Deck 10: Clinical Intuition

Question 1

Research suggests that the prediction of someone's future academic success is best when the prediction is based on

A)statistics.
B)the judgments of trained admissions officers.
C)statistics plus the judgments of trained admissions officers.
D)letters of recommendation.

Answer 1

statistics.

Question 2

,clinicians who dealt with pseudo-patients who had faked symptoms to get into mental hospitals demonstrated the error of

A)self-serving bias.
B)hindsight bias.
C)self-handicapping.
D)overjustification.

Answer 2

hindsight bias.

Question 3

Discuss how the hindsight bias and self-confirming diagnoses can lead clinicians to be overconfident in their clinical judgments.

Answer 3

Answers will vary

Question 4

faked schizophrenic symptoms to infiltrate mental hospitals.Once they had been admitted and no longer complained of any fake symptoms,

A)professional clinicians quickly distinguished them from the real patients and released them from the hospital.
B)the clinicians sought and found evidence in their histories and behavior to confirm their admitting diagnoses.
C)the pseudo-patients were ostracized by the hospital's real patients.
D)the pseudo-patients absorbed their "sick" roles and developed additional symptoms in the course of their treatment.

Question 5

Following the suicide of a friend or family member,feelings of guilt are often magnified by

A)illusory thinking.
B)the fundamental attribution error.
C)hindsight bias.
D)confirmation bias.

Question 6

gave interviewers some hypotheses to test concerning individuals' traits,and found that people often tested for a trait by

A)asking those being tested for a general self-evaluation.
B)looking for information that would contradict it.
C)looking for information that would confirm it.
D)asking very specific questions to disprove it.

Question 7

Define illusory correlation.Provide an example of it from your own life.

Question 8

Research indicates that when interviewers are instructed to test for a trait,they tend to ask questions that show evidence of

A)the confirmation bias.
B)the illusion of control.
C)negative attributional styles.
D)illusory correlations.

Question 9

When psychologists were surveyed regarding intuition versus the scientific method,_______ were more likely to value intuition.

A)clinical psychologists
B)developmental psychologists
C)social psychologists
D)educational psychologists

Question 10

April is going out on a first date with Nikos,whom her best friend says is funny and fun-loving.On the date,April asks Nikos,"What is the most fun-loving thing you've ever done?" What is the likely effect of such questioning on Nikos?

A)He will act more fun-loving on the date than if not asked such questions.
B)He will act more reserved and shy than if not asked such questions.
C)He will resent such questions and become annoyed.
D)He will try to explain that there are times when he is not fun-loving.

Question 11

When researchers pit statistical prediction-such as predicting graduate school success using a formula that includes grades and aptitude scores-against interviewers' intuitive prediction,

A)statistical prediction is usually superior to expert intuition.
B)expert intuition is usually superior to statistical intuition.
C)statistical prediction and expert intuition do equally well.
D)both methods usually fare no better than chance.

Question 12

According to Myers,to avoid being fooled by the hindsight bias

A)you should guard against the tendency to ask questions that assume your preconceptions are correct.
B)you should beware of the tendency to see relationships you expect to see.
C)you should realize that it can lead you to feel overconfident.
D)you should beware of the tendency to see relationships that are supported by striking examples readily available in your memory.

Question 13

Myers suggests that clinicians may continue to have confidence in uninformative or ambiguous tests because of human susceptibility to

A)the inoculation effect.
B)learned helplessness.
C)the representativeness heuristic.
D)illusory correlations.

Question 14

Chapman and Chapman had college students and professional clinicians study the relationship between patients' test performances and diagnoses.They found that

A)if students or clinicians expected a particular association,they perceived it,regardless of whether the data was supportive.
B)students and clinicians only saw relationships that were supported by the data.
C)professional clinicians were more accurate than students in assessing relationships.
D)students and clinicians only recognized positive relationships if the actual correlations were greater than 0.75.

Question 15

Luisa,a Freudian analyst,found that,without exception,her patients reported having dreams closely related to their emotional problems.What may best explain why the dreams and problems of Luisa's patients are so consistent with Freudian theory?

A)Freud's theory is the oldest and most comprehensive of all the theories of personality.
B)Freud's theory is more ambiguous than any other theory,and thus any problem fits into its framework.
C)The patients are perhaps induced by Luisa to give information that is consistent with her theoretical orientation.
D)Freudian psychotherapists are "true believers," and Luisa's report is an attempt to convert other therapists to her orientation.