Deck 9: B: Multi-Group Design: Im Feeling Hot, but Is the Earth Hot, Too

Question 1

In a 2008 study examining the cognitive benefits of interacting with nature researchers found:

A) participants who walked in a park performed worse on an attention task than those who walked in a downtown area.
B) participants who walked in a park performed better on an attention task than those who walked in a downtown area.
C) participants who walked in a downtown area performed better on an attention task than those who walked in a park area.
D) there was no difference in ability to perform an attention task among those who walked in a park and those who walked in a downtown area.

Answer 1

participants who walked in a park performed better on an attention task than those who walked in a downtown area.

Question 2

Whitney notices there are advantages and disadvantages to every research procedure.She noted that self-report questionnaires are useful because:

A) it allows collateral information to be collected.
B) participants can see how others view them.
C) participants get to state their own views.
D) they are not susceptible to social desirability response biases.

Answer 2

participants get to state their own views.

Question 3

A 2010 study investigating whether darkness increases dishonesty and self-interested behavior while completing a math task found:

A) participants who wore clear glasses performed better than those who wore sunglasses.
B) participants who wore sunglasses performed better than those who wore clear glasses.
C) participants who wore sunglasses shared less money with their partner in a game than participants who wore clear glasses.
D) participants who wore clear glasses shared less money with their partner in a game than participants who wore sunglasses.

Answer 3

participants who wore sunglasses shared less money with their partner in a game than participants who wore clear glasses.

Question 4

In a 2008 study investigating whether direct experiences with flooding influence risk perception found:

A) flood victims were not more concerned,more informed,or more motivated to engaged in behavior that would help eliminate climate change.
B) flood victims were more concerned,more informed,and more motivated to engaged in behavior that would help eliminate climate change.
C) flood victims were less concerned,more informed,and more motivated to engaged in behavior that would help eliminate climate change.
D) flood victims were more concerned,but less informed,and motivated to engaged in behavior that would help eliminate climate change.

Question 5

In a 2006 study examining cross-national comparisons of image associations among residents of the United States and the United Kingdom regarding images related to climate change and global warming found:

A) that global warming produced positive associations for residents of the United Kingdom only.
B) that global warming produced positive associations for residents of the United States.only.
C) that global warming produced positive associations for both United Kingdom and United States residents.
D) that global warming produced negative associations for both United Kingdom and United States residents.

Question 6

Tarzanna is writing a research report and has to discuss disadvantages of self-report measures.Which of the following would be correct for Tarzanna to note?

A) Self-report measures are not susceptible to social desirability response biases.
B) Self-report measures are susceptible to social desirability response biases.
C) Self-report measures permit participants to report their own responses.
D) Self-report measures have high internal reliability consistencies.

Question 7

A 2010 study investigating whether darkness increases dishonesty and self-interested behavior while completing a math task found:

A) participants in the dimly lit room exaggerated their success on the math task.
B) participants in the brightly lit room exaggerated their success on the math task.
C) participants in the dimly lit room performed worse than participants in the brightly lit room.
D) participants in the brightly lit room performed worse than participants in the dimly lit room.

Question 8

Why was it so important for participants not to sign the petition in the "Cool Earth" bill and for fake signatures to be included on the petition in the research study discussed in the text?

A) it ensured participants' anonymity
B) it ensured methodological pluralism
C) it reduced social desirability bias
D) it increased the power of the study

Question 9

A 2010 study investigating whether darkness increases dishonesty and self-interested behavior while completing a math task found:

A) participants in the brightly lit room exaggerated their performance on the task.
B) participants in the dimly lit room performed better than participants in the brightly lit room.
C) participants in the brightly lit room performed better than participants in the dimly lit room.
D) there was no difference in task performance among those in the dimly lit room versus the brightly lit room.

Question 10

A 2008 study examining the experience of physical warmth on the promotion of interpersonal warmth found:

A) those who held the hot cup rated the other person's personality less favorably.
B) those who held the hot cup rated the other person's personality more favorably.
C) those who held the cold cup rated the other person's personality more favorably.
D) there was no difference among participants who held the hot or cold cup with regard to their ratings.

Question 11

Juan is interested in his peers' responses in reaction to spiders.He designs an experimental paradigm where he has fake spiders and real spiders and then monitors his peers' fear responses.Based on Juan's design which variable is the dependent variable (DV)?

A) fear responses
B) type of spider
C) diagnosis of arachnophobia
D) age of peers

Question 12

A 2008 study examining the experience of physical warmth on the promotion of interpersonal warmth found:

A) there was no difference in gift choice between those who held a warm or cold therapeutic pad.
B) those who held a cold therapeutic pad were more likely to choose a gift for a friend rather than take one for themselves.
C) those who held a warm therapeutic pad were more likely to choose a gift for a friend rather than take one for themselves.
D) those who held a warm therapeutic pad were less likely to choose a gift for a friend and took a gift for themselves instead.

Question 13

A 2010 study examining whether clean scents promote reciprocity and charity found:

A) participants in a clean smelling room gave more money to a partner,took more flyers related to volunteering efforts,and were more willing to donate more money than those in a room without a scent.
B) participants in a room with no noticeable scent room gave more money to a partner,took more flyers related to volunteering efforts,and were more willing to donate more money than those in a room with a clean scent.
C) participants in a clean smelling room gave less money to a partner,took less flyers related to volunteering efforts,but were more willing to donate more money than those in a room without a scent.
D) participants in a clean smelling room gave more money to a partner,but took less flyers related to volunteering efforts,and were less willing to donate more money than those in a room without a scent.

Question 14

Ramona includes multiple distractor questions in the questionnaire she is developing about relationship satisfaction.These distractor questions are to help counteract:

A) random error.
B) hypothesis guessing.
C) social desirability.
D) demand characteristics.

Question 15

Juan is interested in his peers' responses in reaction to spiders.He designs an experimental paradigm where he has fake spiders and real spiders and then monitors his peers' fear responses.Based on Juan's design which variable is the independent variable (IV)?

A) fear responses
B) type of spider
C) diagnosis of arachnophobia
D) age of peers

Question 16

Which of the following would be helpful in reducing the chance of hypothesis-guessing on a measure?

A) include more items on the questionnaires (The longer the measure the less chance participants will guess the purpose of the study. )
B) include less items on the questionnaire (The shorter the measure the less chance participants will guess the purpose of the study. )
C) include distractor questions to help divert attention from the true purpose of the study
D) increase the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the measure

Question 17

Ricardo develops a research study to help answer his research question: Do individuals in the northeast part of the United States have a different dialect than individuals in the southern part of the United States? He interviews individuals from Louisiana and Mississippi as well as from Maine and New Hampshire.He is interested in studying their dialects.He interviews 30 individuals in each of two age groups: 15-30 years of age and 31-75 years of age.He has all participants read and record a preselected passage three times.He then codes their dialects based on a coding system and has two other researchers code the dialects as well.Based on this information which of the following would be considered the independent variable (IV)?

A) geographic origin
B) gender of participants
C) dialect
D) coding of responses

Question 18

Which of the following would NOT be helpful in reducing social desirability bias in participant responding?

A) assuring participants of their anonymity
B) assuring participants of their confidentiality
C) informing participants there is no pressure or judgment
D) informing participants how important the study is and what the researchers hopes to find

Question 19

Self-report measures could unintentionally introduce all of the following into a study,EXCEPT:

A) social desirability.
B) hypothesis-guessing.
C) demand characteristics.
D) systematic error.

Question 20

Sabina wishes to use multiple strategies including self-report,interview,and a behavioral measure to answer her research question regarding alcohol use among teenagers.Sabina will most likely be employing:

A) baseline measurements.
B) methodological pluralism.
C) multigroup design.
D) planned contrasts.

Question 21

Dr.Vela is studying comorbid substance use disorders and anxiety disorders among African Americans,Caucasians,Hispanic Americans,and Native Americans between 15 years and 65 years of age.Dr.Vela is using a:

A) multigroup design.
B) factorial design.
C) case study design.
D) repeated measures design.

Question 22

If a researcher unintentionally introduces another variable into an experimental design,this is referred to as:

A) a confound.
B) a practice effect.
C) a cohort effect.
D) maturation.

Question 23

Esteban completed a research study for class credit.He thought it was odd that he only had to complete a single self-report questionnaire after finding out from some of his classmates that they had to stare at a light before completing the questionnaire.Esteban was most likely in the:

A) placebo group.
B) experimental group.
C) empty control group.
D) baseline group.

Question 24

Dr.Sila is studying eating disorders among young children,older children,adolescents,young adults,and adults between the ages of 5 years and 75 years of age.Dr.Sila is using a:

A) case study design.
B) factorial design.
C) multigroup design.
D) repeated measures design.

Question 25

Dr.Balin is interested in studying the association between food preferences among 5-year-old to 55-year-old males and females,specifically examining four different levels of food preferences: sweet,salty,sour,and bitter.Dr.Balin is likely to find what type of relationship?

A) linear relationship
B) quadratic function
C) polynomial regression
D) functional relationship

Question 26

Knowing what you know about sample bias,which would be the best and most representative sample to address the following research question: Does an individual's geographic origin and age affect their political affiliations?

A) a sample of residents in Alabama between the ages of 18 years and 45 years
B) a random sample of residents from each state in the United States between the ages of 18 years and 99 years
C) a random sample of residents from six southern states and six western states between the ages of 18 and 99 years
D) a sample of residents in Vermont between the ages of 18 years and 65 years

Question 27

A 2009 study examining the effects of the temperature of a room on social relationships found:

A) individuals who waited in a room with higher temperatures exhibited more interest in social relations.
B) individuals who waited in a room with colder temperatures exhibited more interest in social relations.
C) individuals who waited in a room with higher temperatures stood farther away from other participants.
D) individuals who waited in a room with colder temperatures stood closer to other participants.

Question 28

Dr.Tykr determined that his null hypothesis is in fact true.This would suggest that Dr.Tykr's study:

A) had a low degree of power.
B) had a moderate to high degree of power.
C) had an absence of power.
D) did not yield any significant results.

Question 29

Dr.Pinner is interested in studying the association between likeability and popularity and plans on using two groups and three levels of the independent variable.Dr.Pinner is likely to find:

A) a linear relationship.
B) a functional relationship.
C) a polynomial regression.
D) a quadratic function.

Question 30

Dr.Primrose is studying sleep disturbances among young adults and conducts experiments at different times during the night for each patient and monitors their sleep patterns at different points in their sleep cycles.Without realizing it Dr.Primrose has introduced:

A) confounds.
B) practice effects.
C) cohort effects.
D) maturation effects.

Question 31

Dion is interested in study individual's affinity for warm weather.He decides to sample residents of Miami,Florida,and randomly selects individuals on the beach to complete his survey.Dion's study most likely suffers from:

A) lack of reliability.
B) hypothesis-guessing.
C) sample bias.
D) lack of power.

Question 32

Dr.Lumen's recent findings support the notion that his null hypothesis is false.This would suggest that Dr.Lumen's study:

A) had a low degree of power.
B) had a moderate to high degree of power.
C) had an absence of power.
D) did not yield any significant results.

Question 33

Dr.Henries decided that it would be too difficult and costly to assess all bilingual students among three states receiving federal funding for bilingual studies.Dr.Henries serves as an advisor to the bilingual club on campus as well as advisor to the foreign-language students.Dr.Henries's most cost efficient and timely option for sampling would be:

A) simple random sampling.
B) stratified random sampling.
C) cluster sampling.
D) convenience sampling.

Question 34

Mr.McGrew is interested in the various types of butterflies throughout the United States.He is most interested in the differences among butterflies with origins in New England,the gulf states,the midwestern states,and the western states.Mr.McGrew is using a:

A) case study design.
B) factorial design.
C) matched pair design.
D) multigroup design.

Question 35

Linn is developing a research study wants to include a group in his study that only completes the depression questionnaire and alcohol use questionnaire and does not receive any of the experimental manipulations.Linn is thinking about implementing a(n):

A) empty control group.
B) experimental group.
C) placebo group.
D) baseline group.

Question 36

If Professor Adams decides to use students in all of his sociology classes for his research,he is using what type of sampling procedure?

A) simple random sampling
B) stratified random sampling
C) convenience sampling
D) cluster sampling

Question 37

Ricardo develops a research study to help answer his research question: Do individuals in the northeast part of the United States have a different dialect than individuals in the southern part of the United States? He interviews individuals from Louisiana and Mississippi as well as from Maine and New Hampshire.He is interested in studying their dialects.He interviews 30 individuals in each of two age groups: 15-30 years of age and 31-75 years of age.He has all participants read and record a preselected passage three times.He then codes their dialects based on a coding system and has two other researchers code the dialects as well.Based on this information which of the following would be considered the dependent variable (DV)?

A) geographic origin
B) gender of participants
C) dialect coding
D) age of participants

Question 38

One of the most main goals of a research study is to make all efforts to:

A) decrease the sample size.
B) increase power.
C) decrease effect size.
D) decrease p.

Question 39

Deandre is new teacher at a local elementary school.He decides to conduct a brief study testing the fifth graders knowledge of science at the beginning of the school year and at the end of the school year.He will randomly assign students to either a "hands-on" science group that does experiments with each lesson plan or to a "video" science group that assigns videos and online tutorials in support of the science lesson plans.Based on this information which of the following would be considered the dependent variable (DV)?

A) type of science group
B) pretest and posttest of science knowledge
C) gender of fifth graders
D) age of the fifth graders

Question 40

Deandre is new teacher at a local elementary school.He decides to conduct a brief study testing the fifth graders knowledge of science at the beginning of the school year and at the end of the school year.He will randomly assign students to either a "hands-on" science group that does experiments with each lesson plan or to a "video" science group that assigns videos and online tutorials in support of the science lesson plans.Based on this information which of the following would be considered the independent variable (IV)?

A) types of science group
B) science knowledge at the beginning of the year
C) science knowledge at the end of the year
D) age of the fifth graders

Question 41

Nita signed up for a medication trial at the local hospital.She was informed that she would be in the group taking a new diet pill and other groups would be taking a new energy pill.Nita began to notice that her clothes felt different,even though the scale showed no difference in her weight.She continued to feel like she was losing weight.At the end of the 6-week trial she was informed by researchers that she in fact was taking a water pill that would have no effect on weight loss.Nita was in the:

A) empty control group.
B) experimental group.
C) placebo group.
D) baseline group.

Question 42

Dr.Trudeau is in the process of a developing a(n)_____ to help standardize participants' experiences and assist researchers in systematically providing instructions to participants.

A) adaptive clinical trial
B) clinical trial
C) protocol
D) condition

Question 43

It is very common for manipulation check questions to be embedded within the _____ on a follow-up questionnaire.

A) demographic items
B) dependent variable items
C) distractor items
D) informed consent

Question 44

Dr.Hardin is interested in studying eating disorders among first-generation,second-generation,and third-generation immigrants.She has separated her participants into their respective group and interviewed them,as well as provided them with self-report questionnaires to complete.For Dr.Hardin to achieve adequate power for her study what is the minimum number of participants she would need in each generational condition?

A) 30
B) 60
C) 90
D) 120

Question 45

Carmina was developing a study for her introduction to research course and wanted to use a multigroup design.Based on her research question she needs to include a group in which participants believe they are getting some treatment,but in fact are not receiving any treatment.Carmina is considering using a:

A) empty control group.
B) placebo group.
C) experimental group.
D) baseline group.

Question 46

Prior to completing any statistical analyses regarding a study's hypotheses it is important to calculate the _____ for each scale used.

A) Cohen's d
B) point biserial correlation
C) Cronbach's alpha
D) kappa coefficient

Question 47

_____ provides insight into the reliability of a particular measure for a given sample.

A) Cohen's d
B) Cronbach's alpha
C) Jaccard's J
D) The kappa coefficient

Question 48

A general rule is that you should have approximately _____participants per condition to yield adequate power to make predictions based on results.

A) 10
B) 15
C) 25
D) 30

Question 49

Which of the following is noted as a key to minimizing systematic differences between multigroup design conditions before a study begins?

A) remove covariates
B) repeated measure design
C) random assignment
D) cluster sampling

Question 50

Which of the following is the appropriate sequence of steps in carrying out a study?

A) proceed with manipulation,obtain informed consent,complete dependent measures
B) obtain informed consent,proceed with manipulation,complete dependent measures
C) complete dependent measures,obtain informed consent,proceed with manipulation
D) complete dependent measures,proceed with manipulation,obtain informed consent

Question 51

When inputting data into statistical software it is important to ensure that the appropriate data is being placed in the correct cells.Dr.Lure's research assistant is unsure of where to place the following value notations: 1 = control group,2 = stimulant medication,3 = depressant medication.How should the research assistant include this information?

A) in a column for each dependent measure
B) in a column representing the independent variable
C) in a column representing the dependent variable
D) in a row for each participant

Question 52

Dr.Dupuis has been conducting the same study for multiple years in a row,but never seems to yield enough power to make any predictions based on the study results.Dr.Dupuis has seven experimental conditions based on treatment modalities for personality disorders.What is the total minimum number of participants Dr.Dupuis would need in order to yield adequate power?

A) 180
B) 210
C) 360
D) 420

Question 53

Placebo groups are often used in multigroup designs because:

A) they are cost effective because you don't have to purchase an additional treatment for participants.
B) they help determine how much the participants' responses are due to their expectation rather than the treatment itself.
C) they help determine the true score for participants on the dependent variable in relation to the response to treatment.
D) they are required in order to conduct a comprehensive multigroup design.

Question 54

Jayna recently participated in a study at the local university hospital.As she was waiting in the study's waiting room the staff approached her and apologized for the temperature in the room.She was informed that the temperature of the waiting room would continue to increase because the thermostat was broken and scheduled to be fixed later that week.Researchers provided her with cold beverages and warm beverages as she waited and had her complete some measures while she was waiting to be called.Little did Jayna know that she was already part of the study.There was nothing wrong with the waiting room's temperature and researchers monitored the numbers of beverages she drank and found that she only had cold beverages and noted multiple times how hot and uncomfortable the room was.Jayna was most likely in the:

A) placebo group.
B) empty control group.
C) experimental group.
D) baseline group.

Question 55

Dr.Herrin was lecturing to his students about random assignment and noted that random assignment is integral to reduce _____ before a study begins.

A) power
B) random error
C) systematic error
D) regression to the mean

Question 56

Dr.Stallworth is developing a new research study and needs to determine the number of participants necessary to achieve adequate power.Dr.Stallworth currently has theorized four experimental conditions in this multigroup design.What is the minimum number of participants Dr.Stallworth would need to yield adequate power?

A) 50
B) 75
C) 120
D) 200

Question 57

Researchers are inclined to use multigroup designs because there are a number of advantages to such a paradigm.Each of the following is considered an advantage of multigroup design,EXCEPT:

A) the ability to test functional or nonlinear relationships.
B) the ability to query and test multiple levels of the independent variable in one study.
C) the requirement to use collateral information and multiple methodological strategies .
D) the need to use fewer participants to test hypotheses.

Question 58

Which of the following is the most accurate description of random assignment?

A) using a random numbers table to generate a string of randomized digits in order to determine which participants will be selected for each experimental condition
B) choose all blonde participants for one group and all redheads for the other groups
C) have participants guess a number between 1 and 100 and put those who get it correct in one group and those who guess incorrectly in the other group
D) place all individuals younger than 35 years in one group and those older than 35 years in the other conditions

Question 59

Dr.Cullen and Dr.Rosen are having a debate on the inclusion of distractor items on the follow-up questionnaire following the completion of their experimental drug study.Dr.Cullen insists that distractor questions are extremely useful in:

A) exaggerating hypothesis-guessing and demand characteristics.
B) exaggerating social desirability responding and demand characteristics.
C) minimizing hypothesis-guessing and confounds.
D) minimizing hypothesis-guessing and demand characteristics.

Question 60

Typically,following the completion of a study,participants are ____________ regarding the true purpose of the study.

A) debriefed
B) provided informed consent
C) informed of the study protocol
D) informed of the distractor items

Question 61

Dr.Reddick is lecturing on various statistical analyses in class.He notes the definition for post-hoc analyses as:

A) statistical tests in which both variables are categorical and determine if the distribution of participants across categories is different than expected.
B) statistical tests that examine all of the possible combinations of conditions in a way that statistically accounts for the fact that we did not predict them ahead of time.
C) statistical tests that determine whether responses from the different conditions are essentially the same or whether the responses from at least one of the conditions differ from the others.
D) statistical tests that allow a priori decisions to test comparisons between groups predicted ahead of time.

Question 62

Dr.Eggleston is lecturing on various statistical analyses in class.He notes the definition for a chi-square test of independence as:

A) a statistical test in which both variables are categorical and determines if the distribution of participants across categories is different than expected.
B) a statistical test that examines all of the possible combinations of conditions in a way that statistically accounts for the fact that we did not predict them ahead of time.
C) a statistical test that determines whether responses from the different conditions are essentially the same or whether the responses from at least one of the conditions differ from the others.
D) a statistical test that allows a priori decisions to test comparisons between groups predicted ahead of time.

Question 63

Dr.Moye is lecturing on various statistical analyses in class.He notes the definition for planned contrasts as:

A) statistical tests in which both variables are categorical and determine if the distribution of participants across categories is different than expected.
B) statistical tests that examine all of the possible combinations of conditions in a way that statistically accounts for the fact that we did not predict them ahead of time.
C) statistical tests that determine whether responses from the different conditions are essentially the same or whether the responses from at least one of the conditions differ from the others.
D) statistical tests that allow a priori decisions to test comparisons between groups predicted ahead of time.

Question 64

Dr.Wadsworth used census data to estimate the number of individuals who would meet criteria for participation in his study examining single-parent families receiving federal assistance with a mother currently seeking higher education and two-parent households receiving federal assistance with either parent currently seeking higher education.Dr.Wadsworth expects 54 males and 72 females in his single-parent family group and 32 males and 44 females in his two-parent family group.Dr.Wadsworth wants to make sure the distribution is not significant different among the groups.Dr.Wadsworth needs to conduct a(n):

A) one-way ANOVA.
B) chi-square test of independence.
C) independent samples t test.
D) multiple regression.

Question 65

Dr.Pantoja conducted a chi-square test of independence between conditions to determine if the distribution among 175 participants was as expected.Dr.Pantoja was studying sleep cycles for various age groups with and without sleep apnea.Dr.Pantoja's results did not yield a significant result.Which of the following would be the most accurate results write-up for a chi-square test of independence?

A) d(3,175)= 11.83,p = .01
B) $\chi$ ²(3,175)= 11.83,p = .55,ᶲ = .30
C) $\chi$ ² (3,175)= 11.83,p = .01,eta² = .22
D) F(3,200)= 11.83,p = .42,eta² = .02

Question 66

Dr.Raymond is lecturing on various statistical analyses in class.She notes the definition for exploratory analyses as:

A) statistical tests in which both variables are categorical and determine if the distribution of participants across categories is different than expected.
B) statistical tests where researchers look for potential differences that were not predicted prior to the study.
C) statistical tests that determine whether responses from the different conditions are essentially the same or whether the responses from at least one of the conditions differ from the others.
D) statistical tests that allow a priori decisions to test comparisons between groups predicted ahead of time.

Question 67

Dr.Neff conducted a chi-square test of independence between conditions to determine if the distribution among 200 participants was as expected.Dr.Neff was studying sleep cycles for various age groups with and without sleep apnea.Dr.Neff's results yielded a significant result.Which of the following would be the most accurate results write-up for a chi-square test of independence?

A) d(3,200)= 13.49,p = .01
B) $\chi$ ²(3,200)= 13.49,p = .55,eta² = .30
C) $\chi$ ² (3,200)= 13.49,p = .01,ᶲ = .22
D) F(3,200)= 13.49,p = .42,eta² = .02

Question 68

Dr.Spruill conducted a one-way ANOVA on a set of data examining political opinions after watching different propaganda footage from different eras.Each condition saw a different reel of footage and one condition simply watched a movie with no political agenda.Dr.Spruill's one-way ANOVA yielded significant results,but it was not able to tell him where the specific difference existed.Dr.Spruill will need to follow-up with what analysis to test all possible combinations of the conditions?

A) post-hoc analyses
B) planned contrasts
C) independent sample t test
D) factorial analysis

Question 69

Dr.Hsu conducted a one-way ANOVA on a set of data examining digestive reaction to the smell of food and watching food preparation.Dr.Hsu had multiple experimental conditions.Dr.Hsu's one-way ANOVA yielded significant results,but the analysis was not able to tell him where the specific differences existed.Dr.Hsu will need to follow-up with what analysis to test all possible combinations of the conditions?

A) matched samples test
B) planned contrasts
C) independent sample t test
D) post-hoc analyses

Question 70

The data must be _____ in order to conduct a chi-square test of independence.

A) ordinal
B) interval
C) continuous
D) nominal

Question 71

Seymour is having difficulty writing up his first results section.He needs to note the reliability of the measure used in his study,but is not clear on which symbol represents Cronbach's alpha.Which is the appropriate symbol for Seymour to use?

A) $\Sigma$
B) $\Omega$
C) $\beta$
D) $\alpha$

Question 72

Dr.Nixon noted the following results: $\chi$ ²(6,N= 422)= 10.72,p = .001,ᶲ = .20.Which of the following numbers represents the degrees of freedom in this results write-up?

A) 422
B) 6
C) 10.72
D) .20

Question 73

Dr.Crouse made specific predictions in the development phase of his study regarding which comparisons between conditions would yield significant results.Dr.Crouse conducted _____ to produce such data.

A) planned contrasts
B) post-hoc analyses
C) an independent samples t test
D) a paired samples t test

Question 74

Dr.Choi conducted a one-way ANOVA to test whether participant's responses in the psychotherapy treatment condition were different from participants' responses to treatment in both the antidepressant medication and supportive listening conditions as a whole.Dr.Choi did not find a significant result.Which of the following would be the most accurate results write-up for a one-way ANOVA?

A) d(2,79)= 2.27,p = .02
B) $\chi$ (2,79)= 2.27,p = .02,eta² = .30
C) F(2,79)= 2.27,p = .02,eta² = .30
D) F(2,79)= 2.27,p = .42,eta² = .02

Question 75

The F statistic included in a results write-up for a one-way ANOVA includes all of the following information,EXCEPT:

A) F score.
B) Cronbach's alpha.
C) between-subjects degrees of freedom.
D) within-subjects degrees of freedom.

Question 76

The dependent variable must be _____ in order to conduct an ANOVA.

A) ordinal
B) interval
C) continuous
D) nominal

Question 77

Dr.Meek is interested in examining all possible combinations of conditions in his study examining obedience to authority for different generations.His initial analyses yielded significant results.Dr.Meek is interested in:

A) planned contrasts.
B) post-hoc analyses.
C) independent samples t test.
D) paired samples t test.

Question 78

Dr.Lugo is lecturing on various statistical analyses in class.He notes the definition for a one-way analysis of variance as:

A) a statistical test in which both variables are categorical and determines if the distribution of participants across categories is different than expected.
B) a statistical test that examines all of the possible combinations of conditions in a way that statistically accounts for the fact that we did not predict them ahead of time.
C) a statistical test that determines whether responses from the different conditions are essentially the same or whether the responses from at least one of the conditions differ from the others.
D) a statistical test that allows a priori decisions to test comparisons between groups predicted ahead of time.

Question 79

Dr.Ean wants to determine whether mood responses from participants in different colored rooms were different from one another.He is mostly interested to determine if participants' mood differed in the yellow room compared with both the red and blue rooms as a whole.Dr.Ean is interested in conducting a(n):

A) ANOVA.
B) one-way ANOVA.
C) chi-Square.
D) matched samples test.

Question 80

Dr.Ross runs a one-way analysis of variance to test whether participant's responses in the spider fear condition were different from participants' responses in both the rat and dog fear conditions as a whole.Dr.Ross found a significant result.Which of the following would be the most accurate results write-up for a one-way ANOVA?

A) F(2,102)= 4.21,p = .70,eta² = .30
B) F(2,102)= 4.21,p = .02,eta² = .30
C) d(2,102)= 4.21,eta² = .30
D) $\Sigma$ (2,102)= 4.21,p = .02