Question 1

faked schizophrenic symptoms to infiltrate mental hospitals.Once they had been admitted and no longer complained of any fake symptoms,

Accepted Answer

A) professional clinicians quickly distinguished them from the real patients and released them from the hospital. 
B) the clinicians sought and found evidence in their histories and behavior to confirm their admitting diagnoses. 
C) the pseudo-patients were ostracized by the hospital's real patients. 
D) the pseudo-patients absorbed their "sick" roles and developed additional symptoms in the course of their treatment. 
A) professional clinicians quickly distinguished them from the real patients and released them from the hospital. 
B) the clinicians sought and found evidence in their histories and behavior to confirm their admitting diagnoses. 
C) the pseudo-patients were ostracized by the hospital's real patients. 
D) the pseudo-patients absorbed their "sick" roles and developed additional symptoms in the course of their treatment. B

Question 2

gave interviewers some hypotheses to test concerning individuals' traits,and found that people often tested for a trait by

Accepted Answer

A) asking those being tested for a general self-evaluation. 
B) looking for information that would contradict it. 
C) looking for information that would confirm it. 
D) asking very specific questions to disprove it. 
A) asking those being tested for a general self-evaluation. 
B) looking for information that would contradict it. 
C) looking for information that would confirm it. 
D) asking very specific questions to disprove it. C

Question 3

Research indicates that when interviewers are instructed to test for a trait,they tend to ask questions that show evidence of

Accepted Answer

A) the confirmation bias. 
B) the illusion of control. 
C) negative attributional styles. 
D) illusory correlations. 
A) the confirmation bias. 
B) the illusion of control. 
C) negative attributional styles. 
D) illusory correlations. A

Question 4

Chapman and Chapman had college students and professional clinicians study the relationship between patients' test performances and diagnoses.They found that

Accepted Answer

A) if students or clinicians expected a particular association,they perceived it,regardless of whether the data was supportive. 
B) students and clinicians only saw relationships that were supported by the data. 
C) professional clinicians were more accurate than students in assessing relationships. 
D) students and clinicians only recognized positive relationships if the actual correlations were greater than 0.75. 
A) if students or clinicians expected a particular association,they perceived it,regardless of whether the data was supportive. 
B) students and clinicians only saw relationships that were supported by the data. 
C) professional clinicians were more accurate than students in assessing relationships. 
D) students and clinicians only recognized positive relationships if the actual correlations were greater than 0.75.

Question 5

Define illusory correlation.Provide an example of it from your own life.

Accepted Answer

Illusory correlation is a cognitive bias

Question 6

,clinicians who dealt with pseudo-patients who had faked symptoms to get into mental hospitals demonstrated the error of

Accepted Answer

A) self-serving bias. 
B) hindsight bias. 
C) self-handicapping. 
D) overjustification. 
A) self-serving bias. 
B) hindsight bias. 
C) self-handicapping. 
D) overjustification.

Question 7

According to Myers,to avoid being fooled by the hindsight bias

Accepted Answer

A) you should guard against the tendency to ask questions that assume your preconceptions are correct. 
B) you should beware of the tendency to see relationships you expect to see. 
C) you should realize that it can lead you to feel overconfident. 
D) you should beware of the tendency to see relationships that are supported by striking examples readily available in your memory. 
A) you should guard against the tendency to ask questions that assume your preconceptions are correct. 
B) you should beware of the tendency to see relationships you expect to see. 
C) you should realize that it can lead you to feel overconfident. 
D) you should beware of the tendency to see relationships that are supported by striking examples readily available in your memory.

Question 8

Following the suicide of a friend or family member,feelings of guilt are often magnified by

Accepted Answer

A) illusory thinking. 
B) the fundamental attribution error. 
C) hindsight bias. 
D) confirmation bias. 
A) illusory thinking. 
B) the fundamental attribution error. 
C) hindsight bias. 
D) confirmation bias.

Question 9

April is going out on a first date with Nikos,whom her best friend says is funny and fun-loving.On the date,April asks Nikos,"What is the most fun-loving thing you've ever done?" What is the likely effect of such questioning on Nikos?

Accepted Answer

A) He will act more fun-loving on the date than if not asked such questions. 
B) He will act more reserved and shy than if not asked such questions. 
C) He will resent such questions and become annoyed. 
D) He will try to explain that there are times when he is not fun-loving. 
A) He will act more fun-loving on the date than if not asked such questions. 
B) He will act more reserved and shy than if not asked such questions. 
C) He will resent such questions and become annoyed. 
D) He will try to explain that there are times when he is not fun-loving.

Question 10

Discuss how the hindsight bias and self-confirming diagnoses can lead clinicians to be overconfident in their clinical judgments.

Accepted Answer

Hindsight bias and self-confirming diagn

Question 11

Myers suggests that clinicians may continue to have confidence in uninformative or ambiguous tests because of human susceptibility to

Accepted Answer

A) the inoculation effect. 
B) learned helplessness. 
C) the representativeness heuristic. 
D) illusory correlations. 
A) the inoculation effect. 
B) learned helplessness. 
C) the representativeness heuristic. 
D) illusory correlations.

Question 12

When psychologists were surveyed regarding intuition versus the scientific method,_______ were more likely to value intuition.

Accepted Answer

A) clinical psychologists 
B) developmental psychologists 
C) social psychologists 
D) educational psychologists 
A) clinical psychologists 
B) developmental psychologists 
C) social psychologists 
D) educational psychologists

Question 13

When researchers pit statistical prediction-such as predicting graduate school success using a formula that includes grades and aptitude scores-against interviewers' intuitive prediction,

Accepted Answer

A) statistical prediction is usually superior to expert intuition. 
B) expert intuition is usually superior to statistical intuition. 
C) statistical prediction and expert intuition do equally well. 
D) both methods usually fare no better than chance. 
A) statistical prediction is usually superior to expert intuition. 
B) expert intuition is usually superior to statistical intuition. 
C) statistical prediction and expert intuition do equally well. 
D) both methods usually fare no better than chance.

Question 14

Research suggests that the prediction of someone's future academic success is best when the prediction is based on

Accepted Answer

A) statistics. 
B) the judgments of trained admissions officers. 
C) statistics plus the judgments of trained admissions officers. 
D) letters of recommendation. 
A) statistics. 
B) the judgments of trained admissions officers. 
C) statistics plus the judgments of trained admissions officers. 
D) letters of recommendation.

Question 15

Luisa,a Freudian analyst,found that,without exception,her patients reported having dreams closely related to their emotional problems.What may best explain why the dreams and problems of Luisa's patients are so consistent with Freudian theory?

Accepted Answer

A) Freud's theory is the oldest and most comprehensive of all the theories of personality. 
B) Freud's theory is more ambiguous than any other theory,and thus any problem fits into its framework. 
C) The patients are perhaps induced by Luisa to give information that is consistent with her theoretical orientation. 
D) Freudian psychotherapists are "true believers," and Luisa's report is an attempt to convert other therapists to her orientation. 
A) Freud's theory is the oldest and most comprehensive of all the theories of personality. 
B) Freud's theory is more ambiguous than any other theory,and thus any problem fits into its framework. 
C) The patients are perhaps induced by Luisa to give information that is consistent with her theoretical orientation. 
D) Freudian psychotherapists are "true believers," and Luisa's report is an attempt to convert other therapists to her orientation.

Exam 10: Clinical Intuition

faked schizophrenic symptoms to infiltrate mental hospitals.Once they had been admitted and no longer complained of any fake symptoms,

gave interviewers some hypotheses to test concerning individuals' traits,and found that people often tested for a trait by

Research indicates that when interviewers are instructed to test for a trait,they tend to ask questions that show evidence of

Chapman and Chapman had college students and professional clinicians study the relationship between patients' test performances and diagnoses.They found that

Define illusory correlation.Provide an example of it from your own life.

,clinicians who dealt with pseudo-patients who had faked symptoms to get into mental hospitals demonstrated the error of

According to Myers,to avoid being fooled by the hindsight bias

Following the suicide of a friend or family member,feelings of guilt are often magnified by

April is going out on a first date with Nikos,whom her best friend says is funny and fun-loving.On the date,April asks Nikos,"What is the most fun-loving thing you've ever done?" What is the likely effect of such questioning on Nikos?

Discuss how the hindsight bias and self-confirming diagnoses can lead clinicians to be overconfident in their clinical judgments.

Myers suggests that clinicians may continue to have confidence in uninformative or ambiguous tests because of human susceptibility to

When psychologists were surveyed regarding intuition versus the scientific method,_______ were more likely to value intuition.

When researchers pit statistical prediction-such as predicting graduate school success using a formula that includes grades and aptitude scores-against interviewers' intuitive prediction,

Research suggests that the prediction of someone's future academic success is best when the prediction is based on

Luisa,a Freudian analyst,found that,without exception,her patients reported having dreams closely related to their emotional problems.What may best explain why the dreams and problems of Luisa's patients are so consistent with Freudian theory?

Doing Social Psychology

Did You Know It All Along

Self-Concept: Who Am I

Self-Serving Bias

The Power of Positive Thinking

The Fundamental Attribution Error

The Powers and Perils of Intuition

Reasons for Unreason

Behavior and Belief

Clinical Therapy: the Powers of Social Cognition

Human Nature and Cultural Diversity

Gender, Genes, and Culture

How Nice People Get Corrupted

Two Routes to Persuasion

Indoctrination and Inoculation

The Mere Presence of Others

Many Hands Make Diminished Responsibility

Doing Together What We Would Not Do Alone

How Do Groups Intensify Decisions

Power to the Person

The Reach of Prejudice

The Roots of Prejudice

The Nature and Nurture of Aggression

Does the Media Influence Social Behavior

Who Likes Whom

The Ups and Downs of Love

Causes of Conflict

Blessed Are the Peacemakers

When Do People Help

Social Psychology and the Sustainable Future

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