Question 1

Briefly outline the steps in fatty acid degradation.

Accepted Answer

First, fatty acids must be activated by reacting with coenzyme A to form acyl CoA. This requires energy from the hydrolysis of ATP to AMP, a cost of two high-energy phosphoryl bonds. The activated acyl group is oxidized by FAD, hydrated, oxidized by NAD+ to form a second carbonyl, and then cleaved by thiolysis. This releases one molecule of acetyl CoA.

Question 2

Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
-The transfer of an acyl group to coenzyme A is driven by the hydrolysis of ____________.

Accepted Answer

A) pyrophosphate 
B) 106 ATP 
C) pyruvate dehydrogenase 
D) β oxidation 
E) glucagon
F)glycolysis
G)30 ATP
H)cobalamin
I)β hydroxybutyrate
J)hormone-sensitive lipase
K)oxaloacetate
L)adipose
M)acyl CoA dehydrogenase 
A) pyrophosphate 
B) 106 ATP 
C) pyruvate dehydrogenase 
D) β oxidation 
E) glucagon
F)glycolysis
G)30 ATP
H)cobalamin
I)β hydroxybutyrate
J)hormone-sensitive lipase
K)oxaloacetate
L)adipose
M)acyl CoA dehydrogenase A

Question 3

The enzyme acyl CoA synthetase catalyzes:

Accepted Answer

A)  lipolysis to release free glyceraldehyde. 
B)  ATP-dependent reduction prior to activation. 
C)  ATP-dependent activation of fatty acids using CoA. 
D)  All of the above. 
E)  None of the above. 
A)  lipolysis to release free glyceraldehyde. 
B)  ATP-dependent reduction prior to activation. 
C)  ATP-dependent activation of fatty acids using CoA. 
D)  All of the above. 
E)  None of the above. C

Question 4

The brain uses ________________ instead of glucose for its source of ATP production during long-term fasting.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The brain uses ________________ instead of glucose...

Question 5

Triacylglycerol stored in adipose tissue is used by the liver and other tissues for:

Accepted Answer

A)  glycerol for pyruvate and glucose in liver. 
B)  ATP production via the citric acid cycle in muscle. 
C)  conversion to acetyl CoA and ketone bodies during starvation for the brain. 
D)  All of the above. 
E)  None of the above. 
A)  glycerol for pyruvate and glucose in liver. 
B)  ATP production via the citric acid cycle in muscle. 
C)  conversion to acetyl CoA and ketone bodies during starvation for the brain. 
D)  All of the above. 
E)  None of the above.

Question 6

Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
-The molecule ____________stimulates lipolysis when energy reserves are low.

Accepted Answer

A) pyrophosphate 
B) 106 ATP 
C) pyruvate dehydrogenase 
D) β oxidation 
E) glucagon
F)glycolysis
G)30 ATP
H)cobalamin
I)β hydroxybutyrate
J)hormone-sensitive lipase
K)oxaloacetate
L)adipose
M)acyl CoA dehydrogenase 
A) pyrophosphate 
B) 106 ATP 
C) pyruvate dehydrogenase 
D) β oxidation 
E) glucagon
F)glycolysis
G)30 ATP
H)cobalamin
I)β hydroxybutyrate
J)hormone-sensitive lipase
K)oxaloacetate
L)adipose
M)acyl CoA dehydrogenase

Question 7

Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
-Triacylglycerols are stored in ____________ cells in animals.

Accepted Answer

A) pyrophosphate 
B) 106 ATP 
C) pyruvate dehydrogenase 
D) β oxidation 
E) glucagon
F)glycolysis
G)30 ATP
H)cobalamin
I)β hydroxybutyrate
J)hormone-sensitive lipase
K)oxaloacetate
L)adipose
M)acyl CoA dehydrogenase 
A) pyrophosphate 
B) 106 ATP 
C) pyruvate dehydrogenase 
D) β oxidation 
E) glucagon
F)glycolysis
G)30 ATP
H)cobalamin
I)β hydroxybutyrate
J)hormone-sensitive lipase
K)oxaloacetate
L)adipose
M)acyl CoA dehydrogenase

Question 8

Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
-The compound ____________ is considered one of the "ketone bodies."

Accepted Answer

A) pyrophosphate 
B) 106 ATP 
C) pyruvate dehydrogenase 
D) β oxidation 
E) glucagon
F)glycolysis
G)30 ATP
H)cobalamin
I)β hydroxybutyrate
J)hormone-sensitive lipase
K)oxaloacetate
L)adipose
M)acyl CoA dehydrogenase 
A) pyrophosphate 
B) 106 ATP 
C) pyruvate dehydrogenase 
D) β oxidation 
E) glucagon
F)glycolysis
G)30 ATP
H)cobalamin
I)β hydroxybutyrate
J)hormone-sensitive lipase
K)oxaloacetate
L)adipose
M)acyl CoA dehydrogenase

Question 9

What does Muscle weakness and cramping affecting skeletal muscle, heart and kidney likely indicates what?

Accepted Answer

A)  carnitine excess in the diet 
B)  loss of hormone-sensitive lipase activity 
C)  malfunctioning or deficient carnitine translocase 
D)  ketone-body production 
E)  All of the above 
A)  carnitine excess in the diet 
B)  loss of hormone-sensitive lipase activity 
C)  malfunctioning or deficient carnitine translocase 
D)  ketone-body production 
E)  All of the above

Question 10

The hormone __________ induces lipolysis, whereas the hormone __________ inhibits the process.

Accepted Answer

A)  epinephrine; adrenocorticotropic hormone 
B)  glucagon; insulin 
C)  insulin; norepinephrine 
D)  glucagon; epinephrine 
E)  epinephrine; glucagon 
A)  epinephrine; adrenocorticotropic hormone 
B)  glucagon; insulin 
C)  insulin; norepinephrine 
D)  glucagon; epinephrine 
E)  epinephrine; glucagon

Question 11

Enzymes that digest the triacylglycerols into free fatty acids and monoacylglycerol are called:

Accepted Answer

A)  hydrases. 
B)  glyases. 
C)  lipases. 
D)  All of the above. 
E)  None of the above. 
A)  hydrases. 
B)  glyases. 
C)  lipases. 
D)  All of the above. 
E)  None of the above.

Question 12

Odd-numbered unsaturated fatty acids are metabolized by which of the following enzymes?

Accepted Answer

A)  propionyl CoA carboxylase 
B)  2,4-dienoyl reductase 
C)  enoyl-CoA isomerase 
D)  All of the above. 
E)  None of the above. 
A)  propionyl CoA carboxylase 
B)  2,4-dienoyl reductase 
C)  enoyl-CoA isomerase 
D)  All of the above. 
E)  None of the above.

Question 13

Glucagon and ________________ stimulate the breakdown of triacylglycerols by activation of a hormone-sensitive lipase.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Glucagon and ________________ stimulate the breakdown of...

Question 14

Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
-Another name for vitamin B12 is ____________.

Accepted Answer

A) pyrophosphate 
B) 106 ATP 
C) pyruvate dehydrogenase 
D) β oxidation 
E) glucagon
F)glycolysis
G)30 ATP
H)cobalamin
I)β hydroxybutyrate
J)hormone-sensitive lipase
K)oxaloacetate
L)adipose
M)acyl CoA dehydrogenase 
A) pyrophosphate 
B) 106 ATP 
C) pyruvate dehydrogenase 
D) β oxidation 
E) glucagon
F)glycolysis
G)30 ATP
H)cobalamin
I)β hydroxybutyrate
J)hormone-sensitive lipase
K)oxaloacetate
L)adipose
M)acyl CoA dehydrogenase

Question 15

Coenzyme(s) involved in the degradation of saturated fatty acyl CoA include(s):

Accepted Answer

A)  FAD. 
B)  NAD+. 
C)  TPP. 
D)  A and B. 
E)  A, B, and C. 
A)  FAD. 
B)  NAD+. 
C)  TPP. 
D)  A and B. 
E)  A, B, and C.

Question 16

What three stages are required to utilize the energy stores in adipocytes?

Accepted Answer

Three stages of processing are required.

Question 17

Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
-The availability of the metabolite ____________ determines whether acetyl CoA, made from fatty acids, can enter the citric acid cycle.

Accepted Answer

A) pyrophosphate 
B) 106 ATP 
C) pyruvate dehydrogenase 
D) β oxidation 
E) glucagon
F)glycolysis
G)30 ATP
H)cobalamin
I)β hydroxybutyrate
J)hormone-sensitive lipase
K)oxaloacetate
L)adipose
M)acyl CoA dehydrogenase 
A) pyrophosphate 
B) 106 ATP 
C) pyruvate dehydrogenase 
D) β oxidation 
E) glucagon
F)glycolysis
G)30 ATP
H)cobalamin
I)β hydroxybutyrate
J)hormone-sensitive lipase
K)oxaloacetate
L)adipose
M)acyl CoA dehydrogenase

Question 18

Fatty acids are the building blocks of:

Accepted Answer

A)  cholesterol. 
B)  phospholipids. 
C)  glycolipids. 
D)  B and C. 
E)  A, B, and C. 
A)  cholesterol. 
B)  phospholipids. 
C)  glycolipids. 
D)  B and C. 
E)  A, B, and C.

Question 19

Untreated, chronic ketone body production will ________________ blood pH levels.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Untreated, chronic ketone body production will ________________...

Question 20

Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
-The approximate energy yield from complete oxidation of palmitate is ____________.

Accepted Answer

A) pyrophosphate 
B) 106 ATP 
C) pyruvate dehydrogenase 
D) β oxidation 
E) glucagon
F)glycolysis
G)30 ATP
H)cobalamin
I)β hydroxybutyrate
J)hormone-sensitive lipase
K)oxaloacetate
L)adipose
M)acyl CoA dehydrogenase 
A) pyrophosphate 
B) 106 ATP 
C) pyruvate dehydrogenase 
D) β oxidation 
E) glucagon
F)glycolysis
G)30 ATP
H)cobalamin
I)β hydroxybutyrate
J)hormone-sensitive lipase
K)oxaloacetate
L)adipose
M)acyl CoA dehydrogenase

Exam 27: Fatty Acid Degredation

Briefly outline the steps in fatty acid degradation.

Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used. -The transfer of an acyl group to coenzyme A is driven by the hydrolysis of ____________.

The enzyme acyl CoA synthetase catalyzes:

The brain uses ________________ instead of glucose for its source of ATP production during long-term fasting.

Triacylglycerol stored in adipose tissue is used by the liver and other tissues for:

Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used. -The molecule ____________stimulates lipolysis when energy reserves are low.

Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used. -Triacylglycerols are stored in ____________ cells in animals.

Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used. -The compound ____________ is considered one of the "ketone bodies."

What does Muscle weakness and cramping affecting skeletal muscle, heart and kidney likely indicates what?

The hormone __________ induces lipolysis, whereas the hormone __________ inhibits the process.

Enzymes that digest the triacylglycerols into free fatty acids and monoacylglycerol are called:

Odd-numbered unsaturated fatty acids are metabolized by which of the following enzymes?

Glucagon and ________________ stimulate the breakdown of triacylglycerols by activation of a hormone-sensitive lipase.

Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used. -Another name for vitamin B12 is ____________.

Coenzyme(s) involved in the degradation of saturated fatty acyl CoA include(s):

What three stages are required to utilize the energy stores in adipocytes?

Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used. -The availability of the metabolite ____________ determines whether acetyl CoA, made from fatty acids, can enter the citric acid cycle.

Fatty acids are the building blocks of:

Untreated, chronic ketone body production will ________________ blood pH levels.

Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used. -The approximate energy yield from complete oxidation of palmitate is ____________.

Biochemistry and the Unity of Life

Water, Weak Bonds, and the Generation of Order Out of Chaos

Amino Acids

Protein Three-Dimensional Structure

Techniques in Protein Biochemistry

Basic Concepts of Enzyme Action

Kinetics and Regulation

Mechanisms and Inhibitors

Hemoglobin: an Allosteric Protein

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Membrane Structure and Function

Signal Transduction Pathways

Digestion: Turning a Meal Into Cellular Biochemicals

Metabolism: Basic Concepts and Design

Glycolysis

Gluconeogenesis

Preparation for the Cycle

Harvesting Electrons From the Cycle

The Electron Transport Chain

The Proton-Motive Force

The Light Reactions

The Calvin Cycle

Glycogen Degradation

Glycogen Synthesis

The Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Fatty Acid Synthesis

Lipid Synthesis

Amino Acid Degradation and the Urea Cycle

Amino Acids Synthesis

Nucleotide Metabolism

The Structure of Informational Macromolecules: Dna and Rna

DNA Replication

DNA Repair and Recombination

RNA Synthesis and Regulation in Prokaryotes

Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

RNA Processing in Eukaryotes

The Genetic Code

The Mechanism of Protein Synthesis

Recombinant DNA Techniques

Filters

The hormone induces lipolysis, whereas the hormone inhibits the process.

Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used. -Another name for vitamin B₁₂ is ____________.