Exam 7: The First Two Years: Psychosocial Development

Which theorist stated, "Failure to bring up a happy child, a well-adjusted child-assuming bodily health-falls squarely upon the parents' shoulders"?

Tremal, 20 months, recently started using first-person pronouns. His mother is somewhat concerned that Tremal constantly asserts his rights to objects, shouting, "Mine!" Even when playing with his brother, Tremal doesn't want to share toys, instead insisting that everything is "mine." What does Tremal's behavior show about his emotional development?

In the Strange Situation, a sign of insecure attachment might be _____.

Define proximal and distal parenting practices. What are the outcomes of each type? What motivates parents to engage in one type over the other?

When Birgitta gave birth, her mother moved in with the young family to help care for the newborn. This sort of caregiving by someone other than the baby's parent is called _____.

Like Freud, Erikson argued that problems and conflicts that arise in early childhood could adversely affect one's adult personality.

Josh is 15 months old. His parents are happy in their marriage and financially stable. Most likely, Josh's attachment type will be _____.

Experience connects the ____ and the ____, and it helps infants connect their feelings with those of other people.

Baby Carrie's father is holding her. She is smiling at him one minute and then, unexpectedly, she slaps his face, which is typical for her. Carrie frequently engages in other odd behaviors, such as freezing in place and pinching herself so hard it leaves bruises. Carrie is demonstrating characteristics of _____ attachment.

Psychologists from the _____ school of thought believe that a child's personality is "created" or largely determined by his or her parents.

Studies show that there are no significant differences between mother-child play and father-child play with infants under 12 months of age.

Rodney was raised on a farm in Utah and enjoys the taste of beef liver cooked with onions. Sarah was raised in New York City and would never think of eating beef liver, but she very much enjoys sushi. What explains their differences in food preference?

Fearful babies invariably grow into fearful adults, as destined by their genes.

Contemporary researchers believe that there are three dimensions of temperament, each of which affects later personality development and school performance: ____

The Western value of independence is clearly exhibited in _____.

Which of the following statements about temperament and personality is true?

According to psychoanalytic theory, the child's prime focus of pleasure in the first year of life is the _____.

In the study comparing children in rural Cameroon with children from urban Greece, which children were observed spending the greatest time being held by their mothers?

In one study, mothers were instructed to interact with their infants by copying their babies' facial expressions, and then, on cue, to show no emotional reaction at all. This procedure is called the "_____ technique."

Mary is playing with her infant daughter Rosalie. Mary responds to Rosalie's facial expressions by mimicking and exaggerating the same expressions. All of a sudden, Mary's face becomes blank and she does not show any emotion. How is Rose likely to respond?