Deck 6: The Olympian Family of Zeus: Sharing Rule of the Universe

Question 1

Among the steps involved in the experimental method are

A) observation of events
B) development of a hypothesis
C) empirical testing of the hypothesis
D) all of the above

Answer 1

all of the above

Question 2

In a(n) _________ design, participants within a single condition are compared to themselves at various points in time.

A) analogue
B) within-group
C) between-group
D) experimental

Answer 2

within-group

Question 3

When researchers measure the outcome of psychotherapy, the perspective of _________ can be a good source of data.

A) the client
B) the psychotherapist
C) family members of the client
D) all of the above

Answer 3

all of the above

Question 4

_________ refers to the success of a particular therapy in a controlled study conducted with clients who were chosen according to particular study criteria.

A) Effectiveness
B) Psychotherapy outcome
C) Efficacy
D) none of the above

Question 5

A(n) _________ design is often used by clinical psychologists when they cannot adequately access the target population or situation, so they approximate it to the extent possible. For example, they may ask participants to imagine themselves in a particular situation.

A) analogue
B) between-group
C) within-group
D) mixed-group

Question 6

_________ refers to the success of a therapy in actual clinical settings in which client problems may be diagnostically complex.

A) Effectiveness
B) Exposure and response prevention
C) Internal validity
D) Efficacy

Question 7

___________ tend to be held in high regard by researchers who prefer the idiographic approach to the nomothetic approach.

A) Experiments
B) Quasi-experiments
C) Case studies
D) Correlational studies

Question 8

Compared to effectiveness studies, efficacy studies of psychotherapy outcome generally have

A) weaker internal validity
B) weaker external validity
C) all of the above
D) none of the above

Question 9

___________ refers to the extent to which change in the dependent variable is due solely to change in the independent variable.

A) Internal validity
B) External validity
C) Test-retest reliability
D) Split-half reliability

Question 10

The ABAB design is an example of a(n)

A) case study.
B) analogue design.
C) between-groups design.
D) meta-analysis.

Question 11

_____________ refers to the generalizability of the result of a scientific study, or the extent to which the same finding is applicable to different settings and populations.

A) Internal validity
B) External validity
C) Convergent validity
D) Reliability

Question 12

Which of these statements is consistent with ethical standards of the most recent edition of the APA ethical code?

A) Researchers should obtain informed consent from prospective participants.
B) Researchers should never fabricate or falsify data.
C) Researchers should share their data with other competent researchers for reanalysis.
D) all of the above

Question 13

_________ variables are those variables in an experiment that are manipulated by the experimenter.

A) Internal
B) External
C) Independent
D) Dependent

Question 14

In short, the ______of a form of therapy is how well it works "in the lab," where it is practiced according to manualized methods.

A) outcome
B) efficacy
C) effectiveness
D) status

Question 15

In 1952, ______________ published an unfavorable review of research on psychotherapy outcome which served as a catalyst for subsequent research on the subject which has been more positive.

A) Hans Eysenck
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Anna Freud
D) Carl Rogers

Question 16

Compared to effectiveness studies, efficacy studies of psychotherapy outcome generally have

A) greater internal validity
B) greater external validity
C) all of the above
D) none of the above

Question 17

In a(n) _________ design, participants in different conditions receive entirely different treatments.

A) quasi-experimental
B) analogue
C) between-group
D) within-group

Question 18

The 1995 Consumer Reports survey regarding psychotherapy outcome is an example of a ________ study.

A) efficacy
B) effectiveness
C) all of the above
D) none of the above

Question 19

The 1995 Consumer Reports study found that

A) less than 40% of respondents reported that therapy was beneficial.
B) longer therapy generally produced greater benefit.
C) the profession of the person providing the therapy made a significant difference, such that clinical psychologists produced better outcomes than psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.
D) all of the above

Question 20

A(n) __________________ is a statistical method of combining results of separate studies to create a summation of its findings.

A) ABAB design
B) case study
C) qualitative review
D) meta-analysis

Question 21

Case studies

A) are typically low in generalizability.
B) often have direct clinical relevance and can stimulate more systematic research findings.
C) all of the above
D) none of the above

Question 22

Compare and contrast the idiographic approach to the nomothetic approach.

Question 23

Compare and contrast efficacy and effectiveness studies of psychotherapy outcome.

Question 24

Reading a single review of a movie can be informative, but reading a synthesis of many reviews of the same movie can be much more informative about the effect the movie had across many individuals. This notion is analogous to the research strategy known as

A) case studies.
B) between-group designs.
C) correlational methods.
D) meta-analysis.

Question 25

What is the primary difference between correlational methods and experimental methods?

Question 26

Name some essential questions regarding the assessment of psychotherapy outcome that a researcher must consider when designing a study of psychotherapy outcome.

Question 27

___________ involve a thorough and detailed examination of one person or situation.

A) Case studies
B) Correlational studies
C) Meta-analyses
D) Within-group design studies

Question 28

Compare and contrast cross-sectional designs and longitudinal designs.