Deck 7: Attitudes and Attitude Change: Influencing Thoughts and Feelings

Question 1

The three parts that form our evaluations of attitude objects are

A)affective,cognitive,and evaluative.
B)cognitive,behavioral,and evaluative.
C)affective,behavioral,and cognitive.
D)affective,behavioral,and evaluative.

Answer 1

affective,behavioral,and cognitive.

Question 2

The function of cognitively based attitudes is

A)evaluation.
B)object appraisal.
C)the use of logic.
D)decision-making.

Answer 2

object appraisal.

Question 3

Work by Tesser (1993)suggests that the genetic "component" of attitudes is due to the fact that genes influence

A)everyday behaviors.
B)personality and temperament.
C)the situations we select.
D)our evaluations of all attitude objects.

Answer 3

personality and temperament.

Question 4

Abraham Tesser (1993)suggests-based on studies of twins-that some attitudes are linked to

A)parental discipline.
B)peer group and sibling influence.
C)genetic influences.
D)the amount of television people watch.

Question 5

Doty is out weeding her petunias when she sees a garden snake.She feels fear and jumps up and runs back to the house,all the while thinking,"I know that garden snakes are not dangerous." This example illustrates an inconsistency between the ____ component of attitudes and the ____ components.

A)affective; behavioral and cognitive
B)behavioral; affective and cognitive
C)cognitive; affective and behavioral
D)There is no inconsistency between the components.

Question 6

Attitudes are composed of all of the following components except

A)emotional reactions.
B)behavioral tendencies.
C)self-perceptions.
D)thoughts and beliefs.

Question 7

Kenneth believes that Funny-O' s cereal is good because it has no sugar,it contains all of the recommended vitamins and minerals,and it has no artificial flavors.Kenneth's attitude toward Funny-O's is a(n)

A)object appraisal.
B)affectively based attitude.
C)undifferentiated attitude.
D)behaviorally based attitude.

Question 8

According to the brief social history of the cigarette presented in the introduction to Chapter 7 (Attitudes and Attitude Change),the way the industry has increased its business is primarily by

A)improving its product.
B)producing more of its product.
C)getting new populations of people to buy its product.
D)decreasing the price of its product.

Question 9

According to the authors,what originally spurred the development of advertising for cigarettes and other products was

A)the development of the ability to mass-produce products.
B)the development of new forms of media.
C)the growing desire of the public for information about the product.
D)the development of the entertainment industry.

Question 10

The ____ component of attitudes is to emotional reactions as the ____ component is to knowledge and beliefs.

A)evaluative; behavioral
B)affective; behavioral
C)evaluative; cognitive
D)affective; cognitive

Question 11

____ attitudes are based primarily on people's beliefs about properties of attitude objects.

A)Affectively based
B)Intention-based
C)Evaluatively based
D)Cognitively based

Question 12

Which of the following is not a venue for advertisements,according to the authors of your text?

A)the human body
B)your dreams
C)restroom stalls
D)the Internet

Question 13

The observable actions toward an attitude object illustrate the ____ component of attitudes.

A)cognitive
B)affective
C)positive
D)behavioral

Question 14

At the new-car dealership,Josh asks the salesperson a number of questions: "How good is the gas mileage on this model? What does Consumer Reports say about this make and model? Does this car hold its resale value?" ____ The component of Josh's attitude toward the car is most likely to inform his questions.

A)affective
B)cognitive
C)dissonant
D)behavioral

Question 15

Recent findings that ____ tend to have similar attitudes is the strongest evidence suggesting that attitudes are in part genetic.

A)fraternal twins
B)identical twins reared apart
C)adoptive siblings
D)cousins

Question 16

Around the turn of the century,cigarette advertisers began to appeal to women as a new market for their product.They did this by making the connection between smoking and

A)weight loss.
B)sophistication and glamour.
C)women's liberation.
D)all of the above

Question 17

According to the authors of your text,why are attitudes important?

A)They determine what we do.
B)They are a crucial part of the self.
C)They are key to eliminating prejudice.
D)They are malleable in different situations.

Question 18

Recent evidence provided by the authors of your text suggests that attitudes are linked to

A)attachment style.
B)parenting style.
C)genes.
D)birth order.

Question 19

People tend to evaluate what they see in the world

A)rarely.
B)only when motivated.
C)only when they are not distracted or cognitively busy.
D)constantly.

Question 20

Abraham Tesser (1993)suggests that some attitudes are linked to genetic influences.According to Tesser,how is it possible that we might inherit from our parents a love of something like classical music?

A)The influence of genes is modified by early childhood experiences.
B)Genes influence temperament and personality,which are in turn related to attitudes.
C)Genes that influence attitudes are dominant genes,not recessive genes.
D)There are specific genes related to musical preferences,but not to other attitudes.

Question 21

Consider the lyrics to Smokey Robinson's "You've Really Got a Hold on Me": "I don't like you,but I love you / Seems that I'm always thinking of you / You treat me badly / I love you madly / You've really got a hold on me." The sentiments reflected in these lyrics best capture the ____ component of the singer's attitude.

A)cognitive
B)ambivalent
C)behavioral
D)affective

Question 22

Cognitively based attitude is to ____ as ____ attitude is to emotion.

A)evaluation; behaviorally based
B)evaluation; value based
C)appraisal; affectively based
D)values; affectively based

Question 23

A positive attitude can be formed via classical conditioning when an attitude object is repeatedly paired with

A)a pleasant stimulus/experience.
B)rewards for a simple behavior.
C)punishments for misbehavior.
D)arousal and cognition.

Question 24

Affectively based attitudes tend to stem from any of the following sources except

A)rational appraisal of costs and benefits.
B)personal values.
C)sensory experiences.
D)conditioning.

Question 25

Claude had an unpleasant experience during his last visit to Dallas,Texas.He was approached by two men with strong Texas accents who wielded a sharp knife,roughed him up,cracked a rib,and stole all his money.Ever since Claude was mugged,he has taken an instant dislike to anyone who speaks with a Texas twang. Claude's negative attitude toward Texas accents is most probably a result of

A)instrumental conditioning.
B)attitude accessibility.
C)classical conditioning.
D)cognitive dissonance reduction.

Question 26

An attitude based on operant conditioning is formed when a behavior toward an attitude object is

A)positively reinforced.
B)performed unconsciously.
C)done privately,then publicly.
D)paired with a negative stimulus.

Question 27

Miguel recaptures the freedom of his youth when he test drives the new Volkswagen "bug." He feels twenty- five years younger,and remembers cruising the beaches of California in his old 1970 bug when he was in college.He decides to purchase that new VW model.Miguel's positive attitude toward the car is primarily driven by

A)a cognitive component.
B) an affective component.
C)operant conditioning.
D)classical conditioning.

Question 28

Why are affectively based attitudes so resistant to logical persuasive attempts to change them? Affectively based attitudes are

A)often linked to values,which are difficult to change.
B)governed by knowledge of the issues.
C)the result of the same illogical source.
D)acquired by automatic processes.

Question 29

The function of affectively based attitudes is

A)to paint an accurate picture of the world.
B)to express and validate one's basic value system.
C)to behave in accordance with one's attitudes.
D)to weigh the pluses and minuses of an attitude object.

Question 30

Samantha really enjoys gummy bears.Her attitude did not stem from any rational examination of the nutritional value of this food,and isn't governed by logic (she can't be persuaded to stop eating them). Samantha's attitude about gummy bears is most likely

A)affectively based.
B)cognitively based.
C)behaviorally based.
D)intuitively based.

Question 31

André is not at all familiar with a presidential candidate's stand on the issues or with his proposed policies,but André likes "his" candidate and plans to vote for him anyway.This example illustrates that people's attitudes toward politicians are often

A)cognitively based.
B)affectively based.
C)behaviorally based.
D)classically conditioned.

Question 32

The Rolling Stones' "Satisfaction" was playing on the radio when Margaret's fiancé broke off their engagement.Margaret was heartbroken,of course,and can no longer stand the Rolling Stones or their songs,and turns them off every time they come on the radio.Margaret's attitude toward the Rolling Stones and their songs is affectively based in that it was

A)linked to her deeply held values.
B)classically conditioned by a traumatic experience.
C)generated by a rational examination of the issues.
D)highly accessible when her fiancé broke the engagement.

Question 33

An attitude is usually considered to be affectively based because

A)it is entirely a result of rational examination.
B)it is,in fact,governed by logic.
C)it is a strong predictor of behavior.
D)it is linked to values.

Question 34

It is estimated that one-third of the electorate knows almost nothing about specific politicians.Nonetheless,these people hold very strong opinions about them.This pattern of findings suggests that people's attitudes toward politicians may be largely

A)ambivalent.
B)affectively based.
C)behaviorally based.
D)cognitively based.

Question 35

If Little Joey gets punished every time he plays with matches,Joey may develop a negative attitude toward matches.What would best explain Joey's negative attitude toward them?

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)personal values
D)attitude conditioning

Question 36

Paul has a very positive reaction to the smell of wood smoke.In all likelihood,this is because the smell of a fire reminds him of wonderful winter days he spent as a child in front of the fireplace at his grandparents' cabin in the north woods.This example illustrates ____ as a basis for affectively based attitudes.

A)operant conditioning
B)systematic processing
C)classical conditioning
D)nostalgia

Question 37

In all likelihood,attitudes toward ____ are affectively based,and stem from ____.

A)cleaning products; people's values
B)instant coffee; instrumental conditioning
C)abortion; a logical examination of the facts
D)the death penalty; people's values

Question 38

When Myra looks at the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel for the first time and sees the gorgeous art,she is awestruck,and even moved to tears by the beauty of it.Her affective-based attitude is a result of

A)her system of beliefs.
B)her values as a pagan.
C)classical conditioning.
D)a sensory reaction.

Question 39

The purpose of cognitively based attitudes is to

A)classify the pluses and minuses of an object to make a quick decision.
B)evaluate one's feelings about the attitude object.
C)decide on the best behavioral response to an attitude object.
D)create new feelings about attitude objects.

Question 40

Although affectively based attitudes can be derived from a number of different sources,they are alike in that they tend to be

A)based on rational examination of relevant information.
B)logically organized.
C)linked to personal values.
D)unrelated to past experience.

Question 41

Who is most likely to form a behaviorally based attitude?

A)Lucinda,who tastes sushi for the first time because she is curious and hates it
B)Carmen,who goes clogging with her friends because they insist on her accompanying them
C)Jeremiah,who finds himself spending hours on the Internet for no good reason
D)Paco,who goes to the gym five days a week because the doctor ordered him to lose weight and exercise

Question 42

Complete the following analogy: explicit attitude is to implicit attitude as

A)behaviorally based attitude is to cognitively based attitude.
B)controlled behavior is to unconscious behavior.
C)affect is to evaluation.
D)self-perception theory is to the IAT.

Question 43

It can be rather difficult to assess implicit attitudes.Nonetheless,a number of techniques exist,including

A)the Implicit Associations Test (IAT).
B)surveys and questionnaires.
C)structured interviews.
D)observation of controllable behaviors.

Question 44

Research by Rudman and his colleagues (2007)suggests that implicit attitudes are rooted in ____ experiences,whereas explicit attitudes are based in ____ experiences.

A)current; childhood
B)traumatic; normal
C)childhood; present
D)emotional; cognitive

Question 45

Complete the analogy about attitudes; implicit: ____:: explicit: ____.

A)childhood; present
B)current; future
C)controlled; cognitive
D)automatic; non-conscious

Question 46

Which of the following is most closely related to the notion of behaviorally based attitudes?

A)self-persuasion theory
B)self-perception theory
C)the Yale Attitude Change approach
D)the elaboration likelihood model

Question 47

Based on research presented by the authors of your text about implicit attitudes,people seem to be able to have implicit attitudes about

A)race.
B)gender.
C)any group of people.
D)anything.

Question 48

Which of the following is the best example of a behaviorally based attitude?

A)Sheila tastes chocolate for the first time and loves it!
B)Millicent finds herself sketching in her spare time and realizes she must love to draw.
C)Bill exercises every day because he knows that it is good for his health.
D)Dahlia votes for her state representative because she likes him.

Question 49

All of the following are characteristics of affectively based attitudes except

A)it is not a result of rational examination.
B)it is often linked to values.
C)it is a central part of one's self.
D)it is governed by logic.

Question 50

In a recent study of implicit attitudes by Rudman and his colleagues (2007),people who were close to their mothers and whose mothers were ____ tended to have more positive implicit attitudes about overweight people.

A)not prejudiced
B)especially critical of their appearance
C)overweight
D)self-confident

Question 51

Explicit attitudes influence our behavior when ____,while implicit attitudes influence our behavior when ____.

A)we are not monitoring our behavior; we are monitoring our behavior
B)we are monitoring our behavior; we are not monitoring our behavior
C)we make public statements,we consider our private beliefs
D)our behavior is nonverbal; our behavior is verbal

Question 52

Daryl Bem's self-perception theory suggests that we form attitudes about an object based more on our ____ toward that object than our ____ toward that object.

A)behavior; thoughts and feelings
B)thoughts and feelings; behavior
C)beliefs; past experience
D)social group's behavior; own behavior

Question 53

Explicit attitudes are ____,while implicit attitudes are ____.

A)public statements; private beliefs
B)in conscious awareness; involuntary and sometimes unconscious
C)affectively based; usually cognitively based
D)involuntary; voluntary

Question 54

In a recent study of implicit attitudes by Rudman and his colleagues (2007),people who were overweight ____ tended to have more positive implicit attitudes about overweight people.

A)currently
B)as children
C)due to genetic reasons
D)and had a positive body image

Question 55

People tend to be less aware of their ____ attitudes,which are more likely to influence behaviors they are not monitoring.

A)explicit
B)cognitively based
C)implicit
D)self-perceived

Question 56

When people infer an attitude from their observations of how they behave toward an object,they have a(n)

A)affectively based attitude.
B)behaviorally based attitude.
C)cognitively based attitude.
D)explicit attitude.

Question 57

Which of the following statements is true?

A)"I like my toaster because you can toast four pieces of bread at one time" reflects a behaviorally based attitude.
B)"I hate all politicians because they represent pure evil" represents a cognitively based attitude.
C)"I guess I like junk food,because I'm always eating it" represents a behaviorally based attitude.
D)"I'd like to get rid of this car because it's always in the shop" represents an affectively based attitude.

Question 58

Which of the following best illustrates an implicit attitude?

A)when Tracy checks off her opinion on a survey questionnaire
B)when Randi experiences a flash of discomfort around her lesbian friends
C)when Sarah sees Schindler's List and concludes that it is anti-Semitic
D)when Jodi,who is white,marries Percy,who is black

Question 59

Jane is asked what kind of computer she prefers.She says,"Well,I always seem to be working on a Macintosh,so I guess I like them best." In this case,Jane's attitude appears to be

A)affectively based.
B)cognitively based.
C)value-based.
D)behaviorally based.

Question 60

People are most likely to form behaviorally based attitudes when ____ and ____.

A)the initial attitude is weak or ambiguous; there are no external justifications for the behavior
B)the initial attitude is weak or ambiguous; there are no internal justifications for the behavior
C)the initial attitude is strong and clear; there are no external justifications for the behavior
D)the initial attitude is strong and clear; there are no internal justifications for the behavior

Question 61

Why is the induction of cognitive dissonance not more widely used as an attitude change technique by the advertising community?

A)Advertising researchers are not familiar with the theory.
B)Cognitive dissonance is not effective in changing people's attitudes and subsequent behavior.
C)Cognitive dissonance techniques are difficult to implement on a mass scale.
D)Cognitive dissonance has fallen out of favor with the advent of the computer as a model for human behavior.

Question 62

Attitudes are of course an individual internal phenomenon,yet they are of tremendous interest to social psychologists.Why?

A)Many attitudes are shared by groups of people.
B)Attitude change is often due to social influence.
C)Attitude change is often self-serving.
D)Attitudes are the most powerful predictor of social behaviors.

Question 63

The Yale Attitude Change approach focused on a number of factors that influence the success of a persuasive message.Which of the following best exemplifies source variables as one of those factors?

A)high- versus low-quality argument
B)one-sided versus two-sided messages
C)long versus short appeals
D)expert versus novice speakers

Question 64

The Yale Attitude Change approach focused on a number of factors that influence the success of a persuasive message.Which of the following best exemplifies audience variables as one of those factors?

A)attentive versus inattentive listeners
B)high-quality versus low-quality arguments
C)expert versus novel speakers
D)one-sided versus two-sided messages

Question 65

Communication such as a speech or television advertisement that advocates a particular side of an issue is considered

A)propaganda.
B)persuasive communication.
C)external justification.
D)marketing research.

Question 66

Just after the tragic events of September 11,2001,President George W.Bush's performance ratings soared from a low of 50 percent to a high of 82 percent,only to fall back to 53 percent a month later.This phenomenon suggests that

A)political attitudes are especially volatile.
B)although relatively stable,attitudes can and do change.
C)political ads are not as effective as politicians would hope.
D)the electorate had no internal justification for voting for Clinton.

Question 67

Persuasion from the perspective of "who says what to whom" is best associated with the

A)elaboration likelihood model.
B)heuristic-systematic model of persuasion.
C)use of the central route to persuasion.
D)Yale attitude change approach.

Question 68

Jenny was obese as a child,but is currently a normal weight for her height.Based on research by Rudman and his colleagues (2007)presented in your text,Jenny is most likely to have a ____ attitude about overweight people.

A)favorable implicit
B)unfavorable implicit
C)favorable explicit
D)neutral

Question 69

According to the tenets of cognitive dissonance theory,people are most likely to change their attitudes when they have ____ justification for an attitude-discrepant behavior.

A)ample external
B)ample internal
C)insufficient external
D)insufficient internal

Question 70

The Yale Attitude Change approach focused on a number of factors that influence the success of a persuasive message.Which of the following best exemplifies communication variables as one of those factors?

A)hostile versus receptive audiences
B)attentive versus inattentive listeners
C)long versus short appeals
D)expert versus novice speakers

Question 71

Historically,the Yale Attitude Change approach to persuasion developed from experiments conducted

A)in Nazi Germany to promote anti-Semitism.
B)in the early 1900s as the industrial revolution continued to grow in the U.S.
C)in the U.S.during World War II to increase soldiers' morale.
D)in Russia by the communist regime.

Question 72

Counterattitudinal advocacy results in attitude change when

A)there is minimal external justification for the statement.
B)there is minimal internal justification for the statement.
C)the attitude is accessible.
D)the attitude is initially very strong.

Question 73

The Yale Attitude Change approach to persuasion yielded a great deal of information about the attitude change process,but there was one major problem with the approach;

A)it was not clear when one factor should be emphasized over others.
B)it only accounted for implicit attitudes.
C)it only applied to women between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five.
D)it is unclear as to who exactly is a source and who is an audience member.

Question 74

The Yale Attitude Change approach to persuasion emphasizes which of the following three aspects of persuasion?

A)the source; the nature of the communication; the nature of the audience
B)the source; the need for cognition; the implicit attitudes of the audience
C)the source; the nature of the communication; the route of processing (central/peripheral)
D)the personality of the audience; the nature of the message; the social status of the speaker

Question 75

Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that when you cannot find sufficient external justification for your actions,you will attempt to find ____ which can lead to attitude change.

A)implicit attitudes about your behavior
B)self-perceptions
C)internal justification
D)cognitively based attitudes

Question 76

Although cognitive dissonance is a very powerful way to change someone's attitude,it is not implemented on mass scales.Why not?

A)Most people are resistant to persuasion attempts.
B)Very few people ever experience cognitive dissonance.
C)People would become psychologically reactive to the persuasion attempt and do the opposite.
D)It would be difficult to create a situation of low external justification on a mass scale.

Question 77

In a recent study of implicit attitudes by Rudman and his colleagues (2007),people who were overweight ____ but were not overweight ____ tended to have more positive implicit attitudes and negative explicit attitudes about overweight people.

A)currently; as children
B)as children; as adolescents
C)as children; currently
D)currently; by very much

Question 78

In order to change attitudes about something on a mass scale,whether it is a product,a social problem,or a political candidate,it would be best to use

A)dissonance reduction techniques.
B)persuasive communication.
C)insufficient external justification.
D)counterattitudinal advocacy.

Question 79

Your friend wears bell-bottoms constantly,a behavior that offends your sense of style.If you wanted to apply cognitive dissonance theory to get your friend to change her attitude toward bell-bottoms,you should encourage her to give a public speech ____ under conditions of ____ external justification.

A)against bell-bottoms; low
B)in favor of bell-bottoms; low
C)against bell-bottoms; high
D)in favor of bell-bottoms; high

Question 80

According to the Yale Attitude Change approach, ____ speakers are more persuasive than their opposites.

A)attractive
B)friendly
C)novice
D)young