Deck 27: Fatty Acid Degredation

Question 1

Acetoacetate and ________________ are referred to as ketone bodies and are a major fuel source for muscle tissue.

Answer 1

β hydroxybutyrate

Question 2

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) pyrophosphate
b) 106 ATP
c) pyruvate dehydrogenase
d) β oxidation
e) glucagon
f) glycolysis
g) 30 ATP
h) cobalamin
i) β hydroxybutyrate
j) hormone-sensitive lipase
k) oxaloacetate
l) adipose
m) acyl CoA dehydrogenase
The availability of the metabolite ____________ determines whether acetyl CoA, made from fatty acids, can enter the citric acid cycle.

Answer 2

k

Question 3

Glucagon and ________________ stimulate the breakdown of triacylglycerols by activation of a hormone-sensitive lipase.

Answer 3

epinephrine

Question 4

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) pyrophosphate
b) 106 ATP
c) pyruvate dehydrogenase
d) β oxidation
e) glucagon
f) glycolysis
g) 30 ATP
h) cobalamin
i) β hydroxybutyrate
j) hormone-sensitive lipase
k) oxaloacetate
l) adipose
m) acyl CoA dehydrogenase
Triacylglycerols are stored in ____________ cells in animals.

Question 5

Acetoacetate spontaneously decarboxylates to form ________________.

Question 6

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) pyrophosphate
b) 106 ATP
c) pyruvate dehydrogenase
d) β oxidation
e) glucagon
f) glycolysis
g) 30 ATP
h) cobalamin
i) β hydroxybutyrate
j) hormone-sensitive lipase
k) oxaloacetate
l) adipose
m) acyl CoA dehydrogenase
The enzyme ____________ is activated by hormones and is responsible for the first hydrolysis of triacylglycerol.

Question 7

The brain uses ________________ instead of glucose for its source of ATP production during long-term fasting.

Question 8

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) pyrophosphate
b) 106 ATP
c) pyruvate dehydrogenase
d) β oxidation
e) glucagon
f) glycolysis
g) 30 ATP
h) cobalamin
i) β hydroxybutyrate
j) hormone-sensitive lipase
k) oxaloacetate
l) adipose
m) acyl CoA dehydrogenase
Another name for vitamin B12 is ____________.

Question 9

The final step of each round of oxidation of fatty acids is the ________________ cleavage to yield acetyl CoA.

Question 10

Untreated, chronic ketone body production will ________________ blood pH levels.

Question 11

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) pyrophosphate
b) 106 ATP
c) pyruvate dehydrogenase
d) β oxidation
e) glucagon
f) glycolysis
g) 30 ATP
h) cobalamin
i) β hydroxybutyrate
j) hormone-sensitive lipase
k) oxaloacetate
l) adipose
m) acyl CoA dehydrogenase
The compound ____________ is considered one of the "ketone bodies."

Question 12

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) pyrophosphate
b) 106 ATP
c) pyruvate dehydrogenase
d) β oxidation
e) glucagon
f) glycolysis
g) 30 ATP
h) cobalamin
i) β hydroxybutyrate
j) hormone-sensitive lipase
k) oxaloacetate
l) adipose
m) acyl CoA dehydrogenase
In eukaryotes, the degradation of fatty acids occurs in the ________________.

Question 13

________________ from fatty acid oxidation may enter glycolysis after phosphorylation and oxidation.

Question 14

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) pyrophosphate
b) 106 ATP
c) pyruvate dehydrogenase
d) β oxidation
e) glucagon
f) glycolysis
g) 30 ATP
h) cobalamin
i) β hydroxybutyrate
j) hormone-sensitive lipase
k) oxaloacetate
l) adipose
m) acyl CoA dehydrogenase
The approximate energy yield from complete oxidation of palmitate is ____________.

Question 15

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) pyrophosphate
b) 106 ATP
c) pyruvate dehydrogenase
d) β oxidation
e) glucagon
f) glycolysis
g) 30 ATP
h) cobalamin
i) β hydroxybutyrate
j) hormone-sensitive lipase
k) oxaloacetate
l) adipose
m) acyl CoA dehydrogenase
The first step of β oxidation is a(n) ________________-linked oxidation of the fatty acyl chain.

Question 16

β oxidation of odd-numbered fatty acids produces acetyl CoA and ________________.

Question 17

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) pyrophosphate
b) 106 ATP
c) pyruvate dehydrogenase
d) β oxidation
e) glucagon
f) glycolysis
g) 30 ATP
h) cobalamin
i) β hydroxybutyrate
j) hormone-sensitive lipase
k) oxaloacetate
l) adipose
m) acyl CoA dehydrogenase
The transfer of an acyl group to coenzyme A is driven by the hydrolysis of ____________.

Question 18

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) pyrophosphate
b) 106 ATP
c) pyruvate dehydrogenase
d) β oxidation
e) glucagon
f) glycolysis
g) 30 ATP
h) cobalamin
i) β hydroxybutyrate
j) hormone-sensitive lipase
k) oxaloacetate
l) adipose
m) acyl CoA dehydrogenase
The pathway by which an acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA is ____________.

Question 19

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) pyrophosphate
b) 106 ATP
c) pyruvate dehydrogenase
d) β oxidation
e) glucagon
f) glycolysis
g) 30 ATP
h) cobalamin
i) β hydroxybutyrate
j) hormone-sensitive lipase
k) oxaloacetate
l) adipose
m) acyl CoA dehydrogenase
Increases in acetyl CoA during starvation inhibit the enzyme ____________.

Question 20

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) pyrophosphate
b) 106 ATP
c) pyruvate dehydrogenase
d) β oxidation
e) glucagon
f) glycolysis
g) 30 ATP
h) cobalamin
i) β hydroxybutyrate
j) hormone-sensitive lipase
k) oxaloacetate
l) adipose
m) acyl CoA dehydrogenase
The molecule ____________stimulates lipolysis when energy reserves are low.

Question 21

Why is the anhydrous nature of triacylglycerols important in energy efficiency?

Question 22

How is pyrophosphate formation an important theme in biochemistry?

Question 23

Three rounds of fatty acid oxidation results in:

A) two acetyl CoA molecules.
B) three acetyl CoA molecules.
C) the synthesis of palmitate.
D) the formation of enoyl CoA.
E) the complete oxidation of palmitate B.

Question 24

How many rounds of β oxidation would be required for a 16-carbon fatty acyl chain to be degraded to acetyl CoA?

A) 16
B) 8
C) 7
D) 15
E) None of the above.

Question 25

Briefly outline the steps in fatty acid degradation.

Question 26

In the conversion of propionyl CoA to succinyl CoA, what type of reaction does the cobalamin containing enzyme catalyze?

A) intramolecular rearrangements
B) methylations
C) reduction of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides
D) A and C
E) A, B, and C

Question 27

What are the repeated steps of fatty acid degradation?

Question 28

The β oxidation of myristyl-CoA (14:0) yields:

A) 7 acetyl CoA + 7 FADH2 + 7 NADH + 7 H+
B) 6 acetyl CoA + 7 FADH2 + 7 NADH + 7 H+
C) 7 acetyl CoA + 6 FADH2 + 6 NADH + 6 H+
D) 7 acetyl CoA + 7 FAD + 7 NAD+
E) 14 acetyl CoA + 12 FADH2 + 12 NADH + 12 H+

Question 29

What three stages are required to utilize the energy stores in adipocytes?

Question 30

How and where are fatty acids stored?

Question 31

What is the fate of glycerol released during lipolysis?

Question 32

Enzymes that digest the triacylglycerols into free fatty acids and monoacylglycerol are called:

A) hydrases.
B) glyases.
C) lipases.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 33

Coenzyme(s) involved in the degradation of saturated fatty acyl CoA include(s):

A) FAD.
B) NAD+.
C) TPP.
D) A and B.
E) A, B, and C.

Question 34

Odd-numbered unsaturated fatty acids are metabolized by which of the following enzymes?

A) propionyl CoA carboxylase
B) 2,4-dienoyl reductase
C) enoyl-CoA isomerase
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 35

Which organs or tissues prefer to use ketone bodies such as acetoacetate as a fuel energy source instead of glucose?

A) the heart muscle
B) the renal cortex
C) the brain
D) A and B
E) A, B, and C

Question 36

The enzyme acyl CoA synthetase catalyzes:

A) lipolysis to release free glyceraldehyde.
B) ATP-dependent reduction prior to activation.
C) ATP-dependent activation of fatty acids using CoA.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 37

Muscle weakness and cramping affecting skeletal muscle, heart and kidney likely indicates what?

A) carnitine excess in the diet
B) loss of hormone-sensitive lipase activity
C) malfunctioning or deficient carnitine translocase
D) ketone-body production
E) All of the above

Question 38

The hormone __________ induces lipolysis, whereas the hormone __________ inhibits the process.

A) epinephrine; adrenocorticotropic hormone
B) glucagon; insulin
C) insulin; norepinephrine
D) glucagon; epinephrine
E) epinephrine; glucagon

Question 39

Fatty acids are the building blocks of:

A) cholesterol.
B) phospholipids.
C) glycolipids.
D) B and C.
E) A, B, and C.

Question 40

Triacylglycerol stored in adipose tissue is used by the liver and other tissues for:

A) glycerol for pyruvate and glucose in liver.
B) ATP production via the citric acid cycle in muscle.
C) conversion to acetyl CoA and ketone bodies during starvation for the brain.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 41

Calculate the amount of ATP generated from the total oxidation of an activated fatty acid with an acyl chain of 16 carbons.

Question 42

What pathological conditions can arise from a large increase in blood levels of ketone bodies in diabetics?

Question 43

Explain why animals cannot convert fatty acids to glucose.

Question 44

How are unsaturated fatty acids degraded?

Question 45

What organelle contains the enzymes for β oxidation and how does the fatty acid enter this organelle?

Question 46

In odd-numbered fatty acid chains, how is the final three-carbon piece, propionyl CoA, utilized?