Deck 5: Encoding and Retrieval From Long-Term Memory

Question 1

Memory tests examining changes in performance are referred to as __________ memory tests.

A)procedural
B)implicit
C)explicit
D)associative

Answer 1

implicit

Question 2

Memory tests that require you to describe knowledge from memory are known as __________ memory tests.

A)semantic
B)procedural
C)episodic
D)explicit

Answer 2

explicit

Question 3

After a stroke,Henry can remember things from his past but is unable to remember new information.Henry has _______________.

A)episodic amnesia
B)retrograde amnesia
C)anterograde amnesia
D)semantic amnesia

Answer 3

anterograde amnesia

Question 4

H.M.had his _____________ removed to control epileptic seizures.

A)cerebellum
B)amygdala
C)corpus callosum
D)medial temporal lobe

Question 5

Classically conditioned emotional responses are associated with the ______________.

A)cortex
B)amygdala
C)cerebellum
D)reflex pathways

Question 6

Remembering your birth date and the hospital you were born in requires ___________ memory.

A)semantic
B)procedural
C)episodic
D)associative

Question 7

The medial temporal cortex includes all of the following structures except the____________.

A)dentine gyrus
B)entorhinal cortex
C)hippocampus
D)amygdala

Question 8

Memory for skills and habits are associated with the ______________.

A)amygdala
B)cortex
C)striatum
D)cerebellum

Question 9

Habituation and sensitization are associated with the _______________.

A)cerebellum
B)reflex pathways
C)striatum
D)amygdala

Question 10

Structures in the medial temporal lobes are involved in ________________ memory.

A)semantic
B)implicit
C)episodic
D)explicit

Question 11

Long-term memory can be divided into ________________ and _______________ memory.

A)semantic,procedural
B)explicit,implicit
C)episodic,associative
D)declarative,explicit

Question 12

Remembering what happened at your last birthday party requires ___________ memory.

A)semantic
B)episodic
C)procedural
D)associative

Question 13

Priming is associated with the _______________.

A)amygdala
B)cortex
C)striatum
D)cerebellum

Question 14

Nonconscious forms of long-term memory that are expressed as a change in behavior without conscious recollection make up _____________ memory.

A)procedural
B)implicit
C)episodic
D)associative

Question 15

________________ memory is memory for facts and _____________ memory is memory for events.

A)Episodic,semantic
B)Procedural,biographic
C)Semantic,episodic
D)Semantic,biographic

Question 16

Declarative : nondeclarative :: explicit : ______________.

A)implicit
B)procedural
C)semantic
D)episodic

Question 17

James suffered brain damage due to carbon monoxide poisoning.He is now unable to remember events from his past.James is experiencing _____________.

A)forgetfulness
B)early onset dementia
C)retrograde amnesia
D)anterograde amnesia

Question 18

Memory relies on all of the following except ____________.

A)encoding
B)retrieving
C)deciding
D)consolidating

Question 19

H.M.could not remember ________________.

A)items for a short period of time
B)skills and procedures
C)events from his childhood
D)new information

Question 20

Classically conditioned musculature responses are associated with the ____________.

A)striatum
B)cerebellum
C)amygdala
D)reflex pathways

Question 21

You have a professor who likes to use matching items on tests.You practice the keywords by using flashcards.You should do well on the test due to _____________.

A)retrieval specificity principle
B)state dependent learning
C)transfer appropriate processing
D)incidental learning

Question 22

Amnesic patients complete a word stem task as well as control subjects when instructed to use _____________ but show impairment when instructed to use ______________.

A)common words,abstract words
B)words related to skills,any words
C)memory of recent events,memory of past events
D)the first word that comes to mind,words seen before

Question 23

A key difference between incidental and intentional learning is the degree to which information is _______________.

A)distributed
B)generated
C)massed
D)elaborated

Question 24

Studying for cognition one hour per day each day of the week is an example of ___________.

A)distributed practice
B)elaboration
C)massed practice
D)consolidation

Question 25

The left frontal lobe is implicated in the learning of ____________.

A)tools
B)faces
C)pictures
D)words

Question 26

Your professor shows a complicated diagram on the board while lecturing.You find yourself looking at the details of the diagram while trying to follow what your professor is saying.Your encoding of this information may be somewhat weak due to _____________.

A)divided attention
B)visual capture
C)cross-modal interference
D)competing schemata

Question 27

The ability to remember a stimulus depends on the similarity between the way the stimulus is processed at encoding and the way it is processed at test is referred to as the _____________.

A)encoding specificity principle
B)incidental learning
C)transfer appropriate learning
D)intentional learning

Question 28

Processing at encoding is most effective to the extent that processing overlaps with the processing to be performed at retrieval is known as _________________.

A)encoding specificity principle
B)incidental learning
C)transfer appropriate learning
D)intentional learning

Question 29

You have a list of words to learn.You practice the list by stating each word along with a word that rhymes with it.This is an example of a(n)____________ level-of-processing.

A)structural
B)semantic
C)acoustic
D)phonological

Question 30

A word stem task is an example of a(n)______________.

A)priming
B)implicit memory
C)associative memory
D)vocabulary

Question 31

________________ involves interpreting information and connecting it with other information.

A)Elaboration
B)Consolidation
C)Encoding
D)Retrieval

Question 32

H.M.'s performance on the mirror tracing task improved over attempts but he ____________.

A)had no memory of doing the task
B)performed worse than controls
C)quickly forgot how to do it
D)required additional help to do so

Question 33

To help learn the keywords for this chapter in your text,you use each word in a sentence.This is an example of a(n)__________________ level-of-processing.

A)structural
B)semantic
C)acoustic
D)phonological

Question 34

______________ is the term used for the various processes by which information is transformed into a memory representation.

A)Elaboration
B)Retrieval
C)Encoding
D)Consolidation

Question 35

The superiority of distributed practice over massed practice is known as the ____________.

A)intentional learning principle
B)massed learning effect
C)spacing effect
D)generation effect

Question 36

You have to learn a list of words.You decide to count the number of letters in each word to help learn the list.You have decided to use a ____________ level of processing.

A)phonological
B)structural
C)semantic
D)purposeful

Question 37

Learning that occurs not as a result of a purposeful attempt but as a by-product of performing a task is ___________ learning.

A)implicit
B)accidental
C)associative
D)incidental

Question 38

Binding of related pieces of information for long-term memory takes place in the _______________.

A)frontal lobe
B)association cortex
C)hippocampus
D)thalamus

Question 39

Cramming the night before an exam is an example of _________________.

A)elaboration
B)massed practice
C)distributed practice
D)consolidation

Question 40

The _____________ suggests that you will do better on an exam when you are actively involved in taking notes during class and putting the lectures into your own words than on a test for which you were given the instructor's PowerPoint presentations.

A)encoding specificity principle
B)generation effect
C)spacing effect
D)engaged learning principle

Question 41

The ________ lobes are involved in retrieving episodic memories.

A)parietal
B)frontal
C)cerebellar
D)occipital

Question 42

Someone cut you off while you were driving on the highway.You were angry at the driver for almost causing an accident.All of the sudden,you also remembered a time when you were younger and your little brother cut off your Barbie's hair.This is an example of a(n)___________.

A)emotional confusion
B)free association
C)state-dependent effect
D)context-dependent effect

Question 43

______________ priming results in an enhanced ability to identify a stimulus;__________ priming results in facilitated processing of the meaning of a stimulus or enhanced access to a concept.

A)Response,retrieval
B)Perceptual,conceptual
C)Perceptual,semantic
D)Attentional,categorical

Question 44

_________________ is ascribing a recollection to an incorrect time,place,person,or source.

A)Reconstructive memory
B)Belief bias
C)Suggestion
D)Misattribution

Question 45

You and your mother have different memories about an event that took place in high school.A possible explanation for this difference is ________________.

A)consistency bias
B)belief bias
C)state-dependent effect
D)context-dependent effect

Question 46

You have back-to-back classes.You are finding that you can recall information from the first class fine but have difficulty recalling information from the second class.You may be experiencing _________________.

A)misinformation
B)retroactive interference
C)proactive interference
D)suppression

Question 47

You are at a class reunion and someone asks,"Do you remember me? It's John." You then remember the classes you had with John,the things you did when you hung out together,and that you liked his sister.This is an example of ________________.

A)familiarity
B)free association
C)recollection
D)context-dependent effect

Question 48

You have back-to-back classes.You are finding that you can recall information from the second class fine but have difficult recalling information from the first class.You may be experiencing _________________.

A)misinformation
B)retroactive interference
C)proactive interference
D)suppression

Question 49

In order to find information in PsycINFO,you need to search using a keyword.If you fail to use the correct keywords,it is difficult to find the articles that you are really interested in.PsycINFO can be seen as being ____________.

A)cue dependent
B)content dependent
C)context dependent
D)state dependent

Question 50

You have been with your girlfriend for a little over a year.Although this started off well,there have been more arguments lately.Your girlfriend breaks up with you,stating that the two of you have always had difficulty agreeing on things and that she has had enough.This might be a case of _____________.

A)emotional confusion
B)belief bias
C)state-dependent effect
D)consistency bias

Question 51

You notice someone reading The Red Badge of Courage in the library and it reminds you that book was your favorite book in high school.You then remember your English class,some conversations you had about the story in class,who you sat next to,and so on.This type of retrieval process is known as __________________.

A)pattern completion
B)spreading retrieval
C)graded recall
D)episodic activation

Question 52

Damage to the frontal lobes can cause ___________ amnesia.

A)emotional
B)temporal
C)location
D)source

Question 53

You are at a business party and run into someone you are sure you have met before but cannot remember her name.This is an example of _____________.

A)retrograde amnesia
B)familiarity
C)recollection
D)context-dependent effect

Question 54

The medial temporal lobe retrieves ______________ memories while consolidated memories are retrieved in more __________ cortical regions.

A)consolidated,medial
B)unconsolidated,lateral
C)unconsolidated,medial
D)consolidated,lateral

Question 55

All of the following are types of memory errors except _________________.

A)emotional confusion
B)bias
C)suggestion
D)misattribution

Question 56

___________________ occurs when retrieving some information from memory temporarily blocks the retrieval of other information from memory.

A)Output interference
B)Retroactive interference
C)Suppression
D)Proactive interference

Question 57

What is a potential benefit of episodic memory being a conjunction of linked features?

A)less complex memories
B)multiple points of access
C)speeded integration
D)requires less attention

Question 58

During recapitulation,the information flow is from ____________ to ___________.

A)cortical areas,the hippocampus
B)the hippocampus,cortical areas
C)the thalamus,the hippocampus
D)the temporal lobe,the frontal lobe

Question 59

A friend in class thinks you should study for a test in the same classroom that you have lecture and take the test in.Why would he suggest such an idea?

A)learning-dependent effect
B)distributed practice effect
C)state-dependent effect
D)context-dependent effect

Question 60

Two police officers are at the scene of a traffic accident.After talking to several people,Officer Jones reported the driver who rear-ended the other vehicle was traveling close to 50 mph in a 35 mph zone.Officer Smith,however,disagreed.Based on the people he talked to,the driver was traveling about 38 mph.Their captain asked you to find out how they could disagree so much.You found that Officer Jones asked "how fast was the car moving when it slammed into the other car?" while Officer Smith asked "how fast was the car moving when it bumped into the other car?" and told the captain it was a good example of (the)_________________.

A)misinformation effect
B)natural variations
C)faulty eyewitness testimony
D)context-dependent effect

Question 61

Remembering your birth date and the hospital you were born in requires ___________ memory.

A)semantic
B)procedural
C)episodic
D)associative

Question 62

Distinguish between blocking and suppression.

Question 63

Briefly describe the two types of amnesia.

Question 64

After H.M.had part of his medial temporal lobe removed to help control his epileptic seizures,he continued to display normal intelligence but impaired memory.Describe some of the impairments H.M.experienced and some of the memory tasks he performed at normal levels.Why are these findings important for understanding memory?

Question 65

Briefly describe the levels-of-processing theory.

Question 66

Recreate the diagram outlining the different types of long-term memory and the brain locations associated with each type.

Question 67

A key difference between incidental and intentional learning is the degree to which information is _______________.

A)distributed
B)generated
C)massed
D)elaborated

Question 68

After a stroke,Henry can remember things from his past but is unable to remember new information.Henry has _______________.

A)episodic amnesia
B)retrograde amnesia
C)anterograde amnesia
D)semantic amnesia

Question 69

Define priming.Also explain how different types of priming affect cognition.

Question 70

Outline the stages of skill learning.

Question 71

Long-term memory can be divided into several different types of memory.What is long-term memory? Describe the two main subdivisions of long-term memory.Also provide two examples of subdivisions for each of the two main subdivisions of long-term memory.

Question 72

________________ involves interpreting information and connecting it with other information.

A)Elaboration
B)Consolidation
C)Encoding
D)Retrieval

Question 73

To help learn the keywords for this chapter in your text,you use each word in a sentence.This is an example of a(n)__________________ level-of-processing.

A)structural
B)semantic
C)acoustic
D)phonological

Question 74

Briefly describe why sleep and remembering may be important for developing stable memories.

Question 75

H.M.could not remember ________________.

A)items for a short period of time
B)skills and procedures
C)events from his childhood
D)new information

Question 76

Explain how amnesia helps us understand how memories are consolidated.

Question 77

Memory tests examining changes in performance are referred to as __________ memory tests.

A)procedural
B)implicit
C)explicit
D)associative

Question 78

Long-term memory can be divided into ________________ and _______________ memory.

A)semantic,procedural
B)explicit,implicit
C)episodic,associative
D)declarative,explicit

Question 79

Differentiate between explicit and implicit memory.

Question 80

Differentiate between transfer appropriate processing and the encoding specificity principle.