Deck 9: Patterns of Inheritance

Question 1

Which of the following statements regarding cross-breeding and hybridization is false?

A) The offspring of two different varieties are called hybrids.
B) The parental plants of a cross are the P generation.
C) The hybrid offspring of a cross are the P1 generation.
D) The hybrid offspring of an F1 cross are the F2 generation.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Most people afflicted with recessive disorders are born to parents who were

A) both affected by the disease.
B) not affected at all by the disease.
C) slightly affected by the disease, showing some but not all of the symptoms.
D) subjected to some environmental toxin that caused the disease in their children.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Mendel's law of independent assortment states that

A) chromosomes sort independently of each other during mitosis and meiosis.
B) independent sorting of genes produces polyploid plants under some circumstances.
C) each pair of alleles (chromosomes) segregates independently of the other pairs of alleles during gamete formation.
D) genes are sorted concurrently during gamete formation.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Varieties of plants in which self-fertilization produces offspring that are identical to the parents are referred to as

A) hybrids.
B) the F2 generation.
C) monohybrid crosses.
D) true-breeding.

Question 5

Most genetic disorders of humans are caused by

A) multiple alleles.
B) recessive alleles.
C) a mutation that occurs in the egg, sperm, or zygote.
D) dominant alleles.

Question 6

Assuming that the probability of having a female child is 50% and the probability of having a male child is also 50%, what is the probability that a couple's first-born child will be female and that their second-born child will be male?

A) 20%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%

Question 7

The phenotypic ratio resulting from a dihybrid cross of two heterozygote individuals showing independent assortment is expected to be

A) 1:2:1
B) 3:1
C) 9:1:1:3
D) 9:3:3:1

Question 8

Which of the following statements best represents the theory of pangenesis developed by Hippocrates?

A) Pregnancy is a spontaneous event, and the characteristics of the offspring are determined by the gods.
B) Particles called pangenes, which originate in each part of an organism's body, collect in the sperm or eggs and are passed on to the next generation.
C) Offspring inherit the traits of either the mother or the father, but not both.
D) Heritable traits are influenced by the environment and the behaviors of the parents.

Question 9

Research since Mendel's time has established that the law of segregation of genes during gamete formation

A) applies to all forms of life.
B) applies to all sexually reproducing organisms.
C) applies to all asexually reproducing organisms.

Question 10

Which of the following statements regarding genotypes and phenotypes is false?

A) The genetic makeup of an organism constitutes its genotype.
B) An organism with two different alleles for a single trait is said to be homozygous for that trait.
C) Alleles are alternate forms of a gene.
D) The expressed physical traits of an organism are called its phenotype.

Question 11

Imagine that we mate two black Labrador dogs with normal vision and find that three of the puppies are like the parents, but one puppy is chocolate with normal vision and another is black with PRA (progressive retinal atrophy, a serious disease of vision). We can conclude that

A) both of the parents are homozygous for both traits.
B) the same alleles that control coat color can also cause PRA.
C) the alleles for color and vision segregate independently during gamete formation.
D) the alleles for color and vision segregate dependently during gamete formation.

Question 12

A carrier of a genetic disorder who does not show symptoms is most likely to be ________ to transmit it to offspring.

A) heterozygous for the trait and able
B) heterozygous for the trait and unable
C) homozygous for the trait and able
D) homozygous for the trait and unable

Question 13

The alleles of a gene are found at ________ chromosomes.

A) the same locus on nonhomologous
B) different loci on homologous
C) different loci on nonhomologous
D) the same locus on homologous

Question 14

Using a six-sided die, what is the probability of rolling either a 5 or a 6?

A) 1/6 × 1/6 = 1/36
B) 1/6 + 1/6 = 1/3
C) 1/6 + 1/6 = 2/3

Question 15

Dr. Smith's parents have normal hearing. However, Dr. Smith has an inherited form of deafness. Deafness is a recessive trait that is associated with the abnormal allele d. The normal allele at this locus, associated with normal hearing, is D. Dr. Smith's parents could have which of the following genotypes?

A) DD and dd
B) dd and dd
C) Dd and Dd
D) Dd and DD

Question 16

If A is dominant to a and B is dominant to b, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the cross AaBb × AaBb?

A) 16:0:0:0
B) 8:4:2:2
C) 1:1:1:1
D) 9:3:3:1

Question 17

Mendel conducted his most memorable experiments on

A) peas.
B) roses.
C) guinea pigs.
D) fruit flies.

Question 18

Which of the following statements best explains why dominant alleles that cause lethal disorders are less common than recessive alleles that cause lethal disorders?

A) Lethal disorders caused by dominant alleles are usually more severe than lethal disorders caused by recessive alleles.
B) Unlike lethal disorders caused by recessive alleles, lethal disorders caused by dominant alleles usually cause the death of the embryo.
C) Most individuals carrying a lethal dominant allele have the disorder and die before they reproduce, whereas individuals carrying a lethal recessive allele are more likely to be healthy and reproduce.
D) The presence of a lethal dominant allele causes sterility.

Question 19

All the offspring of a cross between a black-eyed Mendelian and an orange-eyed Mendelian have black eyes. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a cross between two orange-eyed Mendelians?

A) 3 black-eyed:1 orange-eyed
B) 0 black-eyed:1 orange-eyed
C) 1 black-eyed:3 orange-eyed
D) 1 black-eyed:0 orange-eyed

Question 20

A testcross is

A) a mating between an individual of unknown genotype and an individual homozygous recessive for the trait of interest.
B) a mating between an individual of unknown genotype and an individual heterozygous for the trait of interest.
C) a mating between two individuals heterozygous for the trait of interest.
D) a mating between two individuals of unknown genotype.

Question 21

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling allow for ________ and ________ of the fetus so that it can be tested for abnormalities.

A) imaging; karyotyping
B) sexing; imaging
C) karyotyping; biochemical testing
D) direct observation; biochemical testing

Question 22

For most sexually reproducing organisms, Mendel's laws

A) cannot strictly account for the patterns of inheritance of many traits.
B) explain the biological mechanisms behind why certain genes are dominant or recessive.
C) help us understand the global geographic patterns of genetic disease.
D) can predict whether offspring will be male or female with 100% accuracy.

Question 23

Which of the following terms refers to a situation where a single phenotypic character is determined by the additive effects of two or more genes?

A) incomplete dominance
B) codominance
C) pleiotropy
D) polygenic inheritance

Question 24

Which of the following is an example of incomplete dominance in humans?

A) albinism
B) hypercholesterolemia
C) skin color
D) ABO blood groups

Question 25

Genes located close together on the same chromosomes are referred to as ________ genes and generally ________.

A) linked; sort independently during meiosis
B) homologous; are inherited together
C) linked; do not sort independently during meiosis
D) codependent; do not sort independently during meiosis

Question 26

Which of the following statements regarding prenatal testing is false?

A) Results from chorionic villus sampling come faster than those from amniocentesis.
B) Chorionic villus sampling is typically performed later in the pregnancy than amniocentesis.
C) Ultrasound imaging has no known risk.
D) Chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis are usually reserved for pregnancies with higher than usual risks of complications.

Question 27

Which of the following statements regarding sickle-cell disease is false?

A) Persons who are heterozygous for sickle-cell disease are also resistant to malaria.
B) Sickle-cell disease causes white blood cells to be sickle-shaped.
C) All of the symptoms of sickle-cell disease result from the actions of just one allele.
D) About 1 in 10 African Americans is a carrier of sickle-cell disease.

Question 28

The mechanism that "breaks" the linkage between linked genes is

A) pleiotropy.
B) codominance.
C) independent assortment.
D) crossing over.

Question 29

The expression of both alleles for a trait in a heterozygous individual illustrates

A) codominance.
B) pleiotropy.
C) polygenic inheritance.

Question 30

Which of the following kinds of data could be used to map the relative position of three genes on a chromosome?

A) the frequencies with which the genes exhibit incomplete dominance over each other
B) the frequencies of mutations in the genes
C) the frequencies with which the genes are inherited from the mother and from the father
D) the frequencies with which the corresponding traits occur together in offspring

Question 31

Linked genes generally

A) do not follow the laws of independent assortment.
B) show incomplete dominance.
C) reflect a pattern of codominance.
D) show pleiotropy.

Question 32

All the offspring of a cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant have pink flowers. This means that the allele for red flowers is ________ to the allele for white flowers.

A) dominant
B) codominant
C) incompletely dominant
D) recessive

Question 33

Which of the following statements regarding genetic testing is false?

A) Genetic testing before birth requires the collection of fetal cells.
B) Carrier testing helps determine whether a person carries a potentially harmful disorder.
C) The screening of newborns can catch inherited disorders right after birth.
D) Most human genetic diseases are treatable if caught early.

Question 34

The presence of AB blood type illustrates the principle of

A) incomplete dominance.
B) codominance.
C) pleiotropy.
D) polygenic inheritance.

Question 35

What is the normal complement of sex chromosomes in a human male?

A) two Y chromosomes and zero X chromosomes
B) two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome
C) one X chromosome and one Y chromosome
D) one Y chromosome and zero X chromosomes

Question 36

The chromosome theory of inheritance states that

A) chromosomes that exhibit mutations are the source of genetic variation.
B) the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization accounts for patterns of inheritance.
C) the behavior of chromosomes during mitosis accounts for inheritance patterns.
D) humans have 46 chromosomes.

Question 37

You conduct a dihybrid cross. A ________ ratio would make you suspect that the genes are linked.

A) 3:1
B) 1:1:1:1
C) 12:1:1:4
D) 9:3:3:1

Question 38

Sickle-cell disease is an example of

A) pleiotropy.
B) polygenic inheritance.
C) a trait with more than two alleles.

Question 39

Imagine that beak color in a finch species is controlled by a single gene. You mate a finch homozygous for orange (pigmented) beak with a finch homozygous for ivory (unpigmented) beak and get numerous offspring, all of which have a pale, ivory-orange beak. This pattern of color expression is most likely to be an example of

A) incomplete dominance.
B) codominance.
C) pleiotropy.
D) polygenic inheritance.

Question 40

The individual features of all organisms are the result of

A) genetics.
B) the environment.
C) the environment and individual needs.
D) genetics and the environment.

Question 41

Below are two statements. Which (if any) applies to the law of segregation? Which (if any) applies to the law of independent assortment? I: Phenotypes for long tails and big eyes are inherited separately in lab mice.
II: A baby mouse inherits a maternal red-eye allele and a paternal black-eye allele.

A) I: segregation; II: independent assortment
B) I: independent assortment; II: segregation
C) I: segregation; II: segregation
D) I: independent assortment; II: independent assortment

Question 42

How is sex determined in most ants and bees?

A) by the X-Y system
B) by the Z-W system
C) by the number of chromosomes
D) by the size of the sex chromosome

Question 43

Maternal inheritance patterns from generation to generation cannot be analyzed by simply studying the X chromosome in the way that paternal inheritance patterns can follow the Y chromosome because

A) the X chromosome is too large to analyze effectively.
B) the X chromosome sometimes exchanges genetic information with the Y chromosome.
C) the X chromosome is obtained from both the father and the mother.
D) one X chromosome is deactivated in females.

Question 44

If independent assortment did not occur, which of the following would be true?

A) Genes for two different traits would be inherited together as a pair.
B) Meiosis II would not be required to produce gametes, as meiosis I would be sufficient.
C) A dihybrid cross of heterozygous individuals would yield four different phenotypes.
D) Each sperm and egg would carry more than one allele for a specific gene.

Question 45

Sex-linked conditions are more common in men than in women because

A) men acquire two copies of the defective gene during fertilization.
B) men need to inherit only one copy of the recessive allele for the condition to be fully expressed.
C) the sex chromosomes are more active in men than in women.
D) most genes associated with the sex-linked conditions are linked to the Y chromosome, which determines maleness.

Question 46

What is meant by the statement that "male bees are fatherless"?

A) Male bees don't play a role in the rearing of bee young.
B) Male bees are produced by budding.
C) Male bees develop from unfertilized eggs.
D) The queen bee's mate dies before the male eggs hatch.

Question 47

You are trying to determine the linkage map of a series of genes, X, Y, and Z, from Caenorhabditis elegans, a nematode worm commonly used in scientific research. From doing several crossover experiments, you know that the recombination frequency between X and Y is 11.5%, between Y and Z is 13%, and between X and Z is 25%. What is a possible sequence of these genes?

A) X-Z-Y
B) Y-Z-X
C) Z-X-Y
D) X-Y-Z

Question 48

The sex chromosome complement of a normal human female is

A) XO.
B) XX.
C) XY.
D) YY.

Question 49

Blood samples are taken from the heel of newborn babies to test for a mutation in the PKU gene, which, if left untreated and in severe cases, can lead to mental retardation, reduced skin pigmentation, and seizures. Which concept is being illustrated by this example?

A) incomplete dominance
B) polygenic inheritance
C) pleiotropy
D) codominance

Question 50

Recessive X-linked traits are more likely to be expressed in a male fruit fly than a female fruit fly because

A) the male's phenotype results entirely from his single X-linked gene.
B) the male chromosome is more fragile than the female chromosome.
C) the male chromosome is more susceptible to mutations.

Question 51

Suppose that an elephant with the genotype EEFfggHh reproduces with an elephant with the genotype eeFFGgHh. What is the probability that a baby elephant (called a calf) would have the genotype EeFFGghh?

A) 1/16
B) 1/32
C) 1/64
D) 1/256

Question 52

Given the sex determination system in bees, we can expect that

A) female bees will produce eggs by meiosis, whereas male bees will produce sperm by mitosis.
B) female bees will produce eggs by mitosis, whereas male bees will produce sperm by meiosis.
C) male and female bees will produce sperm and eggs by meiosis.
D) male and female bees will produce sperm and eggs by mitosis.

Question 53

Justin has type A blood and his wife Brittany has type B blood. Justin's parents both have type AB blood, and Brittany's parents also both have type AB blood. What are the chances that Justin and Brittany's son Theodore has type A blood?

A) 100%
B) 75%
C) 25%
D) 0%

Question 54

A colorblind woman marries a man who is not colorblind. All of their sons, but none of their daughters, are colorblind. Which of the following statements correctly explains these results?

A) The gene for color vision is incompletely dominant to the gene for sex determination.
B) The gene for color vision is codominant with the gene for sex determination.
C) The gene for color vision is found on the X chromosome.
D) The gene for color vision is found on the Y chromosome.

Question 55

According to scientists, about what percentage of men currently living in Central Asia may be descended from the Mongolian ruler Genghis Khan?

A) 4%
B) 8%
C) 25%
D) 40%

Question 56

In giraffes, long necks (N), long legs (L), dark spots (D), and the ability to digest maize (M) are all dominant traits. What possible genotype could a long-necked, short-legged, light-spotted, maize-digesting giraffe have?

A) NnllddMM
B) NNLLDdMm
C) NNllddmm
D) nnLLddMM

Question 57

Any gene located on a sex chromosome

A) is called a recessive gene.
B) is called a sex-linked gene.
C) will exhibit pleiotropy.
D) will exhibit codominance.

Question 58

In some cats, black coat color (B) is dominant over brown (b) and a striped fur pattern (S) is dominant over a marbled fur pattern (s). You rescued a black striped cat from an animal shelter but could not determine its exact genotype. To do so, you mated the cat with a brown marbled cat. The mating produced 3 brown marbled, 2 brown striped, 2 black marbled, and 3 black striped. Immediately, you concluded the genotype of your rescued cat was

A) BBSS.
B) BBSs.
C) BbSS.
D) BbSs.

Question 59

You prepare a human karyotype. Upon analysis, you find 22 pairs of chromosomes that are each of approximately equal length and also a single pair that has one chromosome longer than the other. What can you conclude from this information?

A) The organism that this cell came from is likely a female.
B) The organism that this cell came from is likely a male.
C) The organism that this cell came from has a genetic disease.
D) This cell is likely haploid.

Question 60

How many sex chromosomes are in a human gamete?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 61

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
During a summer study abroad program, you traveled to Austria to study genetics at the University of Vienna. While you were there, a momentous discovery was made: Some of Gregor Mendel's original lab books and notes were found to be buried outside of the abbey where he lived. It just so happened that the professor you were working with obtained copies of these notes and enlisted your help to decipher them.
You hired a translator to translate Mendel's notes from Czech to English, and using your knowledge of modern genetics (which Mendel did not have!) you were able to construct a partial Punnett square (shown here). Because the notebook was damaged from being buried for so long, this is the only information that you have regarding a cross that Mendel must have performed. Your professor has tasked you with figuring out more about this experiment.

In pea plants, round peas are dominant (R) and shriveled peas are recessive (r), and yellow peas (shown as light gray in the Punnett square) are dominant (Y) and green peas (dark gray) are recessive (y). Using this information and the partial Punnett square shown, what were the phenotypes of the parental plants that were used in this cross by Mendel?

A) Rryy and RrYy
B) Rryy and rrYy
C) RRyy and rryy
D) RrYy and RrYy

Question 62

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Cats normally have a total of 18 toes, 5 on each front paw and 4 on each back paw. But some cats express the dominant phenotype for polydactyly, which results in the development of extra toes on one or more paws. Jake, a Canadian tabby cat, has 28 toes and is recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the cat with the most toes.
Suppose that Jake mates with a female cat, Lucy, who has 18 total toes. Over several years, they have multiple litters and a total of 16 kittens (10 males and 6 females). The total number of toes on each kitten ranges from 21 to 25.
One of Jake and Lucy's kittens mates with another cat that has 18 total toes. What is the probability that one of their offspring would have 18 total toes?

A) 100%
B) 75%
C) 50%
D) 0%

Question 63

According to this figure, heterozygotes for this form of hypercholesterolemia suffer from the disease because they

A) produce an abnormally shaped LDL receptor.
B) don't produce any LDL receptors.
C) produce too many LDL receptors.
D) don't produce enough LDL receptors.

Question 64

You are looking at an unknown cell under a microscope that has 22 chromosomes plus 2 X chromosomes. Which of the following is the most likely identity of this cell?

A) a skin cell from a human female
B) an egg from a human female
C) an epithelial cell from a male chicken
D) an eye cell from a female grasshopper

Question 65

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Cats normally have a total of 18 toes, 5 on each front paw and 4 on each back paw. But some cats express the dominant phenotype for polydactyly, which results in the development of extra toes on one or more paws. Jake, a Canadian tabby cat, has 28 toes and is recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the cat with the most toes.
Suppose that Jake mates with a female cat, Lucy, who has 18 total toes. Over several years, they have multiple litters and a total of 16 kittens (10 males and 6 females). The total number of toes on each kitten ranges from 21 to 25.
If we use the letter P to represent the polydactyly gene, what is Jake's genotype?

A) PP
B) Pp
C) pp

Question 66

You are trying to determine if a newborn boy has an X-linked genetic disorder by analyzing a family pedigree. Which of these findings would rule out the X-linked hypothesis?

A) All the sons of the baby's grandmother have the disorder.
B) There are no females in the pedigree with the disorder.
C) Neither parent has the disorder.

Question 67

In regard to the baby's colorblindness, a sex-linked recessive trait, you explain that

A) colorblindness often appears randomly, even if neither parent is colorblind.
B) the baby's father must have a recessive allele for colorblindness.
C) since colorblindness is sex-linked, a son can inherit colorblindness if his mother has the recessive colorblindness allele.
D) the eggs must have been accidentally switched, since males inherit sex-linked traits only from their fathers.

Question 68

Shown here is a representation of a portion of a pair of schmoos chromosomes. $\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{l|ll} \text {Centromere } & \text { light hair } \\& \text { red eyes } &\\& \text { short arms } &\\ &\text { short legs} &\\\end{array}\begin{array}{l|ll} \text {Centromere } & \text {dark hair}\\& \text {pink eyes}\\& \text {long arms}\\& \text {long legs} \end{array}\end{array}$
. Crossing over would probably be most frequent between

A) hair and legs.
B) hair and eyes.
C) eyes and legs.
D) eyes and arms.

Question 69

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Cats normally have a total of 18 toes, 5 on each front paw and 4 on each back paw. But some cats express the dominant phenotype for polydactyly, which results in the development of extra toes on one or more paws. Jake, a Canadian tabby cat, has 28 toes and is recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the cat with the most toes.
Suppose that Jake mates with a female cat, Lucy, who has 18 total toes. Over several years, they have multiple litters and a total of 16 kittens (10 males and 6 females). The total number of toes on each kitten ranges from 21 to 25.
Along with having a variable number of toes, some kittens from Jake and Lucy's litter had a white spot on their nose. In fact, out of the 16 kittens, all 10 males had the white spot, but none of the 6 females had the white spot. Jake has a white spot on his nose, but Lucy does not. What can you conclude from this information?

A) A sex-linked gene that controls the expression of the white spot is found on the Y chromosome.
B) A sex-linked gene that controls the expression of the white spot is found on the X chromosome.
C) The genes for the white spot and for polydactyly are linked.
D) The genes for the white spot and for polydactyly are not linked.

Question 70

What type of inheritance fits the data in this pedigree?

A) sex-linked dominant
B) autosomal recessive
C) autosomal dominant

Question 71

What is the most likely explanation for the occurrence of an X-linked genetic disorder in the boy at the bottom of the pedigree shown?

A) The boy inherited this allele from his father only.
B) The boy inherited this allele from his mother only.
C) The boy inherited the kind of allele that skips every other generation.
D) The boy has a new mutation for the disorder.

Question 72

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
A man and his wife are having trouble having a baby. Using modern technologies, the woman's eggs are removed, fertilized with her husband's sperm, and implanted into her uterus. The procedure is successful, and the woman gives birth to a healthy baby boy. After a while, though, they discover that their son is colorblind and has blood type O. The woman claims that the child can't be theirs since she has blood type A and her husband has type B. Also, neither parent is colorblind, although one grandparent (the woman's father) is also colorblind.
As a genetic counselor, you would explain to the parents that

A) the eggs must have been accidentally switched, since the baby's blood type has to match one of his parents.
B) each parent could have contributed one recessive allele, resulting in type O blood.
C) the eggs must have been accidentally switched, since a type A parent and a type B parent can have any type children except O.
D) it is possible for the baby to have type O blood, since type O is inherited through a dominant allele.

Question 73

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
During a summer study abroad program, you traveled to Austria to study genetics at the University of Vienna. While you were there, a momentous discovery was made: Some of Gregor Mendel's original lab books and notes were found to be buried outside of the abbey where he lived. It just so happened that the professor you were working with obtained copies of these notes and enlisted your help to decipher them.
You hired a translator to translate Mendel's notes from Czech to English, and using your knowledge of modern genetics (which Mendel did not have!) you were able to construct a partial Punnett square (shown here). Because the notebook was damaged from being buried for so long, this is the only information that you have regarding a cross that Mendel must have performed. Your professor has tasked you with figuring out more about this experiment.

In pea plants, round peas are dominant (R) and shriveled peas are recessive (r), and yellow peas (shown as light gray in the Punnett square) are dominant (Y) and green peas (dark gray) are recessive (y). Using this information and the partial Punnett square shown, what genotype should be listed in the square labeled A?

A) RRYY
B) RrYy
C) rrYy
D) RRyy

Question 74

Which plants in this figure must all be heterozygous?

A) purple-flowered plants in the P generation
B) white-flowered plants in the P generation
C) purple-flowered plants in the F1 generation
D) purple-flowered plants in the F2 generation

Question 75

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
During a summer study abroad program, you traveled to Austria to study genetics at the University of Vienna. While you were there, a momentous discovery was made: Some of Gregor Mendel's original lab books and notes were found to be buried outside of the abbey where he lived. It just so happened that the professor you were working with obtained copies of these notes and enlisted your help to decipher them.
You hired a translator to translate Mendel's notes from Czech to English, and using your knowledge of modern genetics (which Mendel did not have!) you were able to construct a partial Punnett square (shown here). Because the notebook was damaged from being buried for so long, this is the only information that you have regarding a cross that Mendel must have performed. Your professor has tasked you with figuring out more about this experiment.

In pea plants, round peas are dominant (R) and shriveled peas are recessive (r), and yellow peas (shown as light gray in the Punnett square) are dominant (Y) and green peas (dark gray) are recessive (y). Using this information and the partial Punnett square shown, what phenotype should be in the square labeled B?

A) round and yellow
B) shriveled and yellow
C) shriveled and green
D) round and green

Question 76

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
During a summer study abroad program, you traveled to Austria to study genetics at the University of Vienna. While you were there, a momentous discovery was made: Some of Gregor Mendel's original lab books and notes were found to be buried outside of the abbey where he lived. It just so happened that the professor you were working with obtained copies of these notes and enlisted your help to decipher them.
You hired a translator to translate Mendel's notes from Czech to English, and using your knowledge of modern genetics (which Mendel did not have!) you were able to construct a partial Punnett square (shown here). Because the notebook was damaged from being buried for so long, this is the only information that you have regarding a cross that Mendel must have performed. Your professor has tasked you with figuring out more about this experiment.

In pea plants, round peas are dominant (R) and shriveled peas are recessive (r), and yellow peas (shown as light gray in the Punnett square) are dominant (Y) and green peas (dark gray) are recessive (y). Using this information and the partial Punnett square shown, what is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring pea plants in this Punnett square?

A) 12:1:1:4
B) 9:3:3:1
C) 3:3:1:1
D) 1:1:1:1