Deck 2: The Beginning of the Perceptual Process

Question 1

 The ciliary muscles change the shape of the _____, providing about 20% of the eye's focusing power.

A) iris
B) pupil
C) cornea
D) lens

Answer 1

D

Question 2

 The isomerization of a single pigment molecule triggers what is best described as a _____.

A) chain reaction
B) ballistic expansion
C) hyperactive potential
D) hypopolarization wave

Answer 2

A

Question 3

 Individuals with myopia may have difficulty seeing _____ objects clearly. Often times, they are also referred to as being _____.

A) nearby; farsighted
B) nearby; nearsighted
C) distant; farsighted
D) distant; nearsighted

Answer 3

D

Question 4

 The visual pigment molecules are contained in the _____.

A) inner segments of the visual receptors
B) outer segments of the visual receptors
C) axons of the rods
D) axons of the cones

Question 5

 Lorelei's mother is 60 years old, and, because of the condition called _____, she has a difficult time bringing near objects into focus.

A) cataracts
B) diplopia
C) presbyopia
D) retinitis pigmentosa

Question 6

 The structure of the eye that provides about 80% of the eye's focusing power is the _____.

A) iris
B) pupil
C) cornea
D) lens

Question 7

 A retinal condition that destroys the cones in the fovea is _____.

A) macular degeneration
B) retinitis pigmentosa
C) presbyopia
D) retinal hypopolarization

Question 8

 Visible light is between _____ and _____ nm within the electromagnetic spectrum.

A) 100; 400
B) 400; 700
C) 500; 1000
D) 900; 1500

Question 9

 Our perception of the environment begins with _____.

A) energy
B) the proximal stimulus
C) the distal stimulus
D) cognition

Question 10

 The episode of "Mythbusters" cited in the textbook demonstrated that dark adaptation was the reason why _____.

A) poker players wear sunglasses
B) pirates wore eyepatches
C) cardinals have good night vision
D) cats have good night vision

Question 11

 A wavelength of 10,000 meters would fall in the _____ range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

A) X-rays
B) radio wave
C) infrared rays
D) gamma rays

Question 12

 In the early stages of _____, peripheral rod receptors are destroyed leading to poorer peripheral vision.

A) macular degeneration
B) retinitis pigmentosa
C) presbyopia
D) retinal hypopolarization

Question 13

 Nina does a demonstration of "seeing" the blind spot, in which a grid pattern surrounds the black dot that disappears when it falls on the blind spot. What does Nina most likely see in the area where the dot disappears

A) a blurry gray area
B) a white circle
C) nothing
D) a continuation of the grid pattern

Question 14

 In _____, the eyeball is too long, resulting in difficulty seeing far objects.

A) axial myopia
B) refractive myopia
C) axial hyperopia
D) refractive hyperopia

Question 15

 Which of the following is true about the difference between the rods and the cones

A) The rods control vision in high illumination conditions, and the cones control vision in low illumination conditions.
B) The rods are packed in an area called the fovea, and the cones are found more in the peripheral retina.
C) There are about 120 million rods in the human eye and about 6 million cones.
D) The only difference between the rods and the cones is physical shape.

Question 16

 The electromagnetic spectrum is a continuum of electromagnetic energy that is produced by _____ and is radiated as _____.

A) electric charges; waves
B) magnetism; waves
C) electric charges; magnetism
D) magnetism; electric charges

Question 17

 Vera has hyperopia, and tends to get headaches when she reads. This might be because _____.

A) Vera also has presbyopia and has the constant need to accommodate
B) Vera also has myopia and is unable to accommodate
C) Vera has just had LASIK surgery and her ciliary muscles are damaged
D) Vera is 5-years-old and lacks the visual acuity to read

Question 18

 The blind spot is located _____.

A) in the fovea
B) in the vitreous
C) where the optic nerve leaves the eye
D) at the optic chiasm

Question 19

 _______ reacts to light to start the process of transduction.

A) Opsin
B) Retinal
C) Choroid
D) Thyric acid

Question 20

 Jan tries to focus on the tip of her pencil as she brings it closer to her. She feels the strain on her eye as she does this. What she is feeling in her eye is due to the process called _____.

A) inhibition
B) reflection
C) accommodation
D) assimilation

Question 21

 To isolate the rod portion of the dark adaptation curve, researchers _____.

A) use rod monochromats as the participants
B) present the stimulus foveally
C) present the stimulus in the periphery
D) use cone monochromats as participants

Question 22

 The peak in the spectral sensitivity curve is about _____ for the rods, and about _____ for the cones.

A) 700 nm; 400 nm
B) 450 nm; 800 nm
C) 500 nm; 560 nm
D) 600 nm; 450 nm

Question 23

 Synaptic vesicles contain chemicals called _____ that are released across the synapse to the next neuron.

A) electrolytes?
B) collagens
C) neurotransmitters
D) glial cells

Question 24

 ______ is the process by which inhibitory transmitters cause the inside of the neuron to become more negative.

A) Hyperpolarization
B) Depolarization
C) Antipolarization
D) Repolarization

Question 25

 Cone spectral sensitivity is measured by having the observer _____.

A) look up and blink
B) look straight forward without blinking
C) look directly into a light
D) look to the side of a flashing light

Question 26

 The flow of ions that create the action potential are caused by the changes in the _____ of the nerve fiber.

A) suppression
B) permeability
C) accommodation
D) assimilation

Question 27

 There are ____ different cone receptors, each with different absorption spectra.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 7

Question 28

 At the beginning of the action potential, _____ ions flow from outside the nerve fiber into the nerve fiber.

A) positive potassium
B) negative potassium
C) positive sodium
D) negative sodium

Question 29

 The upper limit of a neuron's firing rate is estimated to be _____ impulses per second.

A) 20
B) 100
C) 800
D) 4400

Question 30

 Which of the following statements best defines the "propagated response"

A) Once a response is triggered, the response travels the length of the axon without decreasing in amplitude.
B) Once a response is triggered, the response gradually increases in amplitude as it travels down the length of the axon.
C) The response increases the positive charge of the chlorine ions throughout the length of the axon.
D) The number of negative potassium ions increase the closer the impulse is to the dendrites.

Question 31

 When visual pigments become bleached they are _____.

A) dead
B) fully regenerated
C) color sensitive
D) detached from the opsin

Question 32

 Rushton demonstrated that the physiological mechanism behind dark adaptation is _____.

A) visual pigment regeneration
B) the enzyme cascade
C) modular organization
D) photon remission

Question 33

 The Purkinje shift _____.

A) occurs when reds appear brighter than blues in well-lit conditions, but blues appear brighter than reds in dim conditions
B) occurs when blues appear brighter than reds in well-lit conditions, but blues appear brighter than reds in dim conditions
C) occurs when details that are easily seen in well-lit conditions become more difficult to see in low-light conditions
D) demonstrates the importance of eye movements in visual pigment regeneration

Question 34

 The "rod-cone break" in the dark adaptation curve occurs after about _____ in the dark.

A) 30 seconds
B) 2 minutes
C) 7 minutes
D) 30 minutes

Question 35

 The difference in charge between the inside and the outside of the nerve fiber when the nerve is at rest is _____ mV.

A) -70
B) -10
C) 0
D) +19

Question 36

 The _____ analogy is used to describe the relationship of neurotransmitters with receptor sites.

A) "needle in a haystack"
B) "lock and key"
C) "stadium wave"
D) "rolling stone"

Question 37

 As stimulus intensity is increased, recording from a single neuron shows that _____.

A) the amplitude of the action potential increases
B) the amplitude of the action potential decreases
C) the amplitude of the action potential may increase or decrease, depending on the stimulus
D) the rate of firing of the nerve fiber increases

Question 38

 The rate of firing of the postsynaptic neuron depends on the amount of _____ input it receives from the presynaptic neuron.

A) excitation
B) inhibition
C) equalization
D) both excitation and inhibition

Question 39

 _____ is necessary for the neural transmission and processing of information.

A) Only inhibition
B) Only excitation
C) Only equalization
D) Both inhibition and excitation

Question 40

 The three major parts of a neuron are _____.

A) dendrites, cell body, and axon
B) axon, nerve fiber, and receptor
C) receptor, transmitter, and median
D) receptor, dendrites, and conductor

Question 41

What is the "blind spot"
(b) Discuss two reasons why we are not usually aware of the blind spot.

Question 42

 Which of the following is a reason for the poor acuity of newborns

A) The rods are not developed at birth.
B) Newborns have too much visual pigment in the cones.
C) A newborn's rods have very narrow inner segments.
D) The visual cortex of the newborn is only partially developed.

Question 43

 Convergence results in _____ sensitivity and _____ acuity.

A) increased; increased
B) increased; decreased
C) decreased; decreased
D) decreased; increased

Question 44

 Describe how preferential looking and visual evoked potentials technique have been used to study infant perception.

Question 45

 Name and define three kinds of focusing problems.

Question 46

 Converging circuits with excitation and inhibition are associated most closely with which step of the perceptual process

A) recognition
B) attention
C) neural processing
D) the environmental stimulus

Question 47

 Reading the eye chart in an optometrist's office is used to measure _____.

A) acuity?
B) sensitivity
C) receptive fields
D) creativity

Question 48

 Using words and/or diagrams, describe circuits with (a) no convergence and (b) convergence.

Question 49

 The difficulty of reading under dim light conditions can be explained by _____.

A) the increased sensitivity of cones under low light conditions
B) the increased acuity of cones under low light conditions
C) the fact that rod functioning predominates during dark adaptation, resulting in poor acuity
D) the fact that cone functioning predominates during dark adaptation, resulting in poor acuity

Question 50

 Rods and cones synapse with _____ cells, which then synapse with ____ cells.

A) ganglion; bipolar
B) bipolar; ganglion
C) amacrine; unipolar
D) amacrine; bipolar

Question 51

 Acuity develops to almost 20/20 vision by the time the infant is _____.

A) one month old
B) two months old
C) one year old
D) two years old

Question 52

Discuss the major differences between the rods and the cones.
(b) Describe two retinal disorders that differentially affect the rods and the cones.

Question 53

 Describe the process of synaptic transmission. Include in this description the differences between excitatory and inhibitory transmitters.

Question 54

 Acuity is better in the _____ than in the _____.

A) periphery; fovea
B) optic disk; fovea
C) optic disk; cornea
D) fovea; periphery

Question 55

 The stimuli used in the preferential looking technique of testing infant acuity are _____.

A) geons
B) gratings?
C) greebles
D) graftings

Question 56

 What are the basic properties of action potentials

Question 57

 If we compare how the rods and cones converge onto other retinal neurons, we find that _____.

A) foveal cones converge more than the peripheral rods
B) rods and cones converge equally
C) rods converge more than foveal cones
D) horizontal cells converge onto the peripheral cones

Question 58

Draw a graph (with appropriate axis labels) of the dark adaptation curve.
(b) Describe the methodology used to isolate the rod component of the curve, and the cone component.

Question 59

In words and/or diagrams, discuss why convergence of the rods results in increased sensitivity, but decreased acuity.
(b) In words and/or diagrams, discuss why the lack of convergence in the foveal cones results in decreased sensitivity, but increased acuity.