Deck 2: Transmission Genetics

Question 1

The law of segregation would predict that the F₂ progeny of F₁ heterozygous plants will exhibit a __________.

A)3:1 phenotypic ratio
B)9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio
C)1:2:1 genotypic ratio
D)9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio and 1:2:1 genotypic ratio
E)3:1 phenotypic ratio and 1:2:1 genotypic ratio

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Assuming independent assortment, what phenotypic ratio would you expect to see if an individual with the genotype RrGg is self-crossed?

A)1:3
B)9:3:3:1
C)1:2:1
D)1:3:2:1
E)3:1

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The statistical interpretation of a χ² value is determined by identifying the P value for each experiment, and the P value is dependent on the number of degrees of freedom (df)in the experiment being examined. For a coin flip experiment, the df value is equal to 1. You perform an experiment to determine how many times out of 100 die rolls that you roll a "1" in a single roll. What would the df value be equal to?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Answer 3

E

Question 4

The law of independent assortment would predict that the F₂ progeny of F₁ heterozygous plants will exhibit a __________.

A)3:1 phenotypic ratio
B)9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio
C)1:2:1 genotypic ratio
D)9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio and 1:2:1 genotypic ratio
E)3:1 phenotypic ratio and 1:2:1 genotypic ratio

Question 5

By convention, when an observed experimental outcome has a probability of occurrence of less than 5% (<0.05), the experimental results are considered to be __________.

A)within normal expected range
B)statistically significant and different from the expected outcome
C)not significant
D)less than one standard deviation from the mean
E)equal to the mean

Question 6

What genotypic ratio would you expect to see among the progeny of a monohybrid cross?

A)1:3
B)9:3:3:1
C)1:2:1
D)1:3:2:1
E)3:1

Question 7

In peas, axial (A)flower position is dominant to terminal (a), and tall (L)is dominant to short (l). If a plant that is heterozygous for both traits is allowed to self-fertilize, how many of the offspring would also be heterozygous for both traits?

A)9/16
B)1/4
C)3/16
D)1/8
E)1/16

Question 8

The blending theory would predict that the phenotype seen in the F₁ generation from a cross between a pure breeding plant with dark purple flowers and a pure breeding plant with white flowers would be __________.

A)dark purple
B)light purple
C)white
D)a 3:1 ratio of purple to white flowers
E)a 1:1 ratio of purple to white flowers

Question 9

The statistical interpretation of a chi-square value is determined by identifying the __________.

A)mean
B)degrees of freedom
C)average
D)P value
E)joint probability

Question 10

In peas, the yellow allele is dominant over the green allele. A plant with yellow peas was crossed to a plant with green peas. The resulting plants were 50% yellow and 50% green. What is the genotype of the parents in this cross?

A)YY × yy
B)YY × Yy
C)Yy × yy
D)Yy × Yy
E)yy × yy

Question 11

Mendel performed many types of crosses, including those in which the same genotypes are crossed but the sexes of the parents are switched. These are known as __________.

A)replicate crosses
B)reciprocal crosses
C)test crosses
D)monohybrid crosses
E)dihybrid crosses

Question 12

The P value is a quantitative expression of the probability that the results of another experiment of the same size and structure will deviate from expected results as much as or more than by chance. The greater the difference between observed and expected results of an experiment, __________.

A)the lower the χ² value and the lower the P value
B)the greater the χ² value and the greater the P value
C)the greater the χ² value and the lower the P value
D)the lower the χ² value and the greater the P value
E)the greater the χ² value; but the P value is unaffected

Question 13

How many different types of gametes can be produced by a short plant with yellow, round peas with a heterozygous genotype (YyRrSs)?

A)3
B)6
C)8
D)10
E)12

Question 14

In peas, axial (A)flower position is dominant to terminal (a), tall (L)is dominant to short (l), and yellow (Y)is dominant to green (y). If a plant that is heterozygous for all three traits is allowed to self-fertilize, how many of the offspring would show the dominant phenotype for all three traits?

A)3/64
B)9/64
C)27/64
D)32/64
E)64/64

Question 15

A couple has four children. What is the probability that they have four boys?

A)1/2
B)1/4
C)1/8
D)1/16
E)1/32

Question 16

Crosses in which F₁ plants heterozygous for a given allele are crossed to generate a 3:1 phenotypic ratio in the F₂ generation are known as __________.

A)replicate crosses
B)reciprocal crosses
C)test crosses
D)monohybrid crosses
E)dihybrid crosses

Question 17

In peas, the round allele is dominant over the wrinkled allele. A plant with round peas was crossed to a plant with wrinkled peas and all of the resulting plants had round peas. What is the genotype of the parents in this cross?

A)RR × rr
B)RR × Rr
C)Rr × rr
D)Rr × Rr
E)rr × rr

Question 18

Humans have a gene, T, that is involved in muscle formation of the tongue. Individuals homozygous for one allele can roll their tongues, while individuals homozygous for the other allele cannot. If both parents can roll their tongues, but their child cannot, what can be said about the mode of inheritance?

A)Tongue rolling is dominant.
B)Tongue rolling is recessive.
C)The parents were both homozygous, but the child was heterozygous.
D)Tongue rolling is dominant, and both parents were heterozygous (Tt).
E)Tongue rolling is recessive, and both parents were heterozygous (Tt).

Question 19

The genes responsible for some of the traits that Mendel observed have been recently identified and have helped in determining how molecular variation produces morphologic variation in pea plants. Allelic variation in the Sbe1 gene, which produces starch-branching enzyme 1, is responsible for which trait in peas?

A)round and wrinkled pea shape
B)yellow and green pea color
C)purple and white flowers
D)tall and short plant height
E)axial and terminal flower position

Question 20

What phenotypic ratio would you expect as a result of a test cross between a dihybrid organism and one that is homozygous recessive for alleles at two independent loci?

A)3:1
B)1:2:1
C)1:1:1:1
D)9:3:3:1
E)9:4:2:1

Question 21

What simple type of cross that investigates the inheritance of only one trait could be used to illustrate Mendel's law of segregation?

Question 22

In a cross between individuals who are both heterozygous (carriers)for a recessive disease such as albinism, you would like to determine the risk of one or more children to inherit the recessive phenotype. Which of the rules of probability can be used to calculate the probability of a particular combination of events that each have two alternative outcomes?

Question 23

Why did Mendel cut off the nascent anthers during the process of artificial cross-fertilization?

Question 24

What is the probability of rolling two six-sided dice and obtaining two 4's?

Question 25

What is the probability of rolling two six-sided dice and obtaining at least one 3?

Question 26

What is the probability of rolling two six-sided dice and obtaining an odd number on at least one die?

Question 27

In the accompanying figure, the chance that individual III-2 is a heterozygous carrier is __________.

A)0%
B)25%
C)50%
D)75%
E)100%

Question 28

In the accompanying figure, the chance that individual IV-7 is a heterozygous carrier is __________.

A)1/4
B)1/3
C)1/2
D)2/3
E)3/4

Question 29

When calculating the probability of a given genotype in a trihybrid cross, you can generate a Punnett square. Which of the rules of probability can be used to calculate the joint probability of simultaneous inheritance of multiple alleles?

Question 30

In rabbits, long hair and black fur are produced by the dominant alleles L and B, which assort independently. The genotype ll produces short hair and the genotype bb produces white fur. A cross between a male with short, black fur and a female with long, white fur produces four offspring with short, black fur, four offspring with long, white fur, four offspring with short, white fur, and four offspring with long, black fur. What are the genotypes of the parents?

A)llBB × LLbb
B)LlBb × LlBb
C)llBb × Llbb
D)LLBB × llbb
E)Impossible to determine from the information given.

Question 31

What type of cross would be used to illustrate Mendel's law of independent assortment?

Question 32

In 1997, a gene called Le was discovered by two research groups led by David Martin and Diane Lester. Allelic variation in the Le gene, which controls elongation of the plant stem between branches, is responsible for which trait in peas?

A)inflated and constricted pod shape
B)yellow and green pod color
C)purple and white flowers
D)tall and short plant height
E)axial and terminal flower position

Question 33

In a test cross, a pure-breeding plant is crossed with a plant suspected to be heterozygous (Aa). What is the genotype of the pure-breeding plant?

Question 34

What is the probability of rolling one six-sided die and obtaining a 1 or a 2?

Question 35

A cross between a short pea plant and a tall pea plant results in a 1:1 genotypic and phenotypic ratio in the offspring. What are the genotypes of the parent plants?

Question 36

Mendel performed numerous controlled genetic crosses to obtain strains that consistently produced a single phenotype without variation. What are these strains that consistently produce the same phenotype called?

Question 37

If an affected individual is born to parents who are unaffected, what is the likely mode of inheritance?

Question 38

What is the probability of rolling one six-sided die and obtaining any number but 6?

Question 39

The gene L determines hair length in rabbits. The gene B determines hair color. A rabbit with long, black hair is crossed to a rabbit with short, white hair. All the offspring have long, black hair. What are the genotypes of the parents?

A)LLBB × llbb
B)LlBb × LlBb
C)LlBb × llbb
D)Llbb × llBb
E)Impossible to determine from the information given

Question 40

You count 1000 F₂ seeds from a monohybrid cross. How many do you expect to display the dominant phenotype?

A)1000
B)750
C)500
D)250
E)0

Question 41

What are Mendel's first and second laws, and what do they state?

Question 42

Geneticists must be able to compare the outcomes they obtain in their experiments to the outcomes that might be expected to occur. Which test would they use to confirm that the difference between observed and expected outcomes can be attributed to chance?

Question 43

Binomial expansion is a complex genetic calculation requiring repetition and precision in the use of the product rule and the sum rule. A shortcut called ________ eliminates the need for these repetitive calculations and can be used for any number of expansions between 0 and the nth power to yield the size of each possible class and the total number of classes possible.

Question 44

Describe the traits that make Pisum sativum an ideal organism for genetic studies. Why did Mendel ultimately decide not to include exterior seed coat color (gray vs. white)as one of the traits he analyzed?

Question 45

In Guinea pigs, short hair (S)is dominant over long hair (s), rough coat (R)is dominant over smooth coat (r), and black hair (B)is dominant over white hair (b). List all the different possible gametes that can be produced by each of the individuals below.
a. SSRRbb
b. ssRrBB
c. SsRrbb
d. SsRrBb

Question 46

A ratio of 9:3:3:1 is expected among the F₂ progeny of a dihybrid cross as a result of ________ of alleles at two loci.

Question 47

In a dihybrid cross, you want to calculate the probability that an F₂ progeny of the cross will inherit both dominant phenotypes. Which of the rules of probability can be used to calculate the probability of obtaining that combination of alleles?

Question 48

You have self-fertilized a plant with round seeds that is heterozygous, and you want to determine what proportion of the offspring will be not only dominant, but also true-breeding. Which of the rules of probability can be used to calculate the probability of obtaining a particular outcome when specific information about that outcome modifies the probability calculation?

Question 49

The P value is dependent on the number of ________, which is equal to the number of independent variables in an experiment.

Question 50

One key to Mendel's success was choosing to observe ________ traits, which exhibit one of two possible phenotypes.

Question 51

A normal distribution curve contains all the possible experimental outcomes in graph form. The tall central segment of the curve represents the outcomes with the highest probability of occurrence. The average outcome, represented by the center of the data distribution, is known as what?

Question 52

The statistical value obtained from a chi-square analysis refers to the probability that the deviations between the observed numbers and the expected numbers are caused by what?

Question 53

The hereditary particles that are passed from one generation are called alleles in modern terminology. This term had not been invented in Mendel's time; instead, he determined that two "________" (alleles)were present for each trait in a plant and together determined the phenotype
of the trait.

Question 54

Describe the blending theory of heredity and how Mendel's results help to reject this theory.

Question 55

How did the study of physics with Professors Doppler and Ettinghausen influence Mendel's understanding of genetics?