Deck 10: From DNA to Proteins- Transcription and Rna Processing

Question 1

What types of bonds are created between nucleotides during the process of transcription?

A)Ionic
B)Oxygen
C)Phosphodiester
D)Hydrogen
E)Both phosphodiester and hydrogen are correct.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

This molecule is synthesized using triphosphate nucleotides as a substrate for a polymerase enzyme that forms phosphodiester bonds.

A)RNA only
B)DNA only
C)Both RNA and DNA
D)Neither RNA nor DNA

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Where are promoters usually located?

A)Upstream of the start site
B)Downstream of the start site
C)Near nucleotide +25
D)Near the hairpin loop
E)Downstream of the terminator

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What is the function of eukaryotic RNA polymerase I?

A)Transcription of rRNA genes
B)Transcription of mRNA genes
C)Transcription of tRNA genes
D)Transcription of snRNAs
E)Initiation of transcription (but not elongation)

Question 5

Which statement about RNA polymerase is NOT true?

A)RNA polymerase adds a ribonucleotide to the 3' end of a growing RNA molecule.
B)RNA polymerase binds to a promoter to initiate transcription.
C)During transcription of a gene, RNA polymerase reads only one strand of DNA.
D)RNA polymerase reads a template strand of DNA 5'to 3'.
E)RNA polymerase has many subunits.

Question 6

Which process is illustrated in the diagram below?

A)Transcription
B)Translation
C)RNA processing
D)Replication
E)Nucleosome assembly

Question 7

_____ probably began the evolution of life on Earth.

A)DNA
B)RNA promoters
C)DNA polymerases
D)RNA polymerases
E)Ribozymes

Question 8

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding transcription in most organisms?

A)All genes are transcribed from the same strand of DNA.
B)Both DNA strands are used to transcribe a single gene.
C)Different genes may be transcribed from different strands of DNA.
D)The DNA template strand is used to encode double-stranded RNA.
E)The DNA nontemplate strand is used to encode single-stranded RNA.

Question 9

This molecule is synthesized using nucleotides containing the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.

A)RNA only
B)DNA only
C)Both RNA and DNA
D)Neither RNA nor DNA

Question 10

When this molecule is synthesized, both strands of a DNA molecule are used as a template.

A)RNA only
B)DNA only
C)Both RNA and DNA
D)Neither RNA nor DNA

Question 11

Which of the following RNA molecules are required for the process of translation?

A)crRNA
B)tRNA
C)snRNA
D)miRNA
E)siRNA

Question 12

The polymerase that synthesizes this molecule uses DNA as a template and synthesizes new strands from 5'to 3'.

A)RNA only
B)DNA only
C)Both RNA and DNA
D)Neither RNA nor DNA

Question 13

Which of the following is a sequence of DNA where transcription is initiated?

A)Hairpin loop
B)Terminator
C)Initiator
D)Sigma factor
E)Promoter

Question 14

In transcription, to which end of the elongating strand are nucleotides always added?

A)3'
B)5'
C)3'in prokaryotes and 5' in eukaryotes
D)It depends on which RNA polymerase is being used.
E)It depends on which DNA strand is being used as the template.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT required for transcription?

A)Ribonucleotides
B)RNA primers
C)DNA template
D)RNA polymerase
E)Promoter

Question 16

In a transcription reaction, two phosphate groups are cleaved from the incoming:

A)deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate.
B)deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate.
C)ribonucleoside diphosphate.
D)ribonucleoside triphosphate.
E)ribozyme.

Question 17

In eukaryotes, which RNA polymerase transcribes the genes that encode proteins?

A)RNA polymerase I
B)RNA polymerase II
C)RNA polymerase III
D)RNA polymerase IV
E)RNA polymerase V

Question 18

Whereas the nucleotide strand used for transcription is termed the _____, the nontranscribed strand is called the _____.

A)promoter; terminator
B)terminator; promoter
C)transcription apparatus; TATA box
D)template strand; nontemplate strand
E)nontemplate strand; template strand

Question 19

During transcription, which parts of a DNA molecule are transcribed into RNA?

A)All of the nucleotides in DNA on both strands
B)All of the nucleotides on one strand of DNA
C)Only parts of the DNA that encode mRNA
D)Only regions of the DNA that contain genes
E)Only regions of the DNA that encode rRNA

Question 20

Which of the following is a type of RNA that gets translated?

A)rRNA
B)mRNA
C)tRNA
D)miRNA
E)rRNA, mRNA, and tRNA all get translated.

Question 21

The human gene encoding for calcitonin contains six exons and five introns and is located on chromosome 11.The pre-mRNA transcript from this gene can generate either calcitonin or calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP)in a tissue-specific manner.Calcitonin produced from the thyroid gland is 32 amino acids long and functions to regulate the calcium while CGRP, which contains 37 amino acids, is produced by the brain cells and involved in transmission of pain.Which of the following processes makes production of two functionally and structurally different proteins from the same gene possible?

A)Self-spicing introns
B)Differential transcription
C)Alternative replication
D)5' capping and polyadenylation
E)Alternative RNA processing

Question 22

The spliceosome is a large, ribonucleoprotein complex located in the:

A)cytoplasm.
B)endoplasmic reticulum.
C)Golgi.
D)nucleus.
E)nucleolus.

Question 23

When does sigma factor normally dissociate from RNA polymerase?

A)After transcription has terminated
B)After the process of initiation
C)After the addition of nucleosomes
D)After the binding of rho
E)Following the addition of nucleosomes

Question 24

Prokaryotic promoters contain the sequence TATAAT at a position _____ from the transcription start.

A)+1
B)-1
C)-10
D)-25
E)-35

Question 25

Which of the following statements about bacterial mRNA transcript is TRUE?

A)Unlike eukaryotes, bacterial mRNA transcripts do not typically contain untranslated regions.
B)The Shine-Dalgarno box associates with an RNA component in the ribosomes.
C)Transcription and translation take place sequentially in bacterial cells.
D)Most bacterial genes contain a large number of introns and small number of exons.
E)The 5' end and 3' end of mRNA transcripts are modified in bacteria.

Question 26

If the sequence of an RNA molecule is 5'GGCAUCGACG 3', what is the sequence of the nontemplate strand of DNA?

A)5' GGCATCGACG 3'
B)3' GGCATCGACG 5'
C)5' CCGTAGCTGC 3'
D)3'CCGTAGCTGC 5'
E)3' CGTCGATGCC 5'

Question 27

Scientists once believed that each gene can encode a single polypeptide.We now know that _____ and _____ allow a single gene to encode more than one polypeptide.

A)transcription; translation
B)polyadenylation; RNA transport
C)DNA methylation; chromatin condensation
D)alternative processing; RNA editing
E)gene silencing; RNA interference

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT necessary for RNA polymerase to recognize the promoter of a bacterial gene?

A)Sigma factor
B)Origin of replication
C)-10 consensus sequence
D)-35 consensus sequence

Question 29

In prokaryotic RNA polymerases, the holoenzyme consists of the core enzyme and the:

A)rho factor.
B)TFIID.
C)TBP.
D)omega subunit.
E)sigma factor.

Question 30

If the following DNA strand were used as a template, what would the sequence of an RNA be? 5' GTACCGTC 3'

A)5'GUACCGUC 3'
B)5'GACGGTAC 3'
C)5' CAUGGCAG 3'
D)5' GACGGUAC 3'
E)5' GUCGGUAC 3'

Question 31

Which of the following is found on the primary product of transcription but not on a mature mRNA molecule?

A)Start codon
B)Promoter
C)Exons
D)Introns
E)Stop codon

Question 32

The 5' cap on an mRNA is important for all the processes listed below EXCEPT for the _____ of an mRNA molecule.

A)transcription
B)intron removal
C)stability
D)initiation of translation

Question 33

Which of the following elements would not be found on an mRNA molecule?

A)Protein-coding region
B)3'untranslated region
C)5' untranslated region
D)Promoter
E)Start and stop codons

Question 34

How many introns are present on a gene that consists of four exons?

A)two
B)three
C)four
D)five
E)The number cannot be determined from the information provided.

Question 35

In 1958, Francis Crick proposed that genes and their corresponding polypeptides are "colinear." Which of the following statements concerning the concept of colinearity is INCORRECT?

A)Colinearity means that the linear nucleotide sequence of a given gene corresponds directly to the linear amino acid sequence in the corresponding polypeptide.
B)The number of nucleotides in a gene should be precisely proportional to the number of amino acids present in the corresponding polypeptide.
C)Colinearity generally holds true for the coding regions of prokaryotic viral genes.
D)The vast majority of eukaryotic genes also follow the concept of colinearity although the size of genes may be larger.

Question 36

An in vitro transcription system that contains a bacterial gene initiates transcription but from random points on the DNA.Which of the following proteins MOST likely is missing from the reaction?

A)Sigma factor
B)Rho factor
C)RNA polymerase II
D)TATA-binding protein (TBP)
E)TFIID

Question 37

Which mechanism allows for more than one polypeptide to be encoded by a single gene?

A)Regulated transcription
B)RNA interference
C)Alternative RNA processing
D)Self-splicing of introns
E)RNA methylation

Question 38

Which of the following classes of RNAs is unique to the eukaryotes?

A)Messenger RNA (mRNA)
B)Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
C)Transfer RNA (tRNA)
D)Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs)
E)CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs)

Question 39

Anticodons are found on _____ molecules.

A)mRNA
B)tRNA
C)rRNA
D)snRNA
E)miRNA

Question 40

An in vitro transcription system that contains a bacterial gene does not initiate transcription.What is one possible problem?

A)Histones that were on the DNA when it was isolated from E.coli are blocking access to the template.
B)There is a mutation in the inverted repeat sequence that prevents a hairpin secondary structure from forming.
C)There is a mutation at -10, where a promoter consensus sequence is located.
D)Rho factor has not been added.
E)TATA-binding protein (TBP)has not been added.

Question 41

If you were asked to isolate total RNA from two unknown samples and then were required to identify if the RNA was from prokaryotes or eukaryotes, what aspects regarding the classes of RNA present would help you distinguish one from the other?

Question 42

What would you add to an in vitro transcription system that contains an E.coli gene in order to get transcription that begins from the normal transcription start site?

Question 43

What is an snRNP and what role does it play in the cell?

Question 44

Discuss the features of C.elegans that makes it an important model system for studies of animal genetics and development.Include in your answer some unique features of C.elegans compared to other model systems.

Question 45

Compare rho-dependent and rho-independent transcription termination in terms of their use of RNA secondary structures.

Question 46

In your own words, list a comprehensive definition for "gene" at the molecular level.

Question 47

The discovery of ribozymes led to the theory that the evolution of life on Earth began with an "RNA world." Describe the chemical properties and functions of RNA that would allow it to be the basis of the first self-replicating systems.

Question 48

What are the three different RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes, and what types of genes do they transcribe?

Question 49

For a time, a gene was commonly considered to be a sequence of DNA that encodes a polypeptide.Critique this outdated notion of what a gene is and propose a more comprehensive definition.

Question 50

Which of the following small RNA types is unique to prokaryotes?

A)siRNA
B)crRNA
C)miRNA
D)piRNA
E)lncRNA