Deck 7: The First Two Years: Psychosocial Development

Question 1

Attachment develops in infancy and then wanes over time.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Proximity-seeking and contact-maintaining attachment behaviors have been crucial to the survival of the species.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The New York Longitudinal Study suggested that children as young as 3 months old manifested nine inborn temperamental traits.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The Strange Situation is a classic laboratory procedure used to measure attachment.

Question 5

Parents in North America are more likely to encourage their children to feel modesty and shame than parents in Asia.

Question 6

Around age 1, an emerging sense of "me" and "mine" leads to a new consciousness of others.

Question 7

Fearful babies invariably grow into fearful adults, as destined by their genes.

Question 8

Contrary to popular belief, child abuse has few long-term consequences for a child's emotional development.

Question 9

Baby Roland wants his bottle, but he can't reach it. He gets angry, his face turns red, and he cries loudly. His anger is a healthy response to his frustration.

Question 10

A securely attached infant is unlikely to explore an unfamiliar environment when his or her mother is present.

Question 11

At age 5, Samantha still exhibits very strong separation anxiety whenever her mother leaves her anywhere. Samantha's behavior is typical for her age.

Question 12

The social smile in response to another person begins to appear at about 6 weeks of age.

Question 13

An insecure attachment in infancy means that the child is destined for lifelong problems with relationships.

Question 14

Infants as young as 6 months of age seem capable of expressing anger.

Question 15

A typical 11-month-old baby is likely to display both fear of strangers and separation anxiety.

Question 16

Temperament is influenced by biology.

Question 17

It has been shown that babies are often unaffected by and immune to parental stress.

Question 18

Colic is likely the result of immature digestion in infants.

Question 19

When a father makes a silly face and his infant widens her eyes in surprise, there is evidence of synchrony.

Question 20

Self-recognition, as revealed by the mirror test, usually emerges between 15 and 24 months of age.

Question 21

Which behavior develops around 6 weeks of age?

A) anger
B) laughter
C) fear of unexpected sounds
D) the social smile

Question 22

Roseanne is several hours old. Which of the following emotions is already apparent?

A) social smile
B) reaction to pain
C) embarrassed crying
D) fear of strangers

Question 23

Tang is a 3-month-old infant. Which of the following behaviors has probably just appeared?

A) distress
B) laughter
C) social smile
D) fear

Question 24

Andrew has recently begun to display the emotion of anger. Andrew is most likely ____

A) 3 weeks old.
B) 3 months old.
C) 6 months old.
D) 9 months old.

Question 25

According to the results of cross-cultural research, distal parenting often results in toddlers who are self-aware but less obedient than those whose parents engage in proximal parenting.

Question 26

About ____ percent of babies cry "excessively," defined as more than three hours a day, for more than three days a week, for more than three weeks.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 20
D) 35

Question 27

Separation anxiety and stranger wariness are two kinds of ____ in infancy and toddlerhood.

A) sadness
B) anger
C) fear
D) regulatory strategies

Question 28

According to Freud, preventing sucking or weaning too early during infancy may have long-lasting effects on personality development.

Question 29

Baby Chang participated in a research study in which the researcher restrained Chang's arms for two minutes. Which emotion did Chang likely experience?

A) sadness
B) fear
C) anger
D) shame

Question 30

In-home day care is always preferable to out-of-home day care.

Question 31

Social learning is achieved by observing others.

Question 32

At 6 weeks of age, baby Jessica's newest emotional reaction is MOST likely to be _____.

A) fear of strangers
B) a wide-eyed look of surprise
C) a social smile
D) a squeal of delight at her favorite toy

Question 33

Mothers are better than fathers at reading their infants' emotions and responding with synchrony.

Question 34

Which of the following emotions is the last to develop in an infant?

A) fear of strangers
B) anger
C) pride
D) curiosity

Question 35

Like Freud, Erikson argued that problems and conflicts that arise in early childhood could adversely affect one's adult personality.

Question 36

Increased levels of cortisol are associated with an infant experiencing _____.

A) sadness
B) anger
C) well-being
D) secure attachment

Question 37

Madison's mother warmly greeted an old friend in the grocery store. After observing her mother, Madison smiled, too. Madison engaged in social referencing to guide her own reaction to her mother's friend.

Question 38

An infant's anger is usually triggered by _____.

A) sadness
B) fear
C) frustration
D) shame

Question 39

According to cognitive theorists, values and thoughts determine one's perspective on the world.

Question 40

Studies show that there are no significant differences between mother-child play and father-child play with infants under 12 months of age.

Question 41

Cry variations in early infancy correlate with later _____.

A) attachment
B) intelligence
C) temperament
D) language skills

Question 42

Which of the following statements about temperament and personality is true?

A) They are different terms for the same concept.
B) Personality is biologically based, while temperament is shaped by the environment.
C) Both temperament and personality are present at birth.
D) Temperament is not the same as personality.

Question 43

Tremal, 20 months, recently started using first-person pronouns. His mother is somewhat concerned that Tremal constantly asserts his rights to objects, shouting, "Mine!" Even when playing with his brother, Tremal doesn't want to share toys, instead insisting that everything is "mine." What does Tremal's behavior show about his emotional development?

A) Tremal has developed a sense of self-awareness.
B) Tremal's anxiety has become a source of anger.
C) Tremal is being selfish and his mother needs to discipline him.
D) Tremal is trying to establish that he is the "boss" at home.

Question 44

Which emotion requires an understanding of social awareness?

A) fear of strangers
B) anger
C) pride
D) curiosity

Question 45

Which statement about emotional development in toddlers is true?

A) Toddlers will universally feel proud of themselves.
B) Emotions like pride and humility are dependent on cultural values.
C) Toddlers are naturally humble.
D) Toddlers are no longer distressed when separated from their parents.

Question 46

Eight-month-old Tiffany's parents often fight and scream, which has escalated to physical violence on multiple occasions. What effect might this environment have on her brain development?

A) Her hypothalamus may grow more slowly than normal.
B) Her prefrontal lobes will be overdeveloped.
C) Her dendrites will likely overdevelop.
D) Her anterior cingulate gyrus will be damaged.

Question 47

What are the four categories of temperament suggested by the New York Longitudinal Study?

A) easy, difficult, unregulated, hard-to-classify
B) easy, insurgent, slow-to-warm-up, hard-to-classify
C) easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up, hard-to-classify
D) mellow, tense, shy, indeterminate

Question 48

If we place a dot of rouge on a 20-month-old girl's nose and stand the child in front of a mirror, she may then touch her own nose. This indicates that the child has some _____.

A) dynamic perception
B) perceptual constancy
C) social referencing
D) self-awareness

Question 49

Researchers placed a dot of rouge on babies' noses and then had them look into a mirror. On average, at what age did most babies touch their own noses when they saw their reflection?

A) 3 months
B) 6 months
C) 9 months
D) 18 months

Question 50

The new emotions that appear toward the end of a child's second year are _____.

A) joy, distress, fear, and anger
B) pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt
C) joy, fear, shame, and guilt
D) pride, shame, joy, and anger

Question 51

Which characteristic must be present before an infant can experience pride, shame, or guilt?

A) social awareness
B) social skills
C) stranger anxiety
D) embarrassment

Question 52

According to the New York Longitudinal Study, at what age can infants' temperaments first be classified?

A) 1 month
B) 3 months
C) 6 months
D) 12 months

Question 53

If separation anxiety remains intense after age 3, impairing a child's ability to leave home, go to school, or play with other children, it is considered a(n) ______.

A) red flag for maltreatment
B) normative, as anxiety is common up until the age of 7
C) emotional disorder
D) indication of severe cognitive impairment

Question 54

Experience connects the ____ and the ____, and it helps infants connect their feelings with those of other people.

A) hippocampus; limbic system
B) frontal lobes; brain stem
C) amygdala; prefrontal cortex
D) brain stem; amygdala

Question 55

Adam is playful but sometimes moody; fussy but generally tolerant; and sometimes quiet and at other times boisterous. His temperament would be categorized as "_____."

A) easy
B) challenging
C) difficult
D) hard-to-classify

Question 56

Which statement about infants' emotional development is true?

A) The social smile in response to another person first appears at about 12 weeks old.
B) Very young infants seem incapable of expressing distress and contentment.
C) A 5-month-old baby is likely to display fear of strangers and separation anxiety.
D) An 11-month-old baby may show separation anxiety when her mother goes into another room.

Question 57

Research has found that a person's temperament is _____.

A) highly variable from one country to the next
B) determined almost entirely by parenting
C) linked to biological patterns that appear in infancy
D) created during early social interactions

Question 58

When a baby acts upset because a caregiver is leaving, the baby is exhibiting _____.

A) general anxiety
B) separation anxiety
C) solitary fear
D) fear of isolation

Question 59

Four-month-old Tammi and 13-month-old Dawn are left with a babysitter. How will they react?

A) Tammi will be more upset than Dawn.
B) Dawn will probably show more distress than Tammi.
C) Both Tammi and Dawn will be experiencing separation anxiety.
D) Neither girl is likely to show distress.

Question 60

An infant's distress at seeing an unfamiliar person is called "_____."

A) stranger wariness
B) extrafamilial fear
C) fear of the unknown
D) separation anxiety

Question 61

The crucial aspect of synchrony is _____.

A) infants observing adults
B) infants imitating adults
C) mutual interaction
D) unilateral imitation

Question 62

Which child is demonstrating characteristics of secure attachment?

A) Jennifer, who ignores her father while sitting in a corner
B) Jaron, who expresses fear at the sight of his mother
C) Chase, who makes contact with his mother after she re-enters the room
D) Emily, who refuses to let go of her father when he attempts to place her on the floor

Question 63

Jerome clings to his mother and refuses to leave her lap. When she walks into another room, Jerome throws a huge temper tantrum. However, when his mother returns, he is not relieved. Instead, he cries and hits her. When she puts him down, he throws another fit and puts his arms up to be held. Jerome is exhibiting characteristics of _____ attachment.

A) insecure-avoidant
B) insecure-resistant/ambivalent
C) secure
D) disoriented

Question 64

Secure attachment makes a toddler _____.

A) willing to explore
B) self-centered
C) cling to the mother
D) want to talk a lot

Question 65

Baby Carrie's father is holding her. She is smiling at him one minute and then, unexpectedly, she slaps his face, which is typical for her. Carrie frequently engages in other odd behaviors, such as freezing in place and pinching herself so hard it leaves bruises. Carrie is demonstrating characteristics of _____ attachment.

A) insecure-avoidant
B) disorganized
C) secure-detached
D) insecure-resistant/ambivalent

Question 66

A sign of secure attachment is when a child _____.

A) refuses to let go of the caregiver's arm
B) plays aimlessly without interacting with the caregiver
C) shows extreme fear and anger
D) maintains contact with the caregiver while exploring

Question 67

Contemporary researchers believe that there are three dimensions of temperament, each of which affects later personality development and school performance: ____

A) easy, slow-to-warm-up, unclassified
B) secure, insecure, disorganized
C) easy, secure, difficult
D) effortful control, negative mood, exuberance

Question 68

The coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant is called "_____."

A) scaffolding
B) synchrony
C) symbiosis
D) interplay

Question 69

Synchrony depends on _____.

A) attention span
B) stable mood
C) responsiveness and timing
D) breast-feeding

Question 70

According to a longitudinal study on temperament, which followed participants into adulthood, which infant is most likely to change from infancy to age 4?

A) Yolanda, who is exuberant and easygoing
B) Michaela, who is inhibited and fearful
C) Nellie, who is fussy and unpredictable
D) Paulette, who is sometimes positive and sometimes fearful

Question 71

Jimmy's dad comes home from grocery shopping, sees Jimmy sitting on the sofa, and says, "Where's that boy of mine?" Jimmy gives his dad a smile that spreads across his entire face, and his dad responds with an exaggerated surprised look. This is an example of _____.

A) psychosocial scaffolding
B) symbiosis
C) polarization
D) synchrony

Question 72

Which young boy is MOST likely to be strongly affected by his mother's responsiveness?

A) Kim, who is anxious and difficult
B) Jerry, who is easygoing
C) Trenton, who is a hard-to-classify child
D) Ko, who is a slow-to-warm-up child

Question 73

Mary is playing with her infant daughter Rosalie. Mary responds to Rosalie's facial expressions by mimicking and exaggerating the same expressions. All of a sudden, Mary's face becomes blank and she does not show any emotion. How is Rose likely to respond?

A) Rose will probably frown, fuss, drool, or look away from her mother.
B) Rose will be glad for the break and will probably fall asleep.
C) Rose will exaggerate her mother's facial expression.
D) Rose will smile and coo even more to try to get her mother to respond.

Question 74

Which of the following children is illustrating characteristics of a secure attachment?

A) Xu is willing to explore a new environment in the presence of the caregiver.
B) Morgan refuses to let other children play with his toys.
C) Valerie clings to her mother in a new environment.
D) Chad mimics his mother's expressions in a familiar environment.

Question 75

"Proximity-seeking" and "contact-maintaining" behaviors are displays of _____.

A) love
B) fear
C) attachment
D) friendliness

Question 76

The lasting emotional bond that an infant forms with a caregiver is called "_____."

A) temperament
B) attachment
C) unionization
D) synchrony

Question 77

Based on many decades of research, attachment appears to be _____.

A) based on cognitive theory
B) stronger in mother-son pairs than father-son pairs
C) universal around the world
D) limited to Western cultures

Question 78

In one study, mothers were instructed to interact with their infants by copying their babies' facial expressions, and then, on cue, to show no emotional reaction at all. This procedure is called the "_____ technique."

A) facial mimicking
B) emotional expression
C) still-face
D) social response

Question 79

Nine-month-old Taran explores new environments when his mother is present but shows distress when his mother leaves the room. However, when she returns, Taran stops crying and greets her with a hug. Taran is exhibiting characteristics of _____ attachment.

A) secure
B) insecure-resistant/ambivalent
C) insecure-avoidant
D) disorganized

Question 80

Victor and Rosa want to enhance their synchrony with their 6-month-old daughter. They can best do this by _____.

A) imitating her vocal and facial expressions
B) watching her imitate their mouth movements and smiles
C) listening to her vocalizations
D) including her in their conversations