Exam 2: C: The Research Process: Ideas to Innovations

Use the following to answer questions Scenario I Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study: Swee,G.& Schirmer,A.(2014).On the importance of being vocal: saying ''ow'' improves pain tolerance.The Journal of Pain,16(4),326-334. Vocalization and Pain Tolerance Swee and Schirmer (2014)examined the effect of behavioral interventions on pain tolerance in adults.Participants submerged their nondominant hand in an ice bath on five different occasions.During each occasion they either said "ow," heard a recording of them saying "ow," heard a recording of someone else saying "ow," pressed a button,or did nothing.The researchers hypothesized that what participants did while their hand was in the ice bath would increase how long they kept their hand in the ice bath.The results of the study showed that when participants said "ow" they were able to keep their hand in the ice bath significantly longer than during any of the other treatment conditions. -(Scenario I)Suppose the researchers still measured the effect of all five treatments on pain tolerance,but each participant was only measured under one treatment condition.In making this adjustment the research design would change from a _____________ design to a _____________ design.

Use the following to answer questions Scenario I Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study: Swee,G.& Schirmer,A.(2014).On the importance of being vocal: saying ''ow'' improves pain tolerance.The Journal of Pain,16(4),326-334. Vocalization and Pain Tolerance Swee and Schirmer (2014)examined the effect of behavioral interventions on pain tolerance in adults.Participants submerged their nondominant hand in an ice bath on five different occasions.During each occasion they either said "ow," heard a recording of them saying "ow," heard a recording of someone else saying "ow," pressed a button,or did nothing.The researchers hypothesized that what participants did while their hand was in the ice bath would increase how long they kept their hand in the ice bath.The results of the study showed that when participants said "ow" they were able to keep their hand in the ice bath significantly longer than during any of the other treatment conditions. -(Scenario I)What is the independent variable in Scenario I?

Use the following to answer questions Scenario II Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study: Tiggemann,M.& Zaccardo,M.(2015)."Exercise to be fit,not skinny": The effect of fitspiration imagery on women's body image.Body Image,15,61-67. Fitspiration and Body Image Study Tiggemann and Zaccardo examined the effect of photographic images on a variety of psychological constructs.A total of 130 undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions.In the "fitspiration" condition,participants were presented images designed to inspire fitness.These images included men and women wearing fitness clothing and participating in physical activity with fitness-inspiring captions.Participants in the control condition were presented images of exotic destinations with descriptive captions of the landscape.Following the presentation of the images all participants completed surveys to assess mood,body dissatisfaction,and self-esteem.In addition,each participant also reported how inspired they felt from each photo. -(Scenario II)The authors of Scenario II concluded that "These results suggest that while the intent of fitness photos is to inspire,they actually produce a negative body image and promote self-hate." What's the most likely explanation for why they didn't use the word prove instead of suggest?

Use the following to answer questions Scenario III Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study: Pretz,J.E.& Kaufman,J.C.(2015).Do traditional admissions criteria reflect applicant creativity? The Journal of Creative Behavior,49(2),1-15. Creativity and College Admissions Study Pretz and Kaufman examined the relationship between creativity and college admissions status in 610 undergraduate students.The volunteers' creativity was assessed using a 3three-item creative self-efficacy scale and the Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale.Creativity was examined in relation to each student's high school rank and college standardized test scores.The results revealed a statistically significant negative relationship between creativity and college admissions status,and that very high levels of creativity were often associated with less favorable admission status.The authors conclude that some students admitted into college are very creative while others are not particularly creative,and that regardless of one's level of creativity,all college students have a level of intelligence greater than those not admitted to college. -Sarah is an undergraduate research assistant who was in charge of obtaining informed consent from the undergraduates who participated in this study.Sarah was involved in which step associated with hypothesis testing?

Use the following to answer questions Scenario III Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study: Pretz,J.E.& Kaufman,J.C.(2015).Do traditional admissions criteria reflect applicant creativity? The Journal of Creative Behavior,49(2),1-15. Creativity and College Admissions Study Pretz and Kaufman examined the relationship between creativity and college admissions status in 610 undergraduate students.The volunteers' creativity was assessed using a 3three-item creative self-efficacy scale and the Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale.Creativity was examined in relation to each student's high school rank and college standardized test scores.The results revealed a statistically significant negative relationship between creativity and college admissions status,and that very high levels of creativity were often associated with less favorable admission status.The authors conclude that some students admitted into college are very creative while others are not particularly creative,and that regardless of one's level of creativity,all college students have a level of intelligence greater than those not admitted to college. -(Scenario III)The type of research design in Scenario III is best described as:

Use the following to answer questions Scenario II Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study: Tiggemann,M.& Zaccardo,M.(2015)."Exercise to be fit,not skinny": The effect of fitspiration imagery on women's body image.Body Image,15,61-67. Fitspiration and Body Image Study Tiggemann and Zaccardo examined the effect of photographic images on a variety of psychological constructs.A total of 130 undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions.In the "fitspiration" condition,participants were presented images designed to inspire fitness.These images included men and women wearing fitness clothing and participating in physical activity with fitness-inspiring captions.Participants in the control condition were presented images of exotic destinations with descriptive captions of the landscape.Following the presentation of the images all participants completed surveys to assess mood,body dissatisfaction,and self-esteem.In addition,each participant also reported how inspired they felt from each photo. -(Scenario II)At the end of the study,Tiggemann and Zaccardo explained to the participants that they had expected those who saw fitspiration photos to express more body dissatisfaction than those who saw photos of exotic landscapes.In research,this is referred to as:

Use the following to answer questions Scenario I Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study: Swee,G.& Schirmer,A.(2014).On the importance of being vocal: saying ''ow'' improves pain tolerance.The Journal of Pain,16(4),326-334. Vocalization and Pain Tolerance Swee and Schirmer (2014)examined the effect of behavioral interventions on pain tolerance in adults.Participants submerged their nondominant hand in an ice bath on five different occasions.During each occasion they either said "ow," heard a recording of them saying "ow," heard a recording of someone else saying "ow," pressed a button,or did nothing.The researchers hypothesized that what participants did while their hand was in the ice bath would increase how long they kept their hand in the ice bath.The results of the study showed that when participants said "ow" they were able to keep their hand in the ice bath significantly longer than during any of the other treatment conditions. -(Scenario I)In Scenario I pain tolerance is operationally defined as:

Use the following to answer questions Scenario III Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study: Pretz,J.E.& Kaufman,J.C.(2015).Do traditional admissions criteria reflect applicant creativity? The Journal of Creative Behavior,49(2),1-15. Creativity and College Admissions Study Pretz and Kaufman examined the relationship between creativity and college admissions status in 610 undergraduate students.The volunteers' creativity was assessed using a 3three-item creative self-efficacy scale and the Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale.Creativity was examined in relation to each student's high school rank and college standardized test scores.The results revealed a statistically significant negative relationship between creativity and college admissions status,and that very high levels of creativity were often associated with less favorable admission status.The authors conclude that some students admitted into college are very creative while others are not particularly creative,and that regardless of one's level of creativity,all college students have a level of intelligence greater than those not admitted to college. -(Scenario III)Brad is very creative,and after reading the conclusion of the study described in Scenario III,he realizes it describes him perfectly.Coincidentally,Angie (who is not creative at all)also considers the conclusion to accurately describe her.According to your text,the fact that both Brad and Angie feel this way can be attributed to:

Use the following to answer questions Scenario II Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study: Tiggemann,M.& Zaccardo,M.(2015)."Exercise to be fit,not skinny": The effect of fitspiration imagery on women's body image.Body Image,15,61-67. Fitspiration and Body Image Study Tiggemann and Zaccardo examined the effect of photographic images on a variety of psychological constructs.A total of 130 undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions.In the "fitspiration" condition,participants were presented images designed to inspire fitness.These images included men and women wearing fitness clothing and participating in physical activity with fitness-inspiring captions.Participants in the control condition were presented images of exotic destinations with descriptive captions of the landscape.Following the presentation of the images all participants completed surveys to assess mood,body dissatisfaction,and self-esteem.In addition,each participant also reported how inspired they felt from each photo. -(Scenario II)Who was most likely involved in the peer-review process of this paper that resulted in its publication?

Use the following to answer questions Scenario II Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study: Tiggemann,M.& Zaccardo,M.(2015)."Exercise to be fit,not skinny": The effect of fitspiration imagery on women's body image.Body Image,15,61-67. Fitspiration and Body Image Study Tiggemann and Zaccardo examined the effect of photographic images on a variety of psychological constructs.A total of 130 undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions.In the "fitspiration" condition,participants were presented images designed to inspire fitness.These images included men and women wearing fitness clothing and participating in physical activity with fitness-inspiring captions.Participants in the control condition were presented images of exotic destinations with descriptive captions of the landscape.Following the presentation of the images all participants completed surveys to assess mood,body dissatisfaction,and self-esteem.In addition,each participant also reported how inspired they felt from each photo. -(Scenario II)In Scenario II,how many levels did the independent variable have?

Use the following to answer questions Scenario III Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study: Pretz,J.E.& Kaufman,J.C.(2015).Do traditional admissions criteria reflect applicant creativity? The Journal of Creative Behavior,49(2),1-15. Creativity and College Admissions Study Pretz and Kaufman examined the relationship between creativity and college admissions status in 610 undergraduate students.The volunteers' creativity was assessed using a 3three-item creative self-efficacy scale and the Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale.Creativity was examined in relation to each student's high school rank and college standardized test scores.The results revealed a statistically significant negative relationship between creativity and college admissions status,and that very high levels of creativity were often associated with less favorable admission status.The authors conclude that some students admitted into college are very creative while others are not particularly creative,and that regardless of one's level of creativity,all college students have a level of intelligence greater than those not admitted to college. -(Scenario III)In this study,creativity is a/an:

Use the following to answer questions Scenario I Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study: Swee,G.& Schirmer,A.(2014).On the importance of being vocal: saying ''ow'' improves pain tolerance.The Journal of Pain,16(4),326-334. Vocalization and Pain Tolerance Swee and Schirmer (2014)examined the effect of behavioral interventions on pain tolerance in adults.Participants submerged their nondominant hand in an ice bath on five different occasions.During each occasion they either said "ow," heard a recording of them saying "ow," heard a recording of someone else saying "ow," pressed a button,or did nothing.The researchers hypothesized that what participants did while their hand was in the ice bath would increase how long they kept their hand in the ice bath.The results of the study showed that when participants said "ow" they were able to keep their hand in the ice bath significantly longer than during any of the other treatment conditions. -(Scenario I)Which of the following is the best conclusion of this study?

Use the following to answer questions Scenario II Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study: Tiggemann,M.& Zaccardo,M.(2015)."Exercise to be fit,not skinny": The effect of fitspiration imagery on women's body image.Body Image,15,61-67. Fitspiration and Body Image Study Tiggemann and Zaccardo examined the effect of photographic images on a variety of psychological constructs.A total of 130 undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions.In the "fitspiration" condition,participants were presented images designed to inspire fitness.These images included men and women wearing fitness clothing and participating in physical activity with fitness-inspiring captions.Participants in the control condition were presented images of exotic destinations with descriptive captions of the landscape.Following the presentation of the images all participants completed surveys to assess mood,body dissatisfaction,and self-esteem.In addition,each participant also reported how inspired they felt from each photo. -(Scenario II)Suppose Tiggemann came up with the hypothesis for this study after she spent an afternoon perusing "fitness" on Pinterest and became depressed.Of the four hypothesis-generating strategies described in your text,which did she appear to use?