34

Which of the following is a true statement regarding whether students should worry about the implications of encoding specificity for their own test performance?

A)Encoding specificity is especially important in classroom settings because many tests are multiple-choice format.
B)The more you study,the more important context becomes as a cue.
C)Because tests are taken in quiet and calm settings,it's probably better to study in a quiet and calm setting.
D)You should always try to study in the same setting where you're going to be tested.

Question 35

Tulving and Pearlstone (1966)compared free recall and category-cued recall (e.g. ,"type of spice")and found that ________ was superior because

A)cued recall;category cues made information more available.
B)cued recall;category cues made information more accessible.
C)free recall;category cues made information more available.
D)free recall;category cues made information more accessible.

Question 36

Which one of the following memory tasks is going to be harder for your elderly grandfather?

A)Remembering to put the trash out on Tuesday mornings before 7 a.m.
B)Remembering to mow the lawn
C)Remembering the vacation he took 10 years ago to the Grand Canyon
D)Remembering how to ride a bicycle

Question 37

The testing effect is most likely clearly related to this general memory framework:

A)material-appropriate processing.
B)transfer-appropriate processing.
C)levels-of-processing.
D)the distinction between episodic and semantic memory.

Question 38

This finding suggests that when instructors make up tests,they should think seriously about including material from previous units or courses-that is,they should consider cumulative exams

A)the testing effect.
B)levels of processing.
C)the enactment effect.
D)materials-appropriate processing.

Question 39

Which of the following types of processing would result in the best memory?

A)Thinking about how many syllables are in the word you are trying to remember
B)Thinking of a rhyming word
C)Evaluating whether the word fits into a sentence
D)Thinking about how the word relates to you

Question 40

The von Restorff phenomenon is one example of the beneficial impact of ________ on memory.

A)organization
B)repetition
C)visualization
D)distinctiveness

Question 41

The brain structure that seems to be most important in helping to form declarative memories is the

A)neocortex.
B)amygdala.
C)striatum.
D)hippocampus.

Question 42

Which of the following is an example of a memory dissociation?

A)High frequency words are recalled better than low frequency words while low frequency words are better recognized than high frequency words.
B)Distracting stimulation in the environment hurts performance on both recall and recognition tests.
C)Amnesics perform poorly on explicit tests of memory.
D)Generating information produces better performance than reading the same information on both recall and recognition tests.

Question 43

According to the transfer-appropriate processing account of implicit/explicit dissociations,

A)explicit memory tests are typically conceptually driven,while implicit tests are typically data-driven.
B)explicit memory tests are typically data-driven,so are aided most by conceptually driven tasks.
C)explicit memory taps declarative memory,while implicit memory taps procedural memory.
D)explicit memory taps procedural memory,while implicit memory taps declarative memory.

Question 44

Age deficits in prospective memory

A)are generally not observed,unlike the deficits that are common in retrospective memory.
B)are observed,but only in situations that do not require self-initiated retrieval.
C)are observed,but only in event-based prospective memory.
D)are observed,but usually when the prospective memory cue is nonfocal.

Question 45

Warrington and Weiskrantz (1970)found a dissociation on memory performance for amnesics and nonamnesics.This means they found

A)amnesics had better recognition of words than nonamnesics,but worse performance on word fragment completion.
B)amnesics had worse recognition of words than nonamnesics,but they performed the same on word fragment completion.
C)amnesics had better performance on explicit memory tests,but worse performance on implicit memory tests.
D)amnesics had better performance on implicit memory tests,but the same performance as nonamnesics on explicit memory tests.

Question 46

The dissociation between explicit and implicit memory in amnesics suggests

A)only semantic memory is affected by the brain damage they incurred.
B)only procedural memory is affected by the brain damage they incurred.
C)declarative memory is affected,but procedural memory is spared.
D)both declarative and procedural memory are affected.

Question 47

According to the memory systems account of implicit/explicit dissociations,

A)explicit memory performance is based on procedural memory,while implicit performance is based on declarative memory.
B)explicit memory performance is based on declarative memory,while implicit performance is based on procedural memory.
C)both explicit and implicit memory performance are based on semantic memory.
D)both explicit and implicit memory performance are based on procedural memory.

Question 48

Déjà vu,the impression or feeling that we've been some place before,when in fact we have not,can be explained by

A)unconscious plagiarism.
B)the levels of processing effect.
C)explicit memory.
D)implicit memory.

Question 49

Explicit is to implicit as

A)amnesics are to controls.
B)semantic is to episodic.
C)priming is to recognition.
D)conscious is to unconscious.

Question 50

Former Beatle George Harrison's alleged plagiarism of the song "My Sweet Lord" is quite possibly an example of this memory phenomenon:

A)the levels of processing effect.
B)prospective memory failure.
C)implicit memory.
D)encoding specificity.