Deck 2: C: The Research Process: Ideas to Innovations

Question 1

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Swee,G.& Schirmer,A.(2014).On the importance of being vocal: saying ''ow'' improves pain tolerance.The Journal of Pain,16(4),326-334.
Vocalization and Pain Tolerance
Swee and Schirmer (2014)examined the effect of behavioral interventions on pain tolerance in adults.Participants submerged their nondominant hand in an ice bath on five different occasions.During each occasion they either said "ow," heard a recording of them saying "ow," heard a recording of someone else saying "ow," pressed a button,or did nothing.The researchers hypothesized that what participants did while their hand was in the ice bath would increase how long they kept their hand in the ice bath.The results of the study showed that when participants said "ow" they were able to keep their hand in the ice bath significantly longer than during any of the other treatment conditions.
(Scenario I)What is the independent variable in Scenario I?

A) intervention
B) pain tolerance
C) saying "ow"
D) how long a participant kept their hand in the ice bath

Answer 1

intervention

Question 2

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Swee,G.& Schirmer,A.(2014).On the importance of being vocal: saying ''ow'' improves pain tolerance.The Journal of Pain,16(4),326-334.
Vocalization and Pain Tolerance
Swee and Schirmer (2014)examined the effect of behavioral interventions on pain tolerance in adults.Participants submerged their nondominant hand in an ice bath on five different occasions.During each occasion they either said "ow," heard a recording of them saying "ow," heard a recording of someone else saying "ow," pressed a button,or did nothing.The researchers hypothesized that what participants did while their hand was in the ice bath would increase how long they kept their hand in the ice bath.The results of the study showed that when participants said "ow" they were able to keep their hand in the ice bath significantly longer than during any of the other treatment conditions.
(Scenario I)Suppose the researchers still measured the effect of all five treatments on pain tolerance,but each participant was only measured under one treatment condition.In making this adjustment the research design would change from a _____________ design to a _____________ design.

A) between subjects;within subjects
B) within subjects;longitudinal
C) longitudinal;between subjects
D) within subjects;between subjects

Answer 2

within subjects;between subjects

Question 3

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Pretz,J.E.& Kaufman,J.C.(2015).Do traditional admissions criteria reflect applicant creativity? The Journal of Creative Behavior,49(2),1-15.
Creativity and College Admissions Study
Pretz and Kaufman examined the relationship between creativity and college admissions status in 610 undergraduate students.The volunteers' creativity was assessed using a 3three-item creative self-efficacy scale and the Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale.Creativity was examined in relation to each student's high school rank and college standardized test scores.The results revealed a statistically significant negative relationship between creativity and college admissions status,and that very high levels of creativity were often associated with less favorable admission status.The authors conclude that some students admitted into college are very creative while others are not particularly creative,and that regardless of one's level of creativity,all college students have a level of intelligence greater than those not admitted to college.
(Scenario III)In this study,creativity is a/an:

A) independent variable.
B) dependent variable.
C) predictor variable.
D) criterion variable.

Answer 3

predictor variable.

Question 4

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Pretz,J.E.& Kaufman,J.C.(2015).Do traditional admissions criteria reflect applicant creativity? The Journal of Creative Behavior,49(2),1-15.
Creativity and College Admissions Study
Pretz and Kaufman examined the relationship between creativity and college admissions status in 610 undergraduate students.The volunteers' creativity was assessed using a 3three-item creative self-efficacy scale and the Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale.Creativity was examined in relation to each student's high school rank and college standardized test scores.The results revealed a statistically significant negative relationship between creativity and college admissions status,and that very high levels of creativity were often associated with less favorable admission status.The authors conclude that some students admitted into college are very creative while others are not particularly creative,and that regardless of one's level of creativity,all college students have a level of intelligence greater than those not admitted to college.
(Scenario III)Brad is very creative,and after reading the conclusion of the study described in Scenario III,he realizes it describes him perfectly.Coincidentally,Angie (who is not creative at all)also considers the conclusion to accurately describe her.According to your text,the fact that both Brad and Angie feel this way can be attributed to:

A) the Barnum effect.
B) Occam's razor.
C) the butterfly effect.
D) social desirability.

Question 5

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Pretz,J.E.& Kaufman,J.C.(2015).Do traditional admissions criteria reflect applicant creativity? The Journal of Creative Behavior,49(2),1-15.
Creativity and College Admissions Study
Pretz and Kaufman examined the relationship between creativity and college admissions status in 610 undergraduate students.The volunteers' creativity was assessed using a 3three-item creative self-efficacy scale and the Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale.Creativity was examined in relation to each student's high school rank and college standardized test scores.The results revealed a statistically significant negative relationship between creativity and college admissions status,and that very high levels of creativity were often associated with less favorable admission status.The authors conclude that some students admitted into college are very creative while others are not particularly creative,and that regardless of one's level of creativity,all college students have a level of intelligence greater than those not admitted to college.
Sarah is an undergraduate research assistant who was in charge of obtaining informed consent from the undergraduates who participated in this study.Sarah was involved in which step associated with hypothesis testing?

A) identifying key variables
B) choosing a research design
C) conducting the study
D) communicating the findings

Question 6

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Tiggemann,M.& Zaccardo,M.(2015)."Exercise to be fit,not skinny": The effect of fitspiration imagery on women's body image.Body Image,15,61-67.
Fitspiration and Body Image Study
Tiggemann and Zaccardo examined the effect of photographic images on a variety of psychological constructs.A total of 130 undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions.In the "fitspiration" condition,participants were presented images designed to inspire fitness.These images included men and women wearing fitness clothing and participating in physical activity with fitness-inspiring captions.Participants in the control condition were presented images of exotic destinations with descriptive captions of the landscape.Following the presentation of the images all participants completed surveys to assess mood,body dissatisfaction,and self-esteem.In addition,each participant also reported how inspired they felt from each photo.
(Scenario II)Suppose Tiggemann came up with the hypothesis for this study after she spent an afternoon perusing "fitness" on Pinterest and became depressed.Of the four hypothesis-generating strategies described in your text,which did she appear to use?

A) introspection
B) exception to the rule
C) matter of degree
D) change the directionality

Question 7

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Swee,G.& Schirmer,A.(2014).On the importance of being vocal: saying ''ow'' improves pain tolerance.The Journal of Pain,16(4),326-334.
Vocalization and Pain Tolerance
Swee and Schirmer (2014)examined the effect of behavioral interventions on pain tolerance in adults.Participants submerged their nondominant hand in an ice bath on five different occasions.During each occasion they either said "ow," heard a recording of them saying "ow," heard a recording of someone else saying "ow," pressed a button,or did nothing.The researchers hypothesized that what participants did while their hand was in the ice bath would increase how long they kept their hand in the ice bath.The results of the study showed that when participants said "ow" they were able to keep their hand in the ice bath significantly longer than during any of the other treatment conditions.
(Scenario I)Which of the following is the best conclusion of this study?

A) The results suggest that pain tolerance can be affected behaviorally,particularly by vocalizing one's discomfort.
B) These data prove that vocalizing one's discomfort to a painful stimulus will increase their pain tolerance.
C) The results of the study show that people who vocalize their discomfort have a greater tolerance for pain.
D) All of these conclusions are equally acceptable.

Question 8

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Pretz,J.E.& Kaufman,J.C.(2015).Do traditional admissions criteria reflect applicant creativity? The Journal of Creative Behavior,49(2),1-15.
Creativity and College Admissions Study
Pretz and Kaufman examined the relationship between creativity and college admissions status in 610 undergraduate students.The volunteers' creativity was assessed using a 3three-item creative self-efficacy scale and the Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale.Creativity was examined in relation to each student's high school rank and college standardized test scores.The results revealed a statistically significant negative relationship between creativity and college admissions status,and that very high levels of creativity were often associated with less favorable admission status.The authors conclude that some students admitted into college are very creative while others are not particularly creative,and that regardless of one's level of creativity,all college students have a level of intelligence greater than those not admitted to college.
(Scenario III)The type of research design in Scenario III is best described as:

A) experimental.
B) longitudinal.
C) nonexperimental.
D) within-subject.

Question 9

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Tiggemann,M.& Zaccardo,M.(2015)."Exercise to be fit,not skinny": The effect of fitspiration imagery on women's body image.Body Image,15,61-67.
Fitspiration and Body Image Study
Tiggemann and Zaccardo examined the effect of photographic images on a variety of psychological constructs.A total of 130 undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions.In the "fitspiration" condition,participants were presented images designed to inspire fitness.These images included men and women wearing fitness clothing and participating in physical activity with fitness-inspiring captions.Participants in the control condition were presented images of exotic destinations with descriptive captions of the landscape.Following the presentation of the images all participants completed surveys to assess mood,body dissatisfaction,and self-esteem.In addition,each participant also reported how inspired they felt from each photo.
(Scenario II)In Scenario II,how many levels did the independent variable have?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 10

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Tiggemann,M.& Zaccardo,M.(2015)."Exercise to be fit,not skinny": The effect of fitspiration imagery on women's body image.Body Image,15,61-67.
Fitspiration and Body Image Study
Tiggemann and Zaccardo examined the effect of photographic images on a variety of psychological constructs.A total of 130 undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions.In the "fitspiration" condition,participants were presented images designed to inspire fitness.These images included men and women wearing fitness clothing and participating in physical activity with fitness-inspiring captions.Participants in the control condition were presented images of exotic destinations with descriptive captions of the landscape.Following the presentation of the images all participants completed surveys to assess mood,body dissatisfaction,and self-esteem.In addition,each participant also reported how inspired they felt from each photo.
(Scenario II)Who was most likely involved in the peer-review process of this paper that resulted in its publication?

A) the dean of research at the university where Tiggemann and Zaccardo work
B) the Body Image journal editorial board
C) an anonymous group of researchers whose expertise is similar to that of Tiggemann and Zaccardo
D) a group of individuals selected by Tiggemann and Zaccardo

Question 11

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Tiggemann,M.& Zaccardo,M.(2015)."Exercise to be fit,not skinny": The effect of fitspiration imagery on women's body image.Body Image,15,61-67.
Fitspiration and Body Image Study
Tiggemann and Zaccardo examined the effect of photographic images on a variety of psychological constructs.A total of 130 undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions.In the "fitspiration" condition,participants were presented images designed to inspire fitness.These images included men and women wearing fitness clothing and participating in physical activity with fitness-inspiring captions.Participants in the control condition were presented images of exotic destinations with descriptive captions of the landscape.Following the presentation of the images all participants completed surveys to assess mood,body dissatisfaction,and self-esteem.In addition,each participant also reported how inspired they felt from each photo.
(Scenario II)At the end of the study,Tiggemann and Zaccardo explained to the participants that they had expected those who saw fitspiration photos to express more body dissatisfaction than those who saw photos of exotic landscapes.In research,this is referred to as:

A) informed consent.
B) summarizing.
C) postexperimental probing.
D) debriefing.

Question 12

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Tiggemann,M.& Zaccardo,M.(2015)."Exercise to be fit,not skinny": The effect of fitspiration imagery on women's body image.Body Image,15,61-67.
Fitspiration and Body Image Study
Tiggemann and Zaccardo examined the effect of photographic images on a variety of psychological constructs.A total of 130 undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions.In the "fitspiration" condition,participants were presented images designed to inspire fitness.These images included men and women wearing fitness clothing and participating in physical activity with fitness-inspiring captions.Participants in the control condition were presented images of exotic destinations with descriptive captions of the landscape.Following the presentation of the images all participants completed surveys to assess mood,body dissatisfaction,and self-esteem.In addition,each participant also reported how inspired they felt from each photo.
(Scenario II)The authors of Scenario II concluded that "These results suggest that while the intent of fitness photos is to inspire,they actually produce a negative body image and promote self-hate." What's the most likely explanation for why they didn't use the word prove instead of suggest?

A) They recognized that their methodology was flawed,and as such could not make a statement of absolute causation.
B) They understand that statistical tests provide probabilistic conclusions about the relationships between our variables of interest and not absolute truths.
C) The design of their study is qualitative,and qualitative studies are inherently imprecise.
D) Not all of the participants in the fitspiration condition reported more body-dissatisfaction.

Question 13

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Swee,G.& Schirmer,A.(2014).On the importance of being vocal: saying ''ow'' improves pain tolerance.The Journal of Pain,16(4),326-334.
Vocalization and Pain Tolerance
Swee and Schirmer (2014)examined the effect of behavioral interventions on pain tolerance in adults.Participants submerged their nondominant hand in an ice bath on five different occasions.During each occasion they either said "ow," heard a recording of them saying "ow," heard a recording of someone else saying "ow," pressed a button,or did nothing.The researchers hypothesized that what participants did while their hand was in the ice bath would increase how long they kept their hand in the ice bath.The results of the study showed that when participants said "ow" they were able to keep their hand in the ice bath significantly longer than during any of the other treatment conditions.
(Scenario I)In Scenario I pain tolerance is operationally defined as:

A) the participants' ability to withstand a painful stimulus.
B) how long the participants kept their hand in the ice bath.
C) when the participants said "ow."
D) whether participants' behavior changed across trials.