Deck 26: The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

Question 1

Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the "embryophytes"?

A) Viridiplantae
B) Plantae
C) Pterophyta
D) Bryophyta
E) Charophycea

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature mitosis most similar to that of land plants?

A) unicellular green algae
B) cyanobacteria
C) charophytes
D) red algae
E) multicellular green algae

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest. 1. antheridia
2) gametes
3) gametophytes
4) gametangia

A) 1, 4, 3, 2
B) 3, 1, 2, 4
C) 3, 4, 2, 1
D) 3, 4, 1, 2
E) 4, 3, 1, 2

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Evidence indicates that plants increase the number of stomata in their leaves as atmospheric CO2 levels decline. Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area should have the effect of doing which of the following? 1. increasing dehydration of leaf tissues
2) decreasing dehydration of leaf tissues
3) countering the effect of declining CO2 on photosynthesis
4) reinforcing the effect of declining CO2 on photosynthesis
5) decreasing the O2 content of air next to the leaves lower than it would otherwise be
6) increasing the O2 content of air next to the leaves higher than it would otherwise be

A) 1, 3, and 5
B) 1, 3, and 6
C) 1, 4, and 5
D) 2, 3, and 6
E) 2, 4, and 5

Question 5

If the kingdom Plantae is someday expanded to include the charophytes, then the shared derived characteristics of the kingdom will include 1. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes.
2) chlorophylls a and b.
3) alternation of generations.
4) cell walls of cellulose.
5) ability to synthesize sporopollenin.

A) 1 and 5
B) 1, 2, and 3
C) 1, 3, and 5
D) 1, 4, and 5
E) 1, 2, 4, and 5

Question 6

Mitotic activity by the apical meristem of a root makes which of the following more possible?

A) increase of the aboveground stem.
B) decreased absorption of mineral nutrients.
C) increased absorption of CO2.
D) increased number of chloroplasts in roots.
E) effective lateral growth of the stem.

Question 7

Which of the following was not a challenge for survival of the first land plants?

A) sources of water
B) sperm transfer
C) desiccation
D) animal predation
E) lack of sunlight

Question 8

All of the following are common to both charophytes and vascular land plants except

A) sporopollenin.
B) lignin.
C) chlorophyll a.
D) cellulose.
E) chlorophyll b.

Question 9

The leaflike appendages of moss gametophytes may be one to two cell layers thick. Consequently, which of the following is least likely to be found associated with such appendages?

A) cuticle
B) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes
C) stomata
D) peroxisomes
E) phenolics

Question 10

The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to

A) lignin.
B) cellulose.
C) secondary compounds.
D) sporopollenin.

Question 11

Which of the following should have had gene sequences most similar to the charophyte that was the common ancestor of the land plants?

A) early angiosperms
B) early bryophytes
C) early gymnosperms
D) early lycophytes
E) early pterophytes

Question 12

Which of the following is a true statement about plant reproduction?

A) Embryophytes are small because they are in an early developmental stage.
B) Both male and female bryophytes produce gametangia.
C) Gametangia protect gametes from excess water.
D) Eggs and sperm of bryophytes swim toward one another.
E) Bryophytes are limited to asexual reproduction.

Question 13

Which of the following were probably factors that permitted early plants to successfully colonize land? 1. the relative number of potential predators (herbivores)
2) the relative number of competitors
3) the relative availability of symbiotic partners
4) air's relative lack of support, compared to water's support

A) 1 and 2
B) 2 and 3
C) 3 and 4
D) 1, 2, and 3
E) 1, 2, and 4

Question 14

The functional role of sporopollenin is primarily to

A) comprise spore surface structures that catch the wind and assist in spore dispersal.
B) reduce dehydration.
C) make spores less dense and able to disperse more readily.
D) repel toxic chemicals.
E) provide nutrients to spores.

Question 15

On a field trip, a student in a marine biology class collects an organism that has differentiated organs, cell walls of cellulose, and chloroplasts with chlorophyll a. Based on this description, the organism could be a brown alga, a red alga, a green alga, a charophyte recently washed into the ocean from a freshwater or brackish water source, or a land plant washed into the ocean. The presence of which of the following features would definitively identify this organism as a land plant?

A) alternation of generations
B) sporopollenin
C) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes
D) flagellated sperm
E) embryos

Question 16

Arrange the following terms from most inclusive to least inclusive. 1. embryophytes
2) green plants
3) seedless vascular plants
4) ferns
5) tracheophytes

A) 1, 2, 5, 3, 4
B) 2, 1, 5, 3, 4
C) 2, 5, 1, 3, 4
D) 1, 4, 2, 5, 3
E) 2, 1, 5, 4, 3

Question 17

Some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. No charophytes exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind the recent evidence from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that

A) charophytes are not related to either green algae or land plants.
B) plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae.
C) alternation of generations cannot be beneficial to charophytes.
D) land plants evolved directly from the green algae that perform alternation of generations.
E) scientists have no evidence to indicate whether or not land plants evolved from any kind of alga.

Question 18

Considering that the mature sporophytes of true mosses get their nutrition from the gametophytes on which they grow, and considering these generations as individual plants, what is true of the relationship between true moss sporophytes and gametophytes?

A) Sporophytes are endosymbionts of gametophytes.
B) Sporophytes are mutualists of gametophytes.
C) Sporophytes are commensalists of gametophytes.
D) Sporophytes are parasites of gametophytes.

Question 19

Which of the following characteristics helped seedless plants better adapt to life on land?

A) a dominant gametophyte
B) photosystem II
C) a chitinous cuticle
D) stomata
E) an unbranched sporophyte

Question 20

The following are all adaptations in plants to life on land except

A) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes.
B) cuticles.
C) tracheids.
D) reduced gametophyte generation.
E) multicellular, dependent embryos.

Question 21

If all of their nuclei are equally active transcriptionally, then the cells of dikaryotic fungi, in terms of the gene products they can make, are essentially

A) haploid.
B) diploid.
C) alloploid.
D) completely homozygous.
E) completely hemizygous.

Question 22

Immediately after karyogamy occurs, which term applies?

A) plasmogamy
B) heterokaryotic
C) dikaryotic
D) diploid

Question 23

Plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following? 1. cells with a single haploid nucleus
2) heterokaryotic cells
3) dikaryotic cells
4) cells with two diploid nuclei

A) 1 or 2
B) 1 or 3
C) 2 or 3
D) 2 or 4
E) 3 or 4

Question 24

Fossil fungi date back to the origin and early evolution of plants. What combination of environmental and morphological change is similar in the evolution of both fungi and plants?

A) presence of "coal forests" and change in mode of nutrition
B) periods of drought and presence of filamentous body shape
C) predominance in swamps and presence of cellulose in cell walls
D) colonization of land and loss of flagellated cells
E) continental drift and mode of spore dispersal

Question 25

Which of the following characteristics is unique to chytrids compared to other groups of fungi?

A) presence of flagella
B) zoospores
C) autotrophic mode of nutrition
D) cell walls of cellulose
E) nucleotide sequences of several genes

Question 26

Which of the following is a characteristic of hyphate fungi (fungi featuring hyphae)?

A) They acquire their nutrients by phagocytosis.
B) Their body plan is a unicellular sphere.
C) Their cell walls consist mainly of cellulose microfibrils.
D) They are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources.
E) They reproduce asexually by a process known as budding.

Question 27

Which process occurs in fungi and has the opposite effect on a cell's chromosome number than does meiosis I?

A) mitosis
B) plasmogamy
C) crossing over
D) binary fission
E) karyogamy

Question 28

Which of the following has the least affiliation with all of the others?

A) Glomeromycota
B) mycorrhizae
C) lichens
D) arbuscules
E) mutualistic fungi

Question 29

The vegetative (nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi are

A) composed of hyphae.
B) referred to as a mycelium.
C) usually underground.
D) All of these responses are correct.

Question 30

If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed?

A) plants
B) protists
C) prokaryotes
D) animals
E) mutualistic fungi

Question 31

If intelligent extraterrestrials visited Earth 475 million years ago, and then again 300 million years ago (at the close of the Carboniferous period), what trends would they have noticed in Earth's terrestrial vegetation over this period? 1. a trend from dominant gametophytes to dominant sporophytes
2) a trend from sporangia borne on modified leaves (sporophylls) to sporangia borne on stalks (seta)
3) a trend from no true leaves, to microphylls, to megaphylls
4) a trend from soil-surface-hugging plants to "overtopping" plants
5) a trend toward increased lignification of conducting systems

A) 1 and 3
B) 3, 4, and 5
C) 1, 2, 4, and 5
D) 1, 3, 4, and 5
E) 2, 3, 4, and 5

Question 32

The hydrolytic digestion of which of the following should produce monomers that are aminated (i.e., have an amine group attached) molecules of β-glucose?

A) insect exoskeleton
B) plant cell walls
C) fungal cell walls
D) insect exoskeleton and fungal cell walls
E) insect exoskeleton and plant cell walls

Question 33

In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which consequently

A) means that sexual reproduction can occur in specialized structures.
B) results in multiple diploid nuclei per cell.
C) allows fungi to reproduce asexually most of the time.
D) results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells.
E) is strong support for the claim that fungi are not truly eukaryotic.

Question 34

In seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and has a function most like that of the seed coat?

A) sporophyll
B) male gametophyte
C) sporopollenin
D) stigma
E) sporangium

Question 35

Which of these paired fungal structures are structurally and functionally most alike?

A) conidia and basidiocarps
B) sporangia and hyphae
C) soredia and gills
D) haustoria and arbuscules
E) zoospores and mycelia

Question 36

When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the

A) fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes.
B) lichens growing on the vines' branches are not harmed.
C) fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae.
D) sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue.

Question 37

Which description does not apply equally well to both sexual and asexual spores?

A) have haploid nuclei
B) represent the dispersal stage
C) are produced by meiosis
D) upon germination, will subsequently undergo S phase and mitosis

Question 38

A botanist discovers a new species of land plant with a dominant sporophyte, chlorophylls a and b, and cell walls made of cellulose. In assigning this plant to a phylum, which of the following, if present, would be least useful?

A) endosperm
B) seeds
C) sperm that lack flagella
D) flowers
E) spores

Question 39

When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter?

A) fungal haustoria
B) soredia
C) fungal enzymes
D) increased oxygen levels
E) larger bacterial populations

Question 40

Which of the following terms refers to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi living between the cells in plant leaves?

A) pathogens
B) endosymbioses
C) endophytes
D) lichens
E) mycorrhizae

Question 41

The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does the generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells?

A) binary fission
B) mitosis
C) meiosis
D) mitosis without subsequent cytokinesis
E) meiosis without subsequent cytokinesis

Question 42

Sporophylls can be found in which of the following?

A) mosses
B) liverworts
C) hornworts
D) pterophytes
E) charophytes

Question 43

Which of the following are structures of angiosperm gametophytes?

A) immature ovules
B) pollen tubes
C) ovaries
D) stamens
E) sepals

Question 44

Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success?

A) wind pollination
B) dominant gametophytes
C) fruits enclosing seeds
D) embryos enclosed within seed coats
E) sperm cells without flagella

Question 45

Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed?

A) ovule
B) ovary
C) fruit
D) stamen

Question 46

What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by frugivorous (fruit-eating) animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means? 1. The exterior of the seed coat should have barbs or hooks.
2) The seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animal's mouth.
3) The seed coat should be able to withstand low pH's.
4) The seed coat, upon its complete digestion, should provide vitamins or nutrients to animals.
5) The seed coat should be resistant to the animals' digestive enzymes.

A) 4 only
B) 1 and 2
C) 2 and 3
D) 3 and 5
E) 3, 4, and 5

Question 47

Which of the following flower parts develops into the pulp of a fleshy fruit?

A) stigma
B) style
C) ovule
D) ovary
E) micropyle

Question 48

Which of the following is true of seedless vascular plants?

A) Extant seedless vascular plants are larger than the extinct varieties.
B) Whole forests were dominated by large, seedless vascular plants during the Carboniferous period.
C) They produce many spores, which are really the same as seeds.
D) The gametophyte is the dominant generation.
E) Sphagnum is an economically and ecologically important example.

Question 49

In which of the following taxa does the mature sporophyte depend completely on the gametophyte for nutrition?

A) Pterophyta
B) Bryophyta
C) horsetail (Equisetum)
D) Pterophyta, Bryophyta, and horsetail (Equisetum)
E) Pterophyta and Bryophyta

Question 50

Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. spores
2) sporophylls
3) sporophytes
4) sporangia

A) 2, 4, 3, 1
B) 2, 3, 4, 1
C) 3, 1, 4, 2
D) 3, 4, 2, 1
E) 3, 2, 4, 1

Question 51

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to

A) mosses.
B) charophytes.
C) ferns.
D) gymnosperms.
E) flowering plants.

Question 52

How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms?

A) by nourishing the plants that make them
B) by facilitating dispersal of seeds
C) by attracting insects to the pollen inside
D) by producing sperm and eggs inside a protective coat
E) by producing triploid cells via double fertilization

Question 53

Arrange the following structures from largest to smallest, assuming that they belong to two generations of the same angiosperm. 1. ovary
2) ovule
3) egg
4) carpel
5) embryo sac

A) 4, 2, 1, 5, 3
B) 4, 5, 2, 1, 3
C) 5, 4, 3, 1, 2
D) 5, 1, 4, 2, 3
E) 4, 1, 2, 5, 3

Question 54

Arrange the following in the correct sequence, from earliest to most recent, in which these plant traits originated. 1. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence
2) sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence
3) gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence

A) 1 → 2 → 3
B) 2 → 3 → 1
C) 2 → 1 → 3
D) 3 → 2 → 1
E) 3 → 1 → 2

Question 55

Suppose that the cells of seed plants, like the skin cells of humans, produce a pigment upon increased exposure to UV radiation. Rank the following cells, from greatest to least, in terms of the likelihood of producing this pigment. 1. cells of sporangium
2) cells in the interior of a subterranean root
3) epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls
4) cells of a gametophyte

A) 3, 4, 1, 2
B) 3, 4, 2, 1
C) 3, 1, 4, 2
D) 3, 2, 1, 4
E) 3, 1, 2, 4

Question 56

If humans had been present to build log structures during the Carboniferous period (they weren't), which plant types would have been suitable sources of logs?

A) whisk ferns and epiphytes
B) horsetails and bryophytes
C) lycophytes and bryophytes
D) ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes
E) charophytes, bryophytes, and gymnosperms

Question 57

You are hiking in a forest and come upon a mysterious plant, which you determine is either a lycophyte sporophyte or a pterophyte sporophyte. Which of the following would be most helpful in determining the correct classification of the plant?

A) whether or not it has true leaves
B) whether it has microphylls or megaphylls
C) whether or not it has seeds
D) its height
E) whether or not it has chlorophyll a

Question 58

Which of the following is a true statement about angiosperm carpels?

A) Carpels are features of the gametophyte generation.
B) Carpels consist of anther and stamen.
C) Carpels are structures that directly produce male gametes.
D) Carpels surround and nourish the female gametophyte.
E) Carpels consist of highly modified microsporangia.

Question 59

Which group is noted for the independence of gametophyte and sporophyte generations from each other?

A) ferns
B) mosses, hornworts, and liverworts
C) charophytes
D) angiosperms
E) gymnosperms

Question 60

You are hiking in a forest and happen upon a plant featuring a central stemlike structure from which sprout many, tiny, leaflike structures. Which of the following would be the most certain means of distinguishing whether it was a true moss or a club moss?

A) its color
B) its height
C) if seeds are present
D) if conducting tissues are present
E) the appearance of its spore-producing structures

Question 61

All of the following cellular structures are functionally important in cells of the gametophytes of both angiosperms and gymnosperms except

A) haploid nuclei.
B) mitochondria.
C) cell walls.
D) chloroplasts.
E) peroxisomes.

Question 62

Gymnosperms differ from both extinct and extant (living) ferns because they

A) are woody.
B) have macrophylls.
C) have pollen.
D) have sporophylls.
E) have spores.

Question 63

Which of the following can be found in gymnosperms?

A) nonfertile flower parts
B) triploid endosperm
C) fruits
D) pollen
E) carpels

Question 64

Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms?

A) stigma
B) carpel
C) ovule
D) ovary
E) anthers

Question 65

Which of the following statements is true of the pine life cycle?

A) Cones are homologous to the capsules of moss plants.
B) The pine tree is a gametophyte.
C) Male and female gametophytes are in close proximity during gamete synthesis.
D) Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes.
E) Double fertilization is a relatively common phenomenon.

Question 66

Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the integument of a pine seed?

A) male gametophyte
B) female gametophyte
C) male sporophyte
D) female sporophyte

Question 67

Within a gymnosperm megasporangium, what is the correct sequence in which the following should appear during development, assuming that fertilization occurs? 1. sporophyte embryo
2) female gametophyte
3) egg cell
4) megaspore

A) 4 → 3 → 2 → 1
B) 4 → 2 → 3 → 1
C) 4 → 1 → 2 → 3
D) 1 → 4 → 3 → 2
E) 1 → 4 → 2 → 3

Question 68

Which of the following is most important in making the typical seed more resistant to adverse conditions than the typical spore?

A) a different type of sporopollenin
B) an internal reservoir of liquid water
C) integument(s)
D) ability to be dispersed
E) waxy cuticle

Question 69

What is true of stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales?

A) They are female reproductive parts.
B) None are capable of photosynthesis.
C) They are modified leaves.
D) They are found on flowers.
E) They are found on angiosperms.

Question 70

Which of the following is true concerning flowering plants?

A) The flower includes sporophyte tissue.
B) The gametophyte generation is dominant.
C) The gametophyte generation is what we see when looking at a large plant.
D) The sporophyte generation is not photosynthetic.
E) The sporophyte generation consists of relatively few cells within the flower.

Question 71

Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. sporophyte
2) microspores
3) microsporangia
4) pollen cone
5) pollen nuclei

A) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5
B) 1, 4, 2, 3, 5
C) 1, 2, 3, 5, 4
D) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5
E) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1

Question 72

Reptilian embryos are protected from desiccation by a leathery shell. Similarly, which pair of structures protects seed plants' embryos and male gametophytes, respectively, from desiccation?

A) ovules - waxy cuticle
B) ovaries - filaments
C) fruits - stamens
D) pollen grains - waxy cuticle
E) integuments - sporopollenin

Question 73

A researcher has developed two stains for use with seed plants. One stains sporophyte tissue blue; the other stains gametophyte tissue red. If the researcher exposes pollen grains to both stains, and then rinses away the excess stain, what should occur?

A) The pollen grains will be pure red.
B) The pollen grains will be pure blue.
C) The pollen grains will have red interiors and blue exteriors.
D) The pollen grains will have blue interiors and red exteriors.
E) Insofar as the pollen grains are independent of the plant that produced them, they will not absorb either stain.

Question 74

Which trait(s) is (are) shared by many modern gymnosperms and angiosperms? 1. pollen transported by wind
2) lignified xylem
3) microscopic gametophytes
4) sterile sporophylls, modified to attract pollinators
5) endosperm

A) 1 only
B) 1 and 3
C) 1, 2, and 3
D) 1, 3, and 5
E) 2, 4, and 5

Question 75

Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the pollen tube?

A) male gametophyte
B) female gametophyte
C) male sporophyte
D) female sporophyte

Question 76

Which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle?

A) Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs.
B) Seeds are produced in pollen-producing cones.
C) Pollen grains contain female gametophytes.
D) A pollen tube slowly digests its way through the triploid endosperm.

Question 77

In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a

A) moss sporophyte.
B) moss gametophyte bearing both male and female gametangia.
C) fern sporophyte.
D) hermaphroditic fern gametophyte.
E) fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia.

Question 78

Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the fruit?

A) male gametophyte
B) female gametophyte
C) male sporophyte
D) female sporophyte

Question 79

Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the megasporangium of pine ovules?

A) male gametophyte
B) female gametophyte
C) male sporophyte
D) female sporophyte

Question 80

Generally, wind pollination is most likely to be found in seed plants that grow

A) close to the ground.
B) in dense, single-species stands.
C) in relative isolation from other members of the same species.
D) along coastlines where prevailing winds blow from the land out to sea.
E) in well-drained soils.