Deck 33: Animal Nutrition

Question 1

The fat-soluble vitamins include

A) vitamin A.
B) vitamin B12.
C) vitamin C.
D) iodine.
E) calcium.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Pepsin is a digestive enzyme that

A) is manufactured by the pancreas.
B) helps stabilize fat-water emulsions.
C) splits maltose into monosaccharides.
D) begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach.
E) is denatured and rendered inactive in solutions with low pH.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Excessive iron absorption and accumulation to toxic levels is associated with

A) excessive blood volume.
B) a liver abnormality that results in a decreased number of red blood cells.
C) various forms of inherited or acquired anemia.
D) the genetic disorder known as hemochromatosis.
E) menstruation and menopause.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In marine sponges, intracellular digestion of peptides is usually immediately preceded by

A) hydrolysis.
B) endocytosis.
C) absorption.
D) elimination.
E) secretion.

Question 5

Animals that migrate great distances would obtain the greatest energetic benefit of storing chemical energy as

A) proteins.
B) minerals.
C) carbohydrates.
D) amino acids.
E) fats.

Question 6

Certain nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of some animals because

A) only those animals use those nutrients.
B) the nutrients are subunits of important polymers.
C) these animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients.
D) the nutrients are necessary coenzymes.
E) only certain foods contain them.

Question 7

To maintain adequate nutrition, animals require dietary access to certain amino acids. An amino acid that is referred to as "nonessential" would be best described as one that

A) can be made by the animal's body from other substances.
B) is not used by the animal in biosynthesis.
C) must be ingested in the diet.
D) is not readily absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract.
E) is not found in many proteins.

Question 8

After ingestion by humans, the first category of macromolecules to be chemically digested by enzymes in the mouth is

A) proteins.
B) carbohydrates.
C) cholesterol and other lipids.
D) nucleic acids.
E) minerals.

Question 9

Because the foods eaten by animals are often composed largely of macromolecules, this requires the animals to have mechanisms for

A) elimination.
B) dehydration synthesis.
C) enzymatic hydrolysis.
D) regurgitation.
E) demineralization.

Question 10

Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol, whereas protein digestion yields amino acids; both digestive processes

A) are catalyzed by the same enzyme.
B) are excludible intracellular processes in most organisms.
C) add a water molecule to break bonds (hydrolysis).
D) require the presence of hydrochloric acid to lower the pH.
E) require ATP as an energy source.

Question 11

Digestive secretions with a pH of 2 are characteristic of the

A) small intestine.
B) stomach.
C) pancreas.
D) liver.
E) mouth.

Question 12

The large surface area in the gut directly facilitates

A) secretion.
B) absorption.
C) elimination.
D) filtration
E) temperature regulation.

Question 13

Salivary amylase digests

A) protein.
B) starches.
C) monosaccharides.
D) glucose.
E) maltose.

Question 14

Which pair correctly associates a physiological process with the appropriate vitamin?

A) blood clotting and vitamin C
B) normal vision and vitamin A
C) synthesis of cell membranes and vitamin D
D) protection of skin from cancer and vitamin E
E) production of white blood cells and vitamin K

Question 15

In the digestive system, peristalsis is

A) a process of fat emulsification in the small intestine.
B) voluntary control of the rectal sphincters regulating defecation.
C) the transport of nutrients to the liver through the hepatic portal vessel.
D) a common cause of loss of appetite, fatigue, and dehydration.
E) smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus.

Question 16

Ingested dietary substances must cross cell membranes to be used by the body, a process known as

A) ingestion.
B) digestion.
C) hydrolysis.
D) absorption.
E) elimination.

Question 17

A general rule relating the capacity of a specific animal's digestive system to provide adequate access to substrates for biosynthesis of cellular components, as well as fuel molecules needed for ATP production, is that the animal should have access to

A) a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet.
B) a diet low in lipids and high in protein.
C) a low-calorie diet with a large intake of fluids, especially water.
D) a diet that matches the "food pyramid" for the species.
E) a diet that maximizes vitamins and minerals.

Question 18

Earthworms, grasshoppers, and birds all have a

A) gastric cecae.
B) larynx.
C) crop.
D) pharynx.
E) epiglottis.

Question 19

An advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity is that the complete system

A) excludes the need for extracellular digestion.
B) allows for specialized regions with specialized functions.
C) allows digestive enzymes to be more specific.
D) allows extensive branching.
E) facilitates intracellular digestion.

Question 20

In a well-fed human eating a Western diet, the richest source of stored chemical energy in the body is

A) fat in adipose tissue.
B) glucose in the blood.
C) protein in muscle cells.
D) glycogen in muscle cells.
E) calcium phosphate in bone.

Question 21

The molar teeth of herbivorous mammals are especially effective at

A) cutting.
B) ripping.
C) grinding.
D) splitting.
E) piercing.

Question 22

Historically inaccurate diagnosis of acid reflux disorders and gastric ulcers has been improved by

A) pH monitoring.
B) X-ray technology.
C) the diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori infection.
D) colonoscopy.
E) sonography.

Question 23

Constipation can result from the consumption of a substance that

A) contains plenty of fiber.
B) promotes water reabsorption in the large intestine.
C) speeds up movement of material in the large intestine.
D) decreases water reabsorption in the small intestine.
E) stimulates peristalsis.

Question 24

A group of animals among which a relatively long cecum is likely to be found is the

A) carnivores.
B) herbivores.
C) autotrophs.
D) heterotrophs.
E) omnivores.

Question 25

Cattle are able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material because

A) they are autotrophic.
B) cattle, like rabbits, re-ingest their feces.
C) they manufacture all 15 amino acids out of sugars in the liver.
D) cattle saliva has enzymes capable of digesting cellulose.
E) they have cellulose-digesting, symbiotic microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs.

Question 26

Stomach cells are moderately well adapted to the acidity and protein-digesting activities in the stomach by having

A) a sufficient colony of H. pylori.
B) a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells.
C) a high level of secretion by chief cells.
D) a high level of secretion from parietal cells.
E) secretions enter the stomach from the pancreas.

Question 27

A hiatal hernia that disrupts the functional relationship between the smooth muscle in the esophagus and that in the stomach would be most likely to increase the frequency of

A) gastric reflux.
B) premature entry of food into the duodenum.
C) excess secretion of pepsinogen.
D) increased stomach pH.
E) retention of food in the stomach.

Question 28

Complex nutrients are digested and then absorbed into the lymph or bloodstream as

A) disaccharides.
B) polymers.
C) monomers.
D) enzymes.
E) peptides.

Question 29

Upon activation by stomach acidity, the secretions of the parietal cells

A) initiate the digestion of protein in the stomach.
B) initiate the mechanical digestion of lipids in the stomach.
C) initiate the chemical digestion of lipids in the stomach.
D) include pepsinogen.
E) delay digestion until the food arrives in the small intestine.

Question 30

For a nondiabetic person, the glucose concentration in this part of the vasculature varies more than in any other part.

A) abdominal artery
B) coronary arteries
C) pulmonary veins
D) hepatic portal vessel
E) jugular vein

Question 31

An enlarged cecum is typical of

A) rabbits, horses, and herbivorous bears.
B) carnivorous animals.
C) tubeworms that digest via symbionts.
D) humans and other primates.
E) tapeworms and other intestinal parasites.

Question 32

Because adult lampreys attach onto the surface of large fish for long periods of time to feed on body fluids, they can accomplish nutritional balance without need for a

A) liver.
B) pancreas.
C) intestine.
D) stomach.
E) gallbladder.

Question 33

The bile salts

A) are enzymes.
B) are manufactured by the pancreas.
C) emulsify fats in the duodenum.
D) increase the efficiency of pepsin action.
E) are normally an ingredient of gastric juice.

Question 34

The cells that secrete the acidic components of stomach juices are

A) the chief cells of the stomach.
B) the parietal cells of the stomach.
C) not needed for the transformation of pepsinogen to pepsin.
D) in the lumen of the stomach.
E) adding secretions along the esophagus.

Question 35

Analysis of jawbones from the skeletal remains of a vertebrate animal reveal its dietary patterns owing to

A) the position of muscle attachment sites.
B) the prevalence of specific kinds of teeth.
C) the size of the mouth opening.
D) the evidence of food molecules still present.
E) whether the mouth is the most anterior structure.

Question 36

When the digestion and absorption of organic carbohydrates results in more energy-rich molecules than are immediately required by an animal, the excess is

A) eliminated in the feces.
B) stored as starch in the liver.
C) stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.
D) oxidized and converted to ATP.
E) hydrolyzed and converted to ADP.

Question 37

An enzyme with high activity in an acidic environment is

A) amylase.
B) pepsin.
C) gastrin.
D) trypsin.
E) sucrose.

Question 38

The absorption of fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that the

A) processing of fats does not require any digestive enzymes, whereas the processing of carbohydrates does.
B) fat absorption occurs in the stomach, whereas carbohydrates are absorbed from the small intestine.
C) carbohydrates need to be emulsified before they can be digested, whereas fats do not.
D) most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood.
E) fats, but not carbohydrates, are digested by bacteria before absorption.

Question 39

Glandular secretions that are released initially as inactive precursors of digestive enzymes are the

A) protein-digesting enzymes.
B) fat-solubilizing bile salts.
C) acid-neutralizing bicarbonate.
D) carbohydrate-digesting enzymes.
E) hormones such as gastrin.

Question 40

Coprophagy, the nutrition-boosting ingestion of fecal material, is important for the nutritional balance of

A) ruminants such as cows.
B) insects and arthropods.
C) rabbits and their relatives.
D) squirrels and some rodents.
E) very large animals, such as elephants.

Question 41

Figure 33.2
Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above. The agents that help emulsify fats are produced in location

A) 1.
B) 2.
C) 3.
D) 8.
E) 9.

Question 42

Use the following information to answer the question below.
Mouse mutations can affect an animal's appetite and eating habits. The ob gene codes for a satiety factor, the hormone leptin. The db gene product, the leptin receptor, is required to respond to the satiety factor.
Imagine that you are a biologist who is attempting to get an accurate measure of an animal's basal metabolic rate. The best time to measure the metabolic rate is when the animal

A) is resting and has not eaten its first meal of the day.
B) is resting and has just completed its first meal of the day.
C) has recently eaten a sugar-free meal.
D) has not consumed any water for at least 48 hours.
E) has just completed 30 minutes of vigorous exercise.

Question 43

A fasting animal whose energy needs exceed those provided in its diet draws on its stored resources in which order?

A) fat, then glycogen, then protein
B) glycogen, then protein, then fat
C) liver glycogen, then muscle glycogen, then fat
D) muscle glycogen, then fat, then liver glycogen
E) fat, then protein, then glycogen

Question 44

Hypoglycemia, or low levels of glucose in the blood of a healthy human, is "corrected"

A) by an increase in the secretion of insulin.
B) by an increase in the secretion of glucagon.
C) by an increase in the secretion of both insulin and glucagon.
D) by a decrease in the secretion of both insulin and glucagon.
E) by an increase in the secretion of thyroid hormones.

Question 45

Use the following table showing the contents of a multivitamin supplement and its percentage of recommended daily values (% DV) to answer the following questions.
Figure 33.1
Folic acid supplements are especially important for pregnant women because

A) folic acid supplies vitamins that only pregnant women can use.
B) the folic acid is stored in adipose tissue by pregnant women, so supplements are needed to make more available in the circulation.
C) the fetus makes high levels of folic acid.
D) folic acid deprivation is associated with neural tube abnormalities in a fetus.
E) folic acid deprivation is a cause of heart abnormalities in a newborn.

Question 46

After surgical removal of an infected gallbladder, a person must be especially careful to restrict dietary intake of

A) starch.
B) protein.
C) sugar.
D) fat.
E) water.

Question 47

Independent of whether an organism is an endotherm or ectoderm, the least reliable indicator of an animal's metabolic rate is the amount of

A) food eaten in one day.
B) heat generated in one day.
C) oxygen used in mitochondria in one day.
D) carbon dioxide produced in one day.
E) water consumed in one day.

Question 48

Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol, whereas protein digestion yields amino acids; both digestive processes

A) are catalyzed by the same enzyme.
B) occur inside cells in most animals.
C) add a water molecule to break bonds.
D) require a low pH resulting from HCl production.
E) consume ATP.

Question 49

When the beta cells of the pancreas release insulin into the blood,

A) the blood glucose levels rise to a set point and stimulate glucagon release.
B) the skeletal muscles and the adipose cells take up glucose at a faster rate.
C) the liver catabolizes glycogen.
D) the alpha cells of the pancreas release glucose into the blood.
E) the kidneys begin gluconeogenesis.

Question 50

Which of the following is not a major activity of the stomach?

A) mechanical digestion
B) HCl secretion
C) mucus secretion
D) nutrient absorption
E) enzyme secretion

Question 51

Figure 33.2
Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above. The highest rate of nutrient absorption occurs at location(s)

A) 3 only.
B) 4 only.
C) 1 and 4.
D) 3 and 4.
E) 1, 3, and 4.

Question 52

After eating a carbohydrate-rich meal, the mammalian pancreas increases its secretion of

A) ecdysteroid.
B) glucagon.
C) thyroxine.
D) oxytocin.
E) insulin.

Question 53

The mammalian trachea and esophagus both connect to the

A) large intestine.
B) stomach.
C) pharynx.
D) rectum.
E) gastrovascular cavity.

Question 54

Use the following table showing the contents of a multivitamin supplement and its percentage of recommended daily values (% DV) to answer the following questions.
Figure 33.1
A mineral that is especially important for preventing anemia is

A) zinc.
B) iron.
C) iodine.
D) molybdenum.
E) folic acid.

Question 55

Standard metabolic rate (SMR) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) are

A) used differently: SMR is measured during exercise, whereas BMR is measured at rest.
B) used to compare metabolic rate between hibernating and nonhibernating states.
C) both measured across a wide range of temperatures for a given species.
D) both standard measurements of fat metabolism in mammals.
E) both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state.

Question 56

Obesity in humans is most clearly linked to

A) type 1 diabetes and prostate cancer.
B) type 1 diabetes and breast cancer.
C) type 2 diabetes and muscle hypertrophy.
D) type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
E) type 2 diabetes and decreased appetite.

Question 57

Use the following table showing the contents of a multivitamin supplement and its percentage of recommended daily values (% DV) to answer the following questions.
Figure 33.1
The most likely reason that some of the vitamins and minerals in this supplement are found at less than 100% is

A) that it would be chemically impossible to add more.
B) these vitamins and minerals are too large in size to reach 100%.
C) it is too easy to overdose on minerals such as phosphorus and calcium.
D) it is dangerous to overdose on fat-soluble vitamins such as A and K.
E) these supplements are meant for those who have been deprived of healthy foods.

Question 58

Use the following information to answer the question below.
Mouse mutations can affect an animal's appetite and eating habits. The ob gene codes for a satiety factor, the hormone leptin. The db gene product, the leptin receptor, is required to respond to the satiety factor.
Leptin is a product of adipose cells. Therefore, a very obese mouse would be expected to have

A) increased gene expression of ob and decreased expression of db.
B) increased gene expression of db and decreased expression of ob.
C) decreased transcription of both ob and db.
D) mutation of ob or db.

Question 59

Which of the following organs is incorrectly paired with its function?

A) stomach-protein digestion
B) oral cavity-starch digestion
C) large intestine-bile production
D) small intestine-nutrient absorption
E) pancreas-enzyme production

Question 60

Figure 33.2
Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above. Most of the digestion of fats occurs in section(s)

A) 3 only.
B) 4 only.
C) 1 and 4.
D) 3 and 4.
E) 1, 3, and 4.

Question 61

If you were to jog 1 km a few hours after lunch, which stored fuel would you probably tap?

A) muscle proteins
B) muscle and liver glycogen
C) fat stored in the liver
D) fat stored in adipose tissue
E) blood proteins